Full text of "Memoirs"
) BINDING LIST DEC 15
1927
MEMOIRS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
VOL. X
W. J. HOLLAND, Editor
^1
1
PITTSBURGH
Published by authority of Board of Trustees of Carnegie Institute
DECEMBER 1922— JUNE 1925
CARNEGIE INSTITlTIi PRESS
PITTSBURGH. PA.
PREFATORY NOTE
The l\Mitli \'olume of the Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum contains foui'
papers. Tlie fii'st is a list of the Fishes of Hawaii by David Starr Jorchui and Eric
Knight Jordan, his son: the second is a paper upon Tlie Fishes coUeeted in Jai^an
by David 8. Jordan, in the year 1922. In the preparation of this catalog Mr.
Carl Leavitt Ilubbs collaborated with Dr. Jordan as did also ^Mes.^^rs. Ern(>st A.
^McGregor and ^I. Kasawa. the former aiding Dr. Jordan in the study of the
Salmot}ida\ the latter in preparing the account of Xetunia osak(v. The tliiid \n\pev
is from the pen of Mr. Charles W. Gilmore, giving a i:)reliminary description of a
singularly perfect specimen of a sauropod dinosain-, wliicli Mr. Ciilmore has
provisionally identified as Camarasaurus lentus Marsli. The fourth i)aper is also
from tlie pen of ^Ir. Gilmore. and contains an account of the skeletal remains of
three Ornithopodous dinosaurs collected at the National Dinosaur ^lonumeut in
Utah by Mr. Earl Douglass and his assistants. These si^ecimens add materially
to our knowledge of the osteology of the group of reptiles \\hich they re]3resent.
It is a matter for congratulation that we have been able to Ijring these i)apers
through the press with reasonable promptness.
A number of other important papers, which relate to the great paleontological
and zoological collections in the Carnegie Museum are in hand or under way, and
we anticipate with pleasure their appearance, as they contain important contri-
butions to our knowledge. Progress in science is gradually made. In spite of the
somewhat slow natvu'e of the process, we flatter ourselves that what has been
accomplished by the Carnegie ^Museum, since the ])ublication of its scientific
papers was initiated more than twenty years ago, has abundantly justified this
phase of our activities. It is interesting to one, who is familiar with the scientific
literature of the present time, to see how constantly reference is being made in
text-books, as well as in scientific journals, to the papers whicli havi' from time to
time been published by this Mu.seum. In fact few students of paleontology and
zoology write today without making reference to the results of the researclies,
which we have l)een permitted to cai'ry on.
W. J. Holland, Editor.
Carnegie Museum,
May 29, 1925.
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGKS
I. Title pages i-ii
II. Prefatory Note • iii
III. Table of Contents v
IV. List of Figures in Text vii- viii
\'. List of Plates ix-x
VI. CIenera, Species, and Varieties described in this volume as
NEW to science, OR REDESCRIBED AND FIGURED xi~.XV
VII. Errata. Corrigenda, and Supplementary Notes xvi-xvii
]\Iemoir Xo. 1. A list of the Fishes of Hawaii, with Notes and Descrip-
tions of New Species. By David Starr Jordan and Eric
Knight Jordan. (Plates I-IV) 1-92
Memoir No. 2. Record of Fishes Obtained by David Starr Jordan in
Japan, 1922. By David S. Jordan and Carl Lcavitt
Hubbs (The Salmonidse tjy David Starr Jordan and
Ernest Alexander McGregor). (Plates V-XII) 93-346
Memoir No. 3. A Nearly Complete Articulated Skeleton of Camara-
saurus, a Saurischian Dinosaur from the Dinosaur
National Monument, Utah. By Charles W. Gilmore.
(Plates XIII-XVII) 347-384
Memoir No. 4. Csteology of Ornithopodous Dinosaurs fiom the Dino-
saur National ^Monument, Utah. B}' Charles ^^'. Gil-
more. (Plate XVIII) 385-410
Index 411-449
LIST OF FIGURES IX TFXT.
Memoir No. 1.
FIfiURE I'AOK
1. T'f.s'/^o.s^.s cgrcgiux .l(ii-(l;iii 23
2. Islinphorus gladiun (Broussonet) 31
3. RJiyacanthidn nnismifhi Joi'dan 46
4. Peristedion engyceros GUnther ofi
5. Peristedion gilberti Joixlan 57
G. Roa {Loa) exceha Jordan 00
7. Masiurus lanccolatus (Lienaixl) 88
Memoir No. 2.
1. Sfhdstodcs Ihonipsoni .Joi-dnn and Ilubbs 20(5
Memoir No. 3.
1. Skull and lower jaws of C'((ninrnfiauri(s Icnfux Marsli. \'i('W('d from left side 354
2. Skull of Do. Sup(^i'ior view 35()
3. Skull and lower jaws of Do. Posterior view 359
4. Skull and neck of Do. ^'iewed from left side 361
5. Right sternal plate of Do. Sui)erior view 377
Memoir No. 4.
1. Left scapida and coraeoid of ('(imptosdvrus nicdius Marsh 390
2. L(>ft fore limb and foot of Do 391
3. Skull of Dryosaurufi alius Marsh 395
4. Anterior dorsal vertebi'a' with arti('ulat(Ml ribs of Do 399
5. Posterior dorsal vertebra^, sacrum, and pelvis with ailiculated libs of Do.. 399
6. Rioht ilium, vertebra-, and ossified tendons of Do 401
7. Recon.structed skull of Laosauriis gracilis Mai'sh 405
8. Pectoral arch and humeri of Do 407
vii
'^
PLATE
LIST OF PLATES
«
L Albula virgatu Joi'dan and Jordan, fjijx'. Mucinpliuin Iiolhnidi Joi'daii and
Joi-dan, tijpc; Fluj.'^iculus grinnelii Jordan and Jordan, ////^r.
IT. Eu)ncyislus illudris Jordan and Joi'dan, ////«■; Srnptcn'ds fnKjilis .lordaii
and Jordan, type
IIL Cvnlrupiigc potteri (Jordan and Alctz) adult male; Cnilnipiiijc hilniUv
Jordan and Jordan, type; Chcilinii.s biiiuiculdtus Cuvici' and \'alcn-
ciennes.
IV. Calliurichthys astrinitis Jordan and Jordan, tj/jx-; CdUitirlcIitlnjs zaiKcti'^
Jordan and Jordan; ('(inthidermis augulnsiis ((^uoy and (iainiai-d).
V. Psychichthys eidolon Jordan and Hu1)l)s, type; OnrorJiynrliKs o<lo)iis Joi'dan
and McGregor, type; OneurhyneJtus h-ttwanuinv .]tm\-du and Mc( li'cgoi',
type.
VI. Oneorhynchus ishlkdwa' Jordan and McGregor, type; Oneurhyiielun
muerostomus (Gunther); Oneorhynchus meicrostomus (Glinther).
VH. Oneorhynchus rhodurus Jordan and ^IcGregor, type; Sahrliuus pluvius
(Hilgendorf): Sedvelinus inibrius Jordan and McGregor, type.
VHI. Scales of Jai)anese Salmonidse.
IX. Xetunta osakcv .loi'dan and Kasawa, type; Gunthopogon in(ijii>i(r Jordan
and Hubhs, type; Belligobio eristiginn Joi'dan ami Iluhbs, type;
Ocycrius japonicus (Doderlein).
X. Liopempheris sasakii Jordan and Hubbs, type; Mahikiehthys n'okiyw
Jordan and Hubbs, type; Brachirus bellus Jordan and Hubbs, type.
XL IburieUn knsawce Jordan and Hubbs, type; Enetvurn evides Jordan and
Hubbs, type; Ztdescopus to-m' Jordan and Hul)l)S, type.
XII. Zestichthys tannkcc Jordan and Hul:)bs, type; Allolei)is holldtidi Jordan and
Hubbs, type; Monomitopus kunue Jordan and IIul)bs, type.
XIII. Photograph of skeleton of Camara.'iaurus leuliis (Marsh) in position as
found.
XIV. Drawing of skeleton of (\tmoraseiurus lentus (Marsh) designed as a key
to Plate XIII.
IX
X MEMOIRS OF TITE CARXECIE MT'SEUM.
XA'. l^h()to,<2;i';i])li of skeleton of ('lutinrdsdurns Icnliis (Marsh) as mounted and
displayed in the Carnegie Museum.
XVI. Skull of ('(i))iiir<is(turtif< lentus (Marsh). Two-thirds natural size.
XMl. Restoi'ation of Skeleton of Cdniardfidunis Icntus (Mai'sh). Di'awn by
Sidney Prentice under tln> direction of C. W. Gilmore.
XVIII. Skeleton of Camptosaarus inedius Marsh.
GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES DESCRIBED AS XE\\ T( ) SCIENCE,
OR REDESCRIBED AND FIGURED IN THIS VOLUME.
REPTILIA (Fossilia).
Older DINOSAURIA.
Suborder SA UROPODA.
v\(iv:
Camarasdurus Iciitus (Marsh) (k'sci'iption of nearly eoniiilctc articulated
skeleton 347-384
Suborder OR XI T IK) POD A .
Camptosauriis medius Marsh 385-393
DrijosauruH alius Marsh 394-402
Laosrnn-K.s grnciUs Mai'sh 403-409
PISCES (Viventes).
PACE
Family DASYATID^E: Dnsyatis ii-'^liiei Jordan and Ilulibs, sp. nov.. 1 14
Family CHOLERID.E: Psyduchthys eidolon, Joi'dan and Huhhs, s}).
nov. PI. V, fi^-. 1 117
Phasmichthys Jordan and Hubbs, sen. nov.,
(type Chimcvra tnitfiukitrii Jordan and
Snyder) 119
Family ALBULIDjE: Albido vinjoto Jordan and Jordan, s]). nov.
PI. I, fi,iv. 1 6
Family SALMONID^E: Onrorhynclnin adoruH Jordan and MeGrep;oi',
."^l). nov. PI. V, fit;-. 2; VIII, fig. 4. .. . 127
Oncorhynchus k(nr<iinu)'(c Jordan and
McGregor, sj). nov. PI. V, fig. 3: VIII,
fig. 5 128
OiicorhyncliuH ?.s7;/A7n/vr Joi-dan and Mc-
Gregor, sp. nov. PI. VI. fig. 1; VIII,
fig. G 132
xi
XU MIOMOIHS OF TiriO CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Oncorlii/ncliiis rli<)(liini.'< Jordan and AIc-
Grcgor, s|). nov. PI. \'II, fi-;-. J; \'II1,
fi^H. 12 137
Sdh'cliiuis j)l living; (HiljieMidorf). PI. VII,
fiii. 1 141
Sdlrcliiiit.s inibriu-s Jordan and McCircgor,
s]). nov. PI. VII, fis. 3; VIII, «<>•. 15. 142
Family ('ONCiRID^E: Anago Joidaii and IIul)l)s, <>;('n. nov., (Ty])o
Cotujcr (tuiuji) Tcmminck and Schlegol. H)3
Congriscus Jordan and IIul)l)s, <icn. nov.
(Type Corigcrmiirdnd iiicgasldiiid (iun-
thcr) 193
Astroconger Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.,
(Type Anijuilld myriaster Brevoort) . . . 194
AUoconger Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Ty]i(' Lepiocephdl IIS fhivirostris Snyder) . . . 195
Rhynchocymba Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Leptocr])}idliis nijHtmmi Jordan
and Snydei') 195
Rhynchoconger Jordan and Hu))bs,gen.nov.
(Type LeptDcephalus ectenurus Jordan
and R. E. Richardson) 19()
Congrina Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Cnngcrmurcrnd cequorea Gilbert
and Cramer) 196
Family GYPRINIDjE: Gnathopogon suinv Jordan and Hubbs, sp.
nov 160
Gridthopogdu iiidji/tdr .hnxhui anil Hubbs, sp.
nov. PI. IX, fig. 2 167
Gtidlhdjxigoti ldngiJ'ili-'< Joi'dan and Hu])bs,
sj). nov 169
CnuiUidjHujdn tsiicJiigd-' Jordan and Hubbs,
sp. nov 170
Belligobio .lordan and Hul:)bs, gen. nov.
(Tyi)e BcUigohio crhtigma Jordan and
Hubbs, sp. nov. PI. IX, fig. 3) . . 172-173
Family ARIID.E:
Family MYCTOPHID.E :
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. XIU
S(irc()clicih'ch(ln/s itiorii Jordan and liubljs,
sp. nov 175
Acahara Jordan and Hiiljbs, <i(>n. nov.
(Type Richardsoniiis scmutilus Jordan
and Starks) 177
Moroco Jordan and Hubbs, gon. nov.
(Type Pseudaspiu.s licrgi Joi'dan and
Metz) 180
Moroco ijdiiKuiKilix Jordan and Hubbs, s]).
nov 182
Kdwno o.srfA^'cr Jordan and Kasawa. si), nov.
Family GADID.E:
Family SCOIMBRID.E:
Family CYBRID^:
Family GEIMPYLID.E:
Family BRAMID.E:
Family CARANGID.E:
Family THUNNID.E:
Family CENTROLOPHID.E:
PI. IX, fifv. 1 ]
)/
Myctophiim hollaudi Jordan and Jordan, sp.
nov. PI. I, fig. 2 11
Lamprossa Joidan antl IIui)lis, gen. nov.
(Type Duipluts antc<>rh}t(dis Clilbei't). . 156
Pantophos Jordan and Hubl^s, gen. nov.
(Type Diaphus glanduUfer Gilbert) 15G-157
Physicidus grinncJU Jordan and Jordan, s]).
nov. PL I, fig. 3 22
Pneurnatophorus pcruanus Jordan and
Hubbs, sp. nov 211
Sawara Jordan and Hubl)s, gen. nov.
(Type Cybiiun itiplidniuin ( 'uviei- and
Valenciennes 214
Ruvettus pacificus Jordan and Joidan, sp.
nov 24
Eumegistus Jordan and Jordan, gen. nov.
(Type Eumegistus illustris Jordan and
Jordan, sp. nov. PL II, fig. 7 35-30
Atule Jordan and Jordan, gen. nov. (Type
Caranx affinis Ruppell) 38
Caranx jordani sp. nov., (Nichols MS).. . . 40
Kishinoella Jordan and Hul)bs, gen. nov.
(Type Thunnus varus Kisliinouye) .... 219
Ocycrius Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Centrolophus jdponirus l^ckler-
lein) 229
XIV MEMOIRS OF rilK CARXKGIK MIISEUM.
Fniiiily AI'()( lOdOXID.E: Scepterias .Ionian and Jordan, gon. nov.
(Tyix' Scaptcrias frdc/ih's Joi'dan and
Jordan, sj). nov. PI. II, fig. 2) 44-45
Family ()LI(i()RIIXE: .]JaliiL-iclithi/.s »7//,///(f' Jordan and Ilublxs, sp.
nov. PI. X, fig. 2 233
Family P1']MPHERIDj-E: Liopcmphcris sasakii .lordaii and Hubb.s,
s]). nov. PL X, fig. 1 228
Family CH^TODONTID.E: Tifia Joidan, gen. nov. (Type CImlodon
rordllicold Snyder) 00
Loa Jordan, gen. nov., since changed to Roa
Jordan (C'opeia, May 20, 1923,
p. (i3) Gland 252
Centropyge tutinkv Jordan and .loixlan, sp.
nov., PI. ITT, fig. 2 02
Ccutropyge pottcri (Joi'dan and Metz), fig'd
PI. IIT, fig. 1 62
Family SCORP.EXID.E: Sebastocles Jordan and Hubb.s, subgen.
nov. (Type Sebastcs clegans Stein-
dacluier) 200
Scbastodes (Sebd^itovuinus) thuntpaoni Jordan
and Hubbs, sp. nov 205
Bracliinis IwUuh Joixlan and Hubbs. sp. nov.
PI. X, fig. 3 274
Family PLATYCEPHALID.E: Wakiyus .loidan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Pl(ttyc('phalu!< crocodilus Tilcsiiis) 280
Ratabulus Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Thy.sdiiophnjs mcyacephalus
Tanaka 286
Family AGOXID^E: Occella Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(TyjH' Agattus dodccaedwn Tilesius. ... 291
Iburiella Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Ihurivlbt kasdircr Joi'dan and
Hubbs, sp. nov. PI. XI, fig. 1) 290-291
Iburina Jordan and Hul)bs, gen. nov.
(Type Occa iburia Jordan and
Starks) 290-291
MKMOIUS OF THE CARNECIE MISKIM. XV
Family ELEOTRID.E: Encaeura .loidaii and Iluhlis, ^cn. imv.
(Type Enca'ura evidcs Joidaii and
Hnl)hs, s]). imv. PI. XI, fi.«i. 4) IMi
Family C.OBIOIDID.E: Tivnioidcs fOiijdcri, Joi'daii and Iluhhs, sj).
nov 310
Family LABRID.E: Hinalea Joi'daii and Joidan. ucii. unv.
(Type Juli.s (txillaris (^uoy and
(iaimard) G'J
Family (*AI>LI()XYMID.E: C(dlii(ri(idh!j.s asin'nius Jni-dan and Joi'dan.
sp. nov. PI. IV. fi.ti. 1 SO
CidliHn'cldlnjs zaiirctcs Jordan and .loi'dan.
sp. nov. PI. IV, fi,t>-. 2 SI
Family ITiAXOSCOPID.E: Zalescopus Jordan and Ilubhs, ^en. nov.
(Type Zaicscnpus /o.s-rr Jordan and
Hubbs, sp. nov. PI. XI, fig. 3) 312
Zdlcscopus sid.'iUHuc Jortlan and Ilubljs, sp.
nov 313
Family BLEXXTD.E: Dasson Joidan and Hubl)s, si'eii. nov.
(Type Aspiddidus trDssidu-s Joi'dan and
Snyder) 31S
Oncesthes Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Type Peti'dscirtcs fhicfiinus Wel.)eiO . - 31!)
Family OSTRACTID.E: Triorus Jordan and Hul)l)s, gen. nov.
(Type La(d()])hnjs irilmpis Snyder =
(htracioii stcUifcr Blocli) 2.j()
Family Sf)AH( 'ID. !•]: Zestichthys Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
(Tyj)e Zcsiicldhi/s taitukti Jordan and
Hul)l)s, sp. nov. PL XII, fig. 1) 321
AUolepis Joidan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
i,Ty})e AU(d(j)is lidllnndi sp. nov.
PI. XII, fig. 2) 322 323
Family BPiOTl'LID.E: MunumUopus kuiiKr Jordan and IIul)l)s, sp.
nov. PI. XII. fig. 3) 324
Family C'OKYPILEXOIDID.E: Caiorlnjitclni^i giUxrtl Jordan and Hul:)l)s,
sp. nov 327
ERRATA, CORRIGENDA, AND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES.
P. 30, for "TETRAPTERUS Agassiz" ivad "TETRAPTURUS Rafinewiue."
P. 39, NOTE: "The Ulna should perluips stand as Caranx bixanthopterus Rlip-
pell until Caranx melamjiygus is certainly identified." D. S.
Jordan.
P. 40, NOTE: "The species ('(ininx giKira and C. clieiUo belong to an unnamed
subgenus, the name tScleuid being preoccu])ied. In Urmipia the
strong spines on the tail are turned forward." D. S. Joi-dan.
P. 4G, NOTE: "The genus /?/i//aa(/(//(/«.s' is apiwrently not distinct fvom Sijniphy-
sanodon Bleeker, well figured but wrongly placed. ,S. nirlsinitlu
is apparently distinct from S. tijpus." D. S. Jordan.
P. 107, Footnote 13: Delete the period after "Natal".
P. Ill, Lines 18 and 19 from top: for "paratyjie" and "])aratypes" read specimen
and specimens.
P. 114, Line 3 from to]K Delete the "2" near end of line.
P. 150, Line 25 from top: for "4-3" read 4 + 3.
P. 157, Line 21 fi-om top: in.sert the word "oiiental" between the woi'ds didij and
species.
P. 161, Through an unfortunate oversight Hemiiiraiiunocypris nisbnrelld ai)pears
twice, once on page 161 and again on page 189.
P. 168, 18th line from top: for "2.7" read 2,7.
19th line from top: for "2.6" read 2,6.
P. 169, Line 25 from top: for "enijiujtr I'ead hclcrulepis.
Bottom line: for "line" read limb.
P. 170, 5th line from to]): for "2.7" read 2,7: for "2.6" read 2,6.
P. 171, 3d line from top: for "2.7" read 2,7.
P. 179, First line: for "Awaya" read Iwate {Airai).
P. 182, nth line from top: for "three" read /our.
P. 191, 2d line from bottom: for "pigmented" read pigment.
P. 192, 1st Une: for "pigmented" read pigment.
P. 192, Under ee 5th line: for "its posterior" read posteriorly.
P. 200, 21st line from top: i)lace comma after "land" and transpose "G. loricatus,"
to fall between the words "land" and the word "and."
xvi
MKMOIKS OF THE CARXEGIE MUSEUM. XVU
P. 201, At line 22: Alter the sentence to read as follows:
The fully armed form of the Western Atlantic (the "biactdcdlus" of
most authors) is scarcely different from typical (tctdcdfu-';. though it
shows on the average an approach towaixl its partially i)lated fi'esh-
water derivative {cuvieri), which has a relatively slender body and
long spines.
P. 202, 8th line from bottom: for " Pungitius" read pungiliun.
P. 208, 17th line from top: for "37 or 41" read 37 to 41.
P. 213. 3d hne from top: for '•Thyrsion" read Thyrsio.
P. 226, 13th Hne from top: for "12-15" read 12+15.
P. 227, nth Une from l>ottom: for "VL H" read VI. 11.
P. 231, 8th line from bottom: for "J. hoops'' read S. hoops.
P. 243, 12th hne from toj): for ■"Shisuoka" read Shizuoka.
P. 253, 15tli line from top: in.sei't "spots," after "five" at end of line.
P. 256, 19th hne from toj): for ''Tetrasonms' read TctnisoiHU-s.
P. 258, 3d line from bottom: insert "by" before "Abbott."
P. 259, 15th Hne from top: insert vermicularis aftei- "Sphoeroides."
P. 284, 5th hne from bottom: foi- "raker" read rakers.
P. 285, 10th line from bottom: ti-anspo.se "(Oiugociina\ suhfotn. nov.)" to 9th Hne,
after "c."
P. 286. ISth line from top: for "infra" read inJniorliiUil.
P. 290, 11th line from bottom: for "Ocella" read Occdht.
P. 298, 7th Hne from toj): for '' Cleisthenes pinetorunt .Jordan and Starks" lead
Cleisthenes herzensteini (Schmidt).
P. 307, 5th Hne from bottom: for "castanaea" read castanea.
MEMOIRS
OF THE
CAKIsTEGIE MUSEUM
Voh. X. Xo. ].
A LIST OF THE FISHES OF HAWAII, WITH XOTES AXD
DESCRIPTIOXS OF XEW SPECIES.
By David Starr Jordan axd Eric Knight Jordan.
(Plates I-IV).
The senior author of this paper spent most of the month of August, 1921, at
Honolulu in attendance upon the Pan-Pacific Educational Conference. While
there, he gave all available time to making collections of fishes, having the efficient
assistance of Mr. Fordyce Grinnell, Jr., a former student of his, who visited the
markets daily. The collections made have been distributed among a number of
museums. The Carangidw have been sent to the American Museum of Xatural
Histoiy in Xew York to be used in a monograph of that group by Mr. John Tread-
well Xichols; the tApes of new s])ecies have been sent to the Carnegie JNIuseum in
Pittsburgh; and series of other species, more or less complete, to the American
Museum of Xatural Histoiy, the Carnegie Museum, the Southwestern Museum
at Los Angeles, and to the I'niversities of Michigan and of Iowa.
In addition to notes on new and rare forms we have giATn a complete list of
the species thus far kno-\\ii from Hawaii, the whole ser\'ing as a revision of the two
memoirs on the Aquatic Resources of the Hawaiian Islands, pul^lishcd bj' the
United States Fish Commission in 1905, the fu-st l)y David Starr Jordan and
Barton Warren Evermann on the survey of the shore-fishes made in 1901;* the
other by Charles Henry Gilbert on the deep-sea forms taken by the "Albatross"
in 1902.1
*Bull. U. S. Fish Corniii., 1903 (190.J), Vol. XXIII, Pt. I, pp. l-r,7l.
\ Ibidem, Pt. II, pp. .575-713.
I MEMOIRS OF THE CARXEGIE MUSEUM.
In tho memoir hy Jordan and Evermann will l)e found an account of the
earlier ex})loration.s of the island^^, as well as a detailed statement of the character
of the fish-fauna and its relation to that of the South Seas.
Descriptions of species, notes on habits, and references to s^^^onymy. where
accurately given by Jordan and Evermann or by Cilbert, are in general not repeated
in the following paper. The student who is using the present list is presumed to
have the other two lists at hand, and references to their pages are given throughout
this list.
The ])rincipal articles upon the Hawaiian fish-fauna, published since the two
aboA'c-named papers appeared, are the following:
1. Jordan (David Starr) and Seale (Alvin) — ''The Fishes of Samoa, with a Check-
list of the Fishes of Oceania,'' published by the United States Bureau of Fish-
eries, 1906.
2. Bryan (William Alanson) — ''Three Xew Haieaiian Fishes." Occasional Papers
of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop INJuseum, II, 1906.
3. Jordan and Snyder (John Otterbein) — ''Notes on Fishes of Hairaii, icith De-
scriptions of New Species." Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries
for 1906 (1907).
4. Gilbert (Charles Henry) — "TJte Lantern-fishes." ^Memoirs Museum Compara-
tive Zoology, XXVI, 1908."
5. Jordan and Dickerson (Mary C^Tithia) — "On a Collection of Fishes from Fiji,
icith Notes on Certain Hairaiian Fishes." Proceedings U. S. National Mu-
• seum, XXXIV, 1908.
6. Jordan and Metz (Charles William) — "Descriptions of Tiro New Species of
Fishes from Honolulu, Hawaii." Proceedings U. S. National Aluseiun,
XLII, 1912.
7. Jordan (David Starr) — "Description of Deep-sea Fishes from the Coast of Hawaii
Killed by a Lava-flow from Manna Loa." Proceedings U. S. National Mu-
seum, LIX, 1921. ' .
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FI8HES OF HAAVAII. 6
THE FISHES OF HAWAH.
Class LEPTOCARDII.
Order CIRROSTOMI.
Family L BRAXCHIOSTO^HD.E (The Lancelets).
Amphioxides Gill.
1. Amphioxides pelagicus (CTimther). (J. & E., p. 33.)
Pelagic. This diminutive lancelet. supposed to be distinguished l)y the
absence, of buccal cirri and by its pelagic habit, is now regarded as a larval form.
The supposed genus is nearer Bronchiosfomn than Epigonichthys (Asyinmetron),
the only other genus of this family as yet found in the open Pacific.
Class ELASMOBRANCHII.
Order ASTEROSPONDYLI.
Family II. SCYLLIORHIXID.E.
Apristukus Garman.
2. Apristurus spongiceps (Gilbert). (Gilbert, p. 579.)
Deep seas. This sjiecies is referred by Garman to Pristiurus, which genus is
characterized by a row of prickly scutes along the upper side of the tail. These
are not present in Gilbert's type, though perhaps they may have been lost in the
di'edge. A cast in the Bishop Aluseum may belong to this species. Color plain
light brown; dorsal fins small, subequal, the first slightly in advance of ventrals.
The name Catulus is preoccupied in the Insecta.
Family III. GALEORHIXID.E.
( CarcharhinidcE of authors.)
Galeorhinus Blainville.
{Eugaleus Gill.)
Amid the uncertainties regarding the application of the generic names Galeus
Rafinescjue and Carchariua Cuvier, we here follow the decision of the Interna-
tional Commission of Nomenclature.
3. Galeorhinus japonicus (Mliller and Henle). (J. & E.. p. 36.)
Recorded from Laysan by Steindachner. Not rare in .lapan.
4 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Galeocerdo Miiller and Henle.
4. Galeocerdo tigrinus Aliiller and Honle. (J. & E., p. 36.)
Rare. Taken once in Honolulu.
Prioxace Cantor.
{Prionodon Aliiller and Hcnlc. preoccui)icd; Cynocephalus (Ivlein) Gill.)
5. Prionace glauca (Linnseus). (J. k E., p. 37.)
Occasional in Japan. A east in the Bishop Museum shows the pectoral fin
rather longer than in the Atlantic P. glauca. A specimen taken by the "Albatross"
agrees with this, the pectoral being 4.5 in total length, instead of 6.25.
Carcharinus Blainville.
(Enlamia Gill.)
6. Carcharinus melanopterus (Quoy and (Jaimard). Mano. (J. & E., p. 38.)
A fine cast of this common species is in the Bishop Museum.
7. Carcharinus phorcys (Jordan and Evermann). (J. & E., p. 39.)
Occasional about Hawaii. «
8. Carcharinus insularum (Snyder). (J. &: E., p. 40.)
Rather rare.
9. Carcharinus nesiotes (Snyder). (J. & E., ]x 40.)
Common al)out Hawaii.
Famil}- l\. SPHYRNID^E (Hammer-head Sharks).
Sphyrna Rafinesque.
10. Sphyrna zygaena (Linnseus). Mano kihikihi. (J. ct E., p. 41.)
The common "Hammer-head" needs comparison with its fellows in the
Atlantic.
Family ^\ ALOPHD.E (Thresher-sharks).
Alopias Rafinesque.
11. Alopias vulpes (Gmehn). (J. ct E., p. 42.)
Not connnon.
Family VI. LAMNIDtE (Mackerei-sharks).
IsuROPSis Gill.
12. Isuropsis glauca (Miiller and Henle). (J. & E., p. 43.)
Not rare. This shark, with others, needs comparison with Atlantic repre-
sentatives.
JORDAN AND JORDAN': FISHES OF HAWAII. O
Carcharodox Miillor and HeiJe (Man-eaters, or (ireat White Sharks).
13. Carcharodon carcharias ( Linmeus). Niiihi.
Probably not rare.
Family YU. SQUALID.E (Dog-fishes).
Squalt's Linnimis.
{Acanthias Risso.)
14. Squalus mitsikurii Jordan and Snyder. (J. & E., p. 45: O., p. o80.)
Xot rare. A common Japanese species.
Etmoptert^s Rafinesque.
(Spinax Cuvier.)
15. Etmopterus villosus Gilbert. (G.. p. 580.)
Deep seas. Taken off IMolokai by the "Albatross."
Centroscyllium jNIiiller and Henle.
16. Centroscyllium ruscosum Gilbert. (G., p. 580.)
Deep seas. Taken off Kauai by the "Albatross"; identified by Garman witli
C. nigrum Garman from off the Galapagos.
Order BATOIDEI.
Family Mil. DASYATID.E (Sting-rays).
Dasyatis Rafinesque.
{Trygon Adamson; Dasibatus Garman, corrected spelling.)
17. Dasyatis sclera Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 47.)
Rather common at Honolulu.
18. Dasyatis lata (Garman). (J. & E., p. 47.)
One specimen known.
19. Dasyatis hawaiiensis Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 48.)
Only the tjiDe known.
Family IX. AIYLIOBATID.E.
Aetobatus Blainville, as revised by Chiller and Henle.
(Stoasodon Cantor; G<miobatis Agassiz.)
20. Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) Hihimdnu. (J. & E., p. 49.)
This species, rather common in Hawaii, seems indistinguishable from the
Atlantic form.
6 . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family X. MOBULID.E (Devil-rays).
MoBULA Rafinesque.
(Ccphcdoplcrus Dumeril, name preoccupied.)
21. Mobula japonica (Miiller and Henle). (J. & E., p. 50.)
Class HOLOCEPHALI.
Order CHIMiEROIDEI.
Family XT. CHIM.ERID.E.
('HIM.ERA Linnaeus.
22. Chimaera purpurescens Gilbert. (G., p. 582.)
Deep seas. Dredged off Kauai.
Class PISCES.
Order ISOSPONDYLI.
Family XII. ELOPID.E (Ten-pounders).
Flops Linnaeus.
23. Elops hawaiiensis Regan. Awa. (J. & E., p. 53.)
Regan has shown that Elops saurus Linmeus, the common "Tenpounder" of
the western Atlantic, is not really cosmo])olitan, as supposed, but must be separated
into several closely related species, of which the abundant Hawaiian form is one.
Family XIII. ALBULID.E (Lady-fishes). '
Albula (Gronow) Scopoli.
(Butyrinus Lacepede.)
24. Albula virgata sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. O'w. (J. & E., p. 55.) (PI. I,
fig. 1.)
T}q:)e No. 3896, Garncgie Museum, from Honolulu. 15.75 inches long.
The common Ov) of the markets of Hawaii differs markedly in color from
Albula vulpes of the American coasts, as well as from all of the nominal species of
the genus hitherto described. All of these are brilliantly silveiy, with only vague
dark lines or stripes. The Hawaiian fish is dusky, marked with distinct strijies
much like the markings on a Striped Mullet [Mugil Ccphalus).
Head 3.33 in length; depth 4.33; dorsal rays 16; anal rays 8; scales 9-72-7;
body elongate, moderately compressed; upper lobe of caudal somewhat the longer;
JORDAX AND JORDAX: FISHES OF HAWAII. /
a broad band of elongate, membranaceous scales .along middle line of back ; acces-
sory ventral scale large.
Color dusky olive, sihery below; a series of dark stripes extending lengthwise
of the body, these mainly Itetween the rows" of scales, those below the lateral line
fainter; dark lines above lateral line: below the lateral line the stripes composed
of stipi)lings of black dots: tij) of snout black in color, forming a broken ring; a
little black around nostrils; some faint dark blotches on head; all the fins finely
dotted; dorsal and caudal narrowly rimmed with black.
A'ery common about Honolulu and Hilo, mostly inside the reefs.
The genus Albida is widely distributed in most warm seas, only the Mediter-
ranean being excepted. \'alenciennes recognizes several distinct species, but all
recent writers have regarded all the forms as belonging to .one .species, no tangible
differences in form, scales, or fins being evident. However, specimens from both
coasts of America are brilliantly silvery without dark spots, and all the nominal
species from the Red Sea, the East Indies, and the South Seas are also described
as bright silvery. On the contrary all Hawaiian examples are dusky, with strong
stripes along the sides.
Family XIV. CHAXID.E.
Chaxos Lacepede.
2.5. Chanos chanos (Forskal). Aiva-awa, Awakalamoku, Punwa. (J. &E..p..56.)
\'alenciennes has indicated this common Hawaiian species under the name
Chanos cyprindla, but we know of no characters to separate it from ('. clianos of
the Red Sea.
Family XA'. DUSSU:\IIERnD,E (Round Herrings).
Etrumel's Bleeker.
26. Etrumeus micropus Temminckand Schlegel). Makiawa. (J. & E., p. 58.)
We have been unable to separate this species, which is not \'ery common in
Hawaii, from its fellow in .Jajian. The C'alifornian species, Etrumeus othonops
(R. S. Eigenmann), taken but once, and referred to a different genus, Perkinsia,
may be diflferent. It is a singular fact that none of the true herrings, Clupeidce,
occur about Hawaii.
8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEHIE MUSEIJM.
Family XVI. ENGRAULID.E (Anchovies).
Stolephorus Lacepede.
(Anchoviella Fowler.)
I have given elsewhere ("Genera of Fishes," p. 169) my reason for following
Bleeker in the application of the name Stolephorus to an Anchovy (Anchoviella)
rather than to a Round Herring (Spratelloides) . The genus Anchovia Jordan
and Evermann is distinc^t from Stolephorus, which includes most of the tropical
ancho\'ies.
27. Stolephorus purpureas Fowler. Neha. (J. & E., p. 60.)
A common little fish used as bait.
Family XVII. STOMATID.E.
Leptostomias Gilbert.
28. Leptostomias macronema Gilbert. (G., p. 607.)
Deep sea, off Niihau.
Family XVIII. ASTRONESTHID.E.
AsTRONESTHES Richardson.
29. Astronesthes lucifer Gilbert. (G., p. 605.)
Deep sea off Kauai.
Family XIX.. GONOSTOMID.^.
Cyclothone Goode and Bean.
30. Cyclothone rhodadenia Gilbert. (G., p. 602.)
Dee]) sea, Kai\\i Channel.
31. Cyclothone canina Gilbert. ((J., p. 604.)
Deep sea off Kauai.
32. Cyclothone atraria (iilbert. (G., p. 605.)
Deep sea off Kauai.
Family XX. MAUROLICID^.
Argyripnus Gilbert and Cramer.
33. Argyripnus ephippiatus Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 601.)
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 9
ViNCiGUERRiA Jordan and Evennann.
{Zalarges Jordan and Williams, Proc. Gal. Ac. Sci., l<S9o, p. 793.)
34. Vinciguerria nimbaria (Jordan and Williams).
Pelagic. Northeast of Hawaii.
Family XXI. STERNOPTYCIIID.E.
Sternoptix^ Hermann.
35. Sternoptix diaphana Hermann. (G., p. G09.)
Deep seas. Widely distributed.
Polyipnus Giinther.
36. Polyipnus nuttingi Gilbert. (G., p. 609.)
Deep sea.
Argyropelecus Gocco.
37. Argyropelecus heathi Gilbert. (G., p. 601.)
Deep sea. Kauai Ghannel.
DiPLOPHOS Giinther.
3S. Diplophos pacificus Giinther.
Deep sea, mid Pacific.
Family XXII. HALOSAURID/E.
Aldrovandia^ Goode and Bean. (1895.)
(Halosauropsis CoUett, 1896.)
39. Aldrovandia kauaiensis Gilbert. (G., p. 611.)
Deep sea off Kauai.
40. Aldrovandia verticalis Gilbert. (G., p. 611.)
Deep sea off Kauai.
41. Aldrovandia proboscidea Gilbert. (G., p. 612.)
Oahu and ^lolokai.
Family XXIII. SYNODONTID.E (Lizard-fishes).
Trachinocephalus Gill.
42. Trachinocephalus limbatus Eydoux and Souleyet. Kawelea, Welea. (J. &
E., p. 62.J
This fish, generally common in the Pacific, rerfuircs to bo compared with
Trachinocephalus myops of the Atlantic.
' Usually corrected to Slernoplyx.
' The name Aldrovandia apparently lias priority over Hulusuuropsis.
10 . MEMOIHS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Synodtts (Gronow) Sco]mli.
(Scnirus Cuvier.)
43. Synodus varius (Lacepede). I'lae. (J. & E., p. 63.)
^'ery comraon in shallow water. The (^olor is very variable.
44. Synodus kaianus ((Kill tlier). ((!.,]). 588. )
Deep sea. Taken by the "Albatross" off Maui.
Saurida CAivier and Valenciennes.
45. Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard). Ulae. (J. & E., p. 65; G., p. 589.)
Common over coral sand.
Family XXIY. GHLOROPHTHALAIID.E.
("hlorophthalmus Bonaparte.
46. Chlorophthalmus proridens Gilbert and Cramer. (J. & E., p. 66; G., p. 589.)
Deep sea. Common.
Family XX\. BATHYPTEROID^.
Bathypterois Gimther.
47. Bathypterois antennatus Gilbert. (G., p. 590.)
Taken by the "Albatross" off Kauai.
Family XX\T. PARALEPIDID.E.
Lestidium Gilbert.
48. Lestidium nudum Gilbert. (G., p. 607.)
Deej) sea, off Molokai.
Family XXVIL IMYCTOPHID.E.
Neoscopelus Johnson.
49. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson. (G., p. 601.)
A^eoscopeluf< (dcocki Jordan and Starks.
Pelagic, widely distributed. According to Gilbert Japanese and Hawaiian
specimens are wholly identical with the original Atlantic form, Neoscopelus macro-
lepidotus Johnson, from ^Madeira.
Dasyscopelus Gunther.
50. Dasyscopelus pristilepis Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 600.)
Pelagic, Hawaii to Alarquesas.
JORDAN AXD JORDAX : FISHES OF HAWAII. 11
51. Dasyscopelus spinosus fSteindachncr). (G., p. 599.)
Pelagic, Hawaii and southeast.
Rhixoscopelus Liitkon.
52. Rhinoscopelus tenuiculus Garman.
Pelagic, open sea.s, southeast of Hawaii.
♦
^Iyctophum Rafinesque.
53. Myctophum fibulatum Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 596.)
Pelagic, Pailolo Channel between Maui and Molokai.
54. Myctophum affine (Llitken). (G., j). 59(3.)
Myctophum nitididum Garman.
Myctophum margaritatum Gilbert.
Rhinoscopelus oceanicus Jordan and Evermann.
Pelagic, widely diffused.
55. Myctophum evermanni Ciilbert. (G., p. 597.) •
Pelagic, Hawaii to Marquesas.
56. Myctophum reinhardti Brauer. (G., p. 598.)
Myctophum hraueri Gilbert, nan Lonnberg.
Myctophum liietkeni Gilbert (on plate).
Pelagic, widely diffused throughout the tropics.
57. Myctophum hoUandi sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. (PI. I. fig. 2.)
Tjpe No. 3897, Carnegie Museum. From Honolulu.
Head 3.33 in length; depth 4.25; eye 3 in head; snout G; maxiUary 1.5;
dorsal rays 1.12; anal rays 1.17; scales 3-35-5; thirty-four photophores on each
side. Body moderately elongate, deepest at the occiput, as usual in this group;
eye very large; snout ^■ery short; mouth large, oblique; jaws even: maxillary
rather broad, extending beyond eye nearly to margin of iireoperele. Scales rather
large; lateral line well developed.
Photophores not divided by cross-line; using the nomenclature of Brauer's
Tiefseefische, p. 155, they are arranged as follows:
Pectoral photophores (maculcc pectorales PO) five, four in a continuous series,
the last one higher; Svprapectornles (PL.O) one, close to gill-opening and to lateral
hne; Suhpectorales (P^'0) two, one near lower axil of pectoral, the other a little
lower, near gill-opening; Ventmles (VO) three, in a right line between ventrals and
vent; Anales (AO) six, six in a right line with a vacant space equal to one spot
above last rays of anal; Posierolaterales (Pol) one, just below lateral line and over
12 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
space in anal series; Precaudales (Pre) one, close to lateral line on level of postero-
lateral spot; Su-prn-anales (SAO) three, the upjoer close to lateral line, the two
below out of line, a very obtuse angle at the middle one; Supraventral (VLO)
wanting; Opercular (OP) two, close on edge of preopercle, botli below upper base
of i)ectoral; Mandibular (Brr) three, in a right line; Antorbital (Antorb.) none, no
suborbital or postorbital spots.
Dorsal fin high, its first ray equal to depth of body below it; adij^ose fin small;
caudal deeply forked, its lobes 1.4 in head; anal fin ratlier long, falcate, its edge
concave, its longest ray five-sixths height of dorsal, 1.8 in head; pectorals very
long, reaching anal, as long as head ; ventrals inserted just before dorsal, 2.4 in head.
Color blackish, paler below the luminous spots ringed with black.
A single example, 4.25 inches in length, was found in good condition by Wr.
Grinnell in the market at Honolulu, perhaps a spewing from some large fish.
The species is related to Mydophum hraueri as described by Gilbert {Myc-
tophum reinhardti Llitken) but has the anal shorter and the anal photophores fewer.
According to Gilbert (J he Lantern-fishes, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXVI,
1908, p. 219), Myctophutn reinhardti Liitken is based on two examples. The one
figured by Liitken with foinieen dorsal I'ays and twentj'-four anal rays is regarded
as the type. This is from the tropical Atlantic. Gilbert observes: "Liitken's
fin-counts were taken from the second specimen, which belongs to a species which
remains undescribed." It is very likely identical with M. hollandl.
Centrobranchus Fowler.
58. Centrobranchus choerocephalus Fowler. (G., p. 594.)
Pelagic, widely distributed.
59. Centrobranchus gracilicaudus Gilbert. (G., p. 595.)
Pelagic, off Niihau.
DiAPHUS Eigenmann and Eigenmann.
GO. Diaphus urolampus Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 591.)
Pelagic, off Kauai.
61. Diaphus chrysorhynchus Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 592.)
Pelagic, off Oahu and Molokai.
62. Diaphus adenoniius Gilbert. ((!., p. 592.)
Pelagic, Kaiwi Channel.
Lampanyctus Bonaparte.
63. Lampanyctus omostigma Gilbert.
Pelagic, southeast of Hawaii.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 13
Nannobrachium Giinther.
This genus is closely allied to Latnpanyctus Bonaparte, Xyctimaster being
distinguished h} not having enlarged scales along the lateral line. It is (Ustin-
guished from N annohrachium by the very small pectorals of the latter.
64. Nannobrachium nigrum Giinther. (G., p. 591.)
Pelagic, south to the Philippines.
65. Nyctimaster reinhardti Jordan.
(('/. Proc. U. 8. X. :\I., LIX, 1921, p. 645, fig. 2.)
The three known .specimen.s of this species were killed in a lava-flow from
Mauna Loa into deep water off the southwestern coast of Hawaii.
Order APODES fEels).
Family XXVIII. SYXAPHOBRAXGHID.E.
Synaphobranchus Johnson.
66. Synaphobranchus brachysomus Gilbert. (G., p. 583.)
Deep sea.
Family XXIX. LEPTOCEPHALID.E.
{Congridoe.)
Leptocephalus (Gronow) Scopoli.
(Conger Cuvier, adult form.)
67. Leptocephalus marginatus (Valenciennes). Puhi lilia. (J. & E., ]). 76.)
Common in crevices of lava-rock.
68. Leptocephalus bowersi (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 77.)
Rather common. This species belongs to the subgenus Ariosoma Swainson
(Congrellus Ogilb^') characterized by the feebler organization and the rather more
advanced dorsal fin inserted over the gill-opening. As in Leptocephalus (sens, sir.),
the teeth are all sharp.
69. Leptocephalus aequoreus (Gilbert and Cramer). (G., p. 589; J. ct E., p. 77.)
Deep sea.
Veternio Snyder.
70. Veternio verrens Snyder. (J. & E., p. 79.)
One large example from Honolulu.
Promyllantor Alcock.
71. Promyllantor alcocki GiHjcrt and Cramer. (G., p. 584.)
Deep sea.
14 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family XXX. MUR.^NESOCID.E.
Rhechias Jordan.
72. Rhechias armiger Jordan.
(Cf. Jordan, Proc. II. S. N. IVI., LTX, 1921, p. 644, fig. 1.)
Off the southwestern coast of Hawaii, the type killed in deep water by a lava-
flow from A fauna Loa.
Family XXXI. NETTASTOMID/E (Sorcerers).
jNIetopomtctek Gilbert.
73. Metopomycter denticulatus Gilbert. (G., p. 585.)
Dee]) sea, off Kauai.
Family XXXII. NEMIGHTHYID.E (Snipe-eels).
Nematoprora Gilbert.
74. Nematoprora polygonifera Gilbert. (G., p. 587.)
Deep sea, off Bird Island.
Serrivomer Gill and Ryder.
75. Serrivomer beani Gill and Ryder. (G., p. 586.)
Deep sea.
Stemonidium Gilbert.
76. Stemonidium hypomelas Gilbert. (G., p. 586.)
Deep sea, off Niihau.
Family XXXIII. OPHICHTHYID.E (Snake-eels).
Sphagebranchus Bloch.
77. Sphagebranchus fiavicaudus Snyder. (J. tt E., p. 80; G., p. 588.)
Occasionally taken.
Leiuranus Bleeker. * "
(Stethopterus Bleeker has linc-i:)riority, but later Leiuranus was ])referred by the
author.)
78. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett). (J. & E., p. 81.)
Warm parts of the Pacific. Rare about Hawaii.
MicRODONOPHis Kaup.
79. Microdonophis fowleri Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., ]). 82.)
Rare, but three specimens known.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. • 15
Jenkinsiella Jordan and Evermann.
80. Jenkinsiella macgregori (Jenkins). (J. & E.. p. 82.)
One specimen from ]Maui.
Brachysomophis Kail]).
81. Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan and Snyder, uj. «k K., p. 83.)
One large specimen from Honolulu.
INIyrichthys Girard.
82. Myrichthys stypurus (Smith and Swain). (J. tt E.. \\ 84.)
Johnston Island, one example known.
83. Myrichthys magnificus (Abbott). (J. & E.. p. 84.)
Not seen since the original descrii)tion was written.
Callechelys Kauj).
84. Callechelys luteus Snyder. (J. & E.. ]). 86.)
One large example from Molokai.
Family XXXIV. MORIXGUID.E.
MoRiNGrA Ciray.
(Raitahoura (iray has line-i:)riority, but Moringua has been preferred by
revisers) .
85. Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder. (J. & E., p. 86.)
One example from Honolulu.
Family XXX^'. MUR^EXID-E i.Morays).
AIuR.ENA LinnsBUs.
86. Mursena kailuae Jordan and Evermann. Puhi l-ainhi: Puhi on. (J. & E.,
p. 88.)
The two nominal species, Mura'na lompra Jenkins and Munvna kanila Jenk-
ins, seem to be color variations of this highly variable species, tlie body of which
is broAATi, marked by white spots, often dark-ringed and of various sizes and foi-ms,
usuallj' largest on the tail.
Enchelynassa Kaup.
87. Enchelynassa canina (Quoy and Gaimard). (J.' & E., pp. i)(), !)1.)
Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup.
Gymnpthorax vinolenlus Jordan and Evermann.
A very large Moray, found occasionally about Hawaii and Samoa.
16 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Gymnothorax Bloch.
{Lycodontis McClelland.)
88. Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott). (J. & E., p. 92.)
Hawaii, not seen since the original description.
89. Gymnothorax laysanus (Steindachner). (J. & E., p. 93.)
Not rare about Honolulu.
90. Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw). (J. & E., p. 94.)
South Seas, rare al)out Honolulu.
91. Gymnothorax steindachneri Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 101.)
Not rare about Honolulu.
92. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 94.)
Rare ; possibly the young of G. deindachmri.
93. Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 95.) \
One known from Honolulu.
94. Gymnothorax berndti Snyder. (J. & E., p. 98.)
Rare about Honolulu.
95. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede). Puki lauinili. (J. & E., p. 98.)
The commonest Moray about Hawaii and especially ferocious.
96. Gymnothorax flavomarginatus (Ruppell). (J. & E., p. 99.)
Rather common.
97. Gymnothorax thalassopterus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 99.)
Rare. Perhaps a A-ariant of G. flavomarginatus.
98. Gymnothorax goldsboroughi Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 100.)
One specimen known.
99. Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker). (J. & E., p. 100.)
(Gymnothorax Icucacme Jenkins.)
Rather common and widely diffused.
100. Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder. (J. & E., p. 97.)
Honolulu, one example.
101. Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 96.)
Two examples from Honolulu.
102. Gymnothorax waialuae Snyder. (J. & E.. p. 97.)
One specimen from Waialua Bay, Oahu.
103. Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 102.)
One example from Hilo.
104. Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder. (J. & E., p. 103.)
Only one example kno\Mi.
JOKDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 17
lOo. Gymnothorax pictus (Alil). PuJii Lytpa^i. (.]. & I']., p. 103.)
Common and variable, widely diffuscMl.
106. Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder. (J. <.% E., p. 104.)
Honolulu, rare.
EURYMYCTERA Kaup.
107. Eurymyctera acutirostris (Abbott). (J. & E., p. 105.)
Not seen since the original discoveiy; the species has been redescribed and
figured l^y Fowler.
Echidna FoTster.
108. Echidna zebra (Shaw). (J. & E., p. 106.)
Scarce about Hawaii ; common in the South Seas.
109. Echidna tritor (A'aillant and Sauvage). (J. & E., pp. 106, 107, lOS, 109.)
{Echidna obscura Jenkins.)
Abundant and excessively variable in color.
It is believed that the nominal species E. leihala Jenkins, E. pfialion Jenkins,
E. zonata Fowler, E. vincta Jenkins, and E. zimophaa Jordan and Evermann are
all variants of E. tritor, which is plain in color with a l)lack spot at the angle of
the mouth. These are variously marked with tlark cross-bands, scarcely any
two specimens being colored alike. The alk^ged differences in dentition need
verification.
110. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl). Puhikdpa. (J. & E., p. 110.)
Common and widely distributed.
Uropterygius Ri'ii)i)('ll.
{Ichthyoplus Kaup, preoccupied.)
111. Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepede). (J. & E., j). 111.)
South Seas, scarce about Hawaii.
112. Uropterygius leucurus Snyder. (J. & E., p. 112.)
(hily one specimen known.
SciTTiCARiA Jordan and Snyder.
113. Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson). (J. & E., p. 112.)
South Seas, occasional about Hawaii.
18 MKMOIH.S OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Order SYNENTOGNATHI.
Family XXXVI. BELONID.E (Needle-fishes).
Platybelone Fowler.
{Eimjcmdus Ogilby, Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland, XXI, 1908, \). 91, ty^oe
Belone platyura Bennett, is preoccupied, and Flatyhclonc Fowler, Jan., 1919, is
substituted. The gill-rakers are present as in Belone, the tail is broad, depressed,
and keeled.)
114. Platybelone platyura (Bennett). (J. & E., j). 122.)
South Seas. Not rare about Hawaii.
Tylosurus Cocco.
115. Tylosurus giganteus (Tenuninck and Schlegel) Aha aha: Avau. (J. & E.,
p. 124.)
This large Hawaiian fish requires to he compared with the original si)ecies
from Jajian. Not rare in the open sea.
Ablennes Jordan and Fordice.
(Originally written in error Athlennes.)
116. Ablennes hians (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 125.)
It is very doubtful whether the rare Hawaiian form is identical with .4. hians
of the West Indies.
Family XXXVII. HEMIRHAMPHID.F (Half-beaks).
Hyporhamphus Gill.
117. Hyporhamphus pacificus (Steindachner). (J. & E., ]x 12G.)
Common at times.
Hemirhamphus Cuvier.
118. Hemirhamphus depauperatus Lua' and Bennett. Me'eme'e; Iheihe.
Locally abundant.
Euleptorhamphus Gill.
119. Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier). Iheihe. (J. & E., p. 128.)
Not rare in the open sea.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 19
Family XXXVIII. EXOCCETID.E (Flying-fishes).
FoDiATOR Jordan and Meek.
120. Fodiatorrostratus ((Uuither). (J. & E., p. 131.)
One example taken in Hawaii. The species seems to differ from Fodiator
acutus of the Panama region in the subvertical mouth and the shorter lower jaw
It is iK^arer Fodiator than Parexocnetus.
EvoLANTiA Snodgrass and Heller.
121. Evolantia microptera (C'uvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 130.)
tSearce about Hawaii.
Parexoc'cetits Bleekcr.
122. Parexocoetus brachypterus Solander. Pukiku. (J. & E., p. 131.)
A'ery common, not exceeding seven inches.
ExocoETUS Linnseus.
(Ventral fin short, median.)
Exocoetus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 1758, p. 316. Type Exocwtus voUtanti,
lately shown to be based on an example of the species called Hulocypiielus
evolans (Linnaeus).
HalocypselKs Weinland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1858, j). 385 (///c.so-
gaster = evolans = volitans).
123. Exocoetus volitans Linnseus. (J. & E., p. 132.)
Bj' a confusion incident to correction of syonymy the plate on page 133, Jordan
and Evermann, named ''Exocoetus volitans," rei^resents the species sometimes
called by that name, = Exocoetus rubescens Rafinesque, not the true E. volitans,
which has short ventral fins.
Exonautes Jordan and Evermann.
(Anal fin not shorter than dorsal.)
124. Exonautes gilberti Snyder. (J. & E., p. 134.)
Rare. The species from near Samoa, identified by Jordan and Scale as
Exocoetus unicolor Cuvier and Valenciennes, figured on page 209 of the "Fishes of
Samoa," is very clos(> to Exonautes gilberti and perhaps the same. In the speci-
mens of both, as figured, is the parasitic coi:)epod PeneUa, to which a parasitic
barnacle {Conchoderma) is attached.
20 MEMOIRS OF THK CARNECilK MUSEUM.
Cypselurus* Swainson.
(Anal fin much shorter than dorsal; young (al\vaj%s?) with barbel at the chin.)
125. Cypselurus simus (Cuvicr and Valenciennes). Malolo. (J. & E., ]). 134.)
The commonest large flying-fish about Hawaii, reaching a length of fourteen
inches. The pectoral fins ar(> usually, but not always, spotted with black.
126. Cypselurus spilonotopterus (Hleeker). Maloh). (J. k E., p. 136.)
Cypselurus hahiensis Jordan and Evermann, ]). 136; probabh' not Exocoetus
bahicjtsis Ranzani.
Usually common about Hawaii. A vei-y large species, reaching twenty inches
in length. It is known in life by its dark reddish-brown ])ectorals, which become
blackish in spirits. The dorsal fin is largely black. The si)eci(>s is most likely
distinct from the Atlantic form called C. bahiensis.
127. Cypselurus atrisignis Jenkins. fJ. & E., p. 136.)
Rare. Dorsal fin with a large black spot.
Family XXXIX. MAC^ROURID.E (Grenadiers).
( Cory pha^n oididae . )
Gadomus Regan.
128. Gadomus melanopterus Gilbert. 1G., p. 658.)
Dec]) water off Kauai.
129. Gadomus bowersi Gilbert. (G., p. 659.)
Deep water off Bird Island.
AIelanobraxchus Regan.
130. Melanobranchus micronemus Gilbert. (G., p. 661.)
Deep water, Pailolo Channel.
Chalinura (ioode antl Bean.
131. Chalinura ctenomelas Gilliert and Cninier. (G., p. 662.)
Deep sea, very abundant.
Optonurus Giinther.
132. Optonurus atherodon Gillicit and Cramer. (Ci., p. 663.)
Deep sea; the most abundant member of the group.
* The International Commission of Xomcnclat are lias decided tiiat Mio spelling Cypsilurus of
Swainson is to he regarded as a misprint.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 21
Hy.menocephalfs Giglioli .
133. Hymenocephalus striatulus Gilbert. (G.. p. OGo.)
Deep .sea off Oalm.
134. Hymenocephalus aterrimus Gill)eit. (G., p. 666.)
Kanai, in ven' dee]i water.
135. Hymenocephalus antraeus Gilbert and Cramer. ((!., p. 663.)
Deep sea, extremely abmidant. A valid species, not to he confounded with
H. aterrimus Gilbert.
Macrourus Bloch.
(This genus, distinguished by the subinferior mouth, is merged into Coryphce-
noides b.y Hubbs.)
136. Macrourus ectenes Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 667.)
Deep sea. One specimen known.
137. Macrourus propinquus Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 667.)
Deep sea off Kauai.
138. Macrourus holocentrus Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 668.)
Deep sea off Oaliu. One specimen known.
139. Macrourus gibber Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 668.)
Deep sea; frequent.
140. Macrourus burragei Gilbert. (G., p. 668.)
Deep sea off Oahu; one specimen known.
141. Macrourus obliquatus Gilbert. (G., p. 670.)
Deep sea oft" Kauai. Only one specimen known.
142. Macrourus hebetatus (Jilbert. (G.. p. 671.)
Deep sea off (_)ahu, one specimen known.
143. Macrourus longicirrhus Gilbert. (G., p. 672.)
Deep sea off Kauai. Only the tj^je know^l.
CcELORHYNCHUs Giorna.
144. Ccelorhynchus gladius Gilbert and Cramer. (G.. p. 673.)
Deep sea.
145. Ccelorhynchus aratrum Gilbert. (G., p. 674.)
Deep sea. Puither scarce.
146. Ccelorhynchus doryssus Gilbert. (G., p. 675.)
Deep sea. Occasional.
22 MEMOinS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Mat^ocephalus Berg.
(Coslocephalus Gilbert and Cramer; preoccupied.)
147. Mataeocephalus acipenserinus (Gilbert and Cramer). (G., p. G7G.)
Deep sea. Common.
Malacocephalus Gimther.
148. Malacocephalus hawaiiensis Gilbert. (G., p. 077.)
Deep sea oft' Oahu.
Trachonurus Gimther.
149. Trachonurus sentipellis Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 679.)
Deep sea, frequent.
Family XL. GADID.E.
Antimora Giinther.
150. Antimora microlepis Bean. (G., p. 656.)
Deep sea off Kaiuii. An Alaskan species.
L^MONEMA Giinther.
151. Laemonema rhodochir Gilbert. (G., p. 657.)
Deep sea ofif Oahu. But one specimen known.
Physiculus Kaup.
152. Physiculus grinnelli sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. (PI. I, fig. 3.)
Type: No. 3898 Carnegie Museum. Twelve and one-half inches long.
Found in the market at Honolulu.
Head 4 in length to base of caudal; depth 4.8; eye 4.66 in head; snout 4.66;
maxillary 2.16; barbel 4.5; height of first dorsal 2.5; length of ventral 1.16;
pectoral 1.33; caudal 2; dorsal rays 7-73; anal rays 65; ventral Ta.ys 6; scales
6-127-26.
Body moderately elongate, deepest luider the first dorsal, the tail rather
slender; head somewhat flattened, the profile depressed above the eye; mouth
moderate ; the lower jaw included ; the narrow maxillary reaching about to posterior
margin of eS'e; gill-rakers very short, blunt; eye moderate. First dorsal rather
low, one and four-fifths times as high as long; second dorsal moderate, co-
terminous with anal; caudal rounded. A'entrals reaching well past front of anal.
Scales small, smellier i)osteriorly and below; snout and lower jaw scaleless. Soft
fins with small scales; lateral line well developed. Color plain dusky, paler below,
edges of fins darker.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII.
23
This species requires to be compared with Physiculus japonirus Hilgendorf
from Tokj'O. The following is the scanty description (Gesellsch. Naturforsch.
Freunde Berlin. 1879, p. 80):
'.'Von der Gattung Physiculus sind l)isher 3 Arten bekannt geworden; die
erste, Ph. dahvigkii KP. wieder \-on ^Madeira, ist von unserer durch folgcnde
IMerkmale zu unterscheiden. Bei Ph. japonicus ist die Kopflange in der Korj erl.
(ohne C'aud.) omal enthalten (bei P. Dalwigkii 4mal). Interorbitalraum gleich
dem vertikalen Augendurchmesser (statt kleiner), D. I. ist 1 1/3 mal so hoch als
lang (2 mal), und die Hohe unter halber Kopflange (gleich der halben), die Faden
der V. erreichen die A. (nicht). B. 7, D. 9/66, A. 73, V. 7. Die anderen beiden
Arten, von Cuba und Siidaustralien, sind durch die Flossenformal hinreichend
getrennt. IMus. Ber. No. 10624."
Order ZEOIDEA.
Family XLI. ZEID.E (John Dories).
Stethopristes Gilbert.
153. Stethopristes eos Gilbert. (G., p. 622.)
Deep sea, Pailolo Channel.
Cyttomimus Gilbert.
(The presence of six soft rays in the ventral fins indicates that this genus
belongs to the Zeidce rather than to the Cuproidcc.)
154. Cyttomimus stelgis Gilbert. (G., ]). 624.)
Deep sea off Oahu; but one specimen knowoi.
,f.i<^.-
,f^'
^
Fig. 1. V'esposMS egregitis .Jordan. (Reproduced from Prcjc. U. S. X. M., \'iil. '>'■), 1921, p. 050.)
24 MEMOIRS OF TIIK OABNEGTE MUSEUM.
Family XLII. GRAIVBIICOLEPID.'E.
Vesposus Jordan.
15"). Vesposus egregius Jordan.
(Proc. U. S. Nat. AIus., LIX, 1921, p. 650.)
Deep sea off Hawaii; the type killed in overflow of lava from Mauna Loa.
Order CHONDRICHTHYES.
Family XLIII. ATELEOPID.E.
Ateleopus Temminck and Schlegel.
( PodateJes Boulenger, there being already a genus Atelopus.)
150. Ateleopus pUcatellus (iilbcrt. (G., p. 053.)
Deep sea, Pailolo Channel.
Order HETEROSOMATA.
Family XLIV. PLEURONECTID^.
Pcecilopsetta Gimther.
157. Pcecilopsetta hawaiiensis Gilbert. (G., p. 679.)
Deep sea, Pailolo Channel.
T^NIOPSETTA Gilbert.
158. Taeniopsetta radula Gilbert. (G., p. 680.)
Deep sea, Pailolo Channel.
Platophrys Swainson.
159. Platophrys mancus (Broussonet). (J. & E., p. 513; G., p. 684.)
{Rhomboidichthys pavo Gtinther.)
Occasionally taken.
160. Platophrys pantherinus (Ruppell). (J. & E., p. 512.)
Generally common about Hawaii.
161. Platophrys chlorospilus Gilbert. (G., p. 684.)
Off Maui in deep water.
162. Platophrys inermis (!ill)ert. (G., p. 685.)
Dee]) sea, Pailolo Channel.
163. Platophrys coarctatus Gilbert. (G., p. 686.)
Deep sea.
,)()1{I)AN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 25
This species and the preccHling-, witli the interurbilai \-ery iian-ow, diverge
considei-ably from the type of Platophnja.
SciEOPS Jordan and Starks.
(PlatopJirijs (Jiinther, non 8wainson.)
164. Scasops hawaiiensis (Jordan and r^vermann). (J. & E., p. .")14; (!., p. 087.)
165. Scaeops xenandrus (Gilbert). (G., p. 687.)
Common in ratlier deep water.
166. Sc£eops arenicola (Jordan and Evermann). (J. & E., p. 515.)
Among the large-scaled flounders known by the very narrow interorbital, thus
ai)proaching Engyprosopon Giinther, but the gill-rakers are very short, as in Scaops.
Anticitharus Giinther.
167. Anticitharus debilis (iilbert. (G., p. 683.)
Deep sea, Pailolo Channel.
Chascanopsetta Gilbert.
168. Chascanopsetta prorigera Gilbert. (G., p. 689.)
Deep sea, off Alaui.
Pelecanichthys Gilbert and Cramer.
169. Pelecanichthys crumenalis Gilbert and Cramer. (Ci., p. 690.)
Deep sea.
Samariscus Gilbert.
170. Samariscus corallinus Gilbert. (G., p. 682.)
Deep sea, off Alolokai.
Family XLV. CYNOGLOSSID.E (Soles).
Symphurus Rafinesque.
171. Symphurus undatus Gilbert. (G., p. 690.)
Deep sea, off Oahu.
172. Symphurus strictus Gilbert. (G., p. 691.)
Deep sea, off Oaliu.
26 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
OrdcT XENOBERYCES.
Family XLVI. IMELAMPHAID.E.
MelamphaEs Ginithor.
173. Melamphaes unicornis Gilbert. (G., ji. 615.)
Deep sea, off Kauai.
Caulglepis Gill.
174. Caulolepis longidens Ciill. (G., p. 616.)
Deep .sea, perlmps distinct from the Atlantic form.
Order BERYCOIDEI.
Family XLVII. POLYAIIXIID^.
PoLYMixiA Lowe.
175. Polymixia berndti Gilbert. (G., p. 616.)
Deep sea, off Oahu.
Family XLMII. HOLOGENTRID.E (Squirrel-fishes).
HoLOTRACHYS Giinther.
176. Holotrachys lima (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 147.)
( ommon in Hawaii and throughout the South Seas.
OsTicHTHYS (Langsdorf) Jordan and lilvcrmann.
177. Ostichthys pillwaxi (Steindachner). (J. & E., p. 147.)
Very rare. Two specimens known from Honolulu.
Myripristis Cuvier. fFrercs Jacques.)
178. Myripristis multiradiatus Giinther. U\(. (J. & E., p. 149.)
Abundant about Hawaii.
179. Myripristis chryseres Jordan and Evermann. Pauu.
Not rare al)Out Hawaii.
180. Myripristis symmetricus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 131.)
Rather scarce.
181. Myripristis sealei Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 151.)
Not rare.
182. Myripristis murdjan(Forskal). U'li. (J. & E., p. 152.)
JORDAN AND JORDAN! FISHES OF HAWAII. 27
The commonest species of the genus, widely (Hspersed throughout the Pacific.
Myripi-istis benuUi Jordan and Evermann, p. 153, is probably not distinct from
M. murdjan.
183. Myripristis argyromus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 154.)
One example known.
HOLOCENTRUS.
§ Holocentrus.
184. Holocentrus diadema Lacepede. Alaihi kahdna. (J. & E., p. 159.)
Very common; on(> of the small species.
185. Holocentrus microstomus Giinther. (J. &: E., p. 160.)
Rather scarce.
186. Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal). (J. & E., p. 161.)
Rare about Hawaii.
187. Holocentrus erythraeus Giinther. (J. &E., p. 161.)
Scarce.
188. Holocentrus punctatissimus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (J. & E., p. 162.)
A small fish generally common about Hawaii.
189. Holocentrus xantherythrus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 164.)
Common. The specific name of this species was rather unfortunately chosen,
as its pale stripes are white, not j-ellow. The j^ellow streaks are characteristic of
H. ensifer, for which the name was originally framed.
190. Holocentrus ensifer Jordan and Elvermann. (J. & E., p. 165.)
Rather common.
§ Flammeo Jordan and Evermann.
191. Holocentrus sammara Forskal. (J. & E., ]). 155.)
Common, widely diffused. This species and the next l)elong to the subgenus
Flammeo, distinguished by the larger mouth and projecting chin, cliaracters of
minor importance.
192. Holocentrus scythrops Jordan and Evermann. fj. &: E., p. 157.)
Abundant about Hawaii.
Order AULOSTOMI.
Family XLIX. AULOSTOMI D.E (Trumpet-fishes).
AuLOSTOMus Lacepede.
193. Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus). Nunu. (J. & E., p. 114.)
Common. The original description of "Fisiularia chinen.siH" Linnaeus in-
cluded two Asiatic references and the species is said to inhahit the East Indies.
28 MPiMOIRS OF THE CARNKGIE MUSEUM.
The .specific name chincnsi-s should therefore remain with tlie Asiatic form, known
a.s Aulodonius valentini by some later authors.
Family L. FISTULAUIID.E (Cornet-fishes).
FiSTU];ARiA Linnaeus.
194. Fistularia petimba Lacepede. (J. & E., p. 110.)
Abundant.
195. Fistularia serrata ( 'uvier. (J. & E., p. IKJ.)
Scarce about Hawaii.
Family LL MACRORHAMPHOSID.E.
IVIacrorhamphosus Lacepede.
190. Macrorhamphosus hawaiiensis Gilbert. (G., p. 613.)
Off Laysan Island.
Order LOPHOBRANCHII.'
Family LII. 8YNGNATHID.E.
MiCROPHis Kaup.
197. Microphis pleurotaenia (Gimther). (J. & E., p. 121.)
Rare. Oft' Honolulu.
ICHTHYOCAMPUS Kaup.
198. Ichthyocampus erythraeus Gilbert. (G., p. 013.)
Oft" Molokai.
Family LIII. HIPPOGAMPID.E (Sea-horses).
Hippocampus Rafine.sque.
199. Hippocampus hilonis Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 119.)
One exam])le from Hilo.
200. Hippocampus fisheri Jordan and Evermann. fj. & E., ]). 119.)
Scarce.
Order HYPOSTOMIDES.
Family LIV. PEGASID.E (Sea-moths).
Pegasus Linnaeus.
201. Pegasus papilio (iil])ert. ((!., ]). 014.)
Bird Lsland, and off Hawaii.
^ Soleiwxtomus ci/auvpterua Blocker hits been reported from Hawaii in error.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHKS OF HAWAII. 29
Older SELENICHTHYES.
Family LV. LA.MPRID.E (Moon-fislies).
Lampris Retzius.
202. Lampris regius (Boimatcrre). (J. it E., p. 166.)
An example, six feet long, was once taken at Honolulu. It weighed 217 lbs.
The Honolulu "Star-Bulletin" in an issue early in 1922 re^jorts the ca])ture at a
depth of 1200 ft. of a second sjiecimen, weighing much less. It was taken thirteen
miles west of Oahu.
Order PERCOMORPHI.
Suborder PER CESO ( ' ^,S'.
Family LVI. ATHERINID.E (Silversidcs).
Hepsetia Bonaparte.
203. Hepsetia insularum i, Jordan and Evermann). (J. ct E., p. 188.)
This little fish, common inside of the reefs, has the lower mandible straight,
not abrupth' elevated behind. It belongs, therefore, witli most of the Pacific
"Silversides" to the genus Hepsetia.
Family LVII. IVIUGILID.E (Mullets).
IMuGiL Linnaeus.
204. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. Atna-avui. (J. & E., \). 139.)
The commonest food-fish in Honolulu, and one of the best, being largely
reared in salt-water ponds. We have been unable to distinguisli the Hawaiian
form from the Striped Mullet of Europe, and therefore let it stand under the
same name.
CHiENOMUGIL Gill.
(This genus differs from (lieloii Rose of the Mediterranean by having both
jaws provided with pa])illiform teeth.)
205. Chgenomugil chaptalii (Eydoux and Souleyet). Vouoa. (J. & E., p]). 140-
141.)
Myxns. parifinis Steindachner seems to be the young of this s]>ecies.
Family LVIII. SPHYR.ENID.E (Barracudas).
Sphyr/ena Lacepede.
§ Sphyra'na.
206. Sphyraena helleri Jenkins. Kmvalea. (J. ct E., ]>. 143.)
A small species, not exceeding two feet in length. Generally common.
30 MEMOTKS OF THE CAHNEOIK MTT.SEUM.
§ Agriosphyrcena Fowler.
(Giant barracudas with large scales, less than ninety.)
207. Sphyraena snodgrassi Jenkins. Kdkv. (J. & E., p. 143.)
This large and fi(>rc(> Barracuda is common in the markets, and reaches a
length of six feet. The species recpiires to be compared with other large Barracudas
of the South Seas.
Suborder RHEGNOPTERI.
Family LIX. POLYNEMID.E (Thread-fishes).
PoLYNEMUS Linnaeus.
(Polydadylus Lacepede.)
208. Polynemus sexfilis Cuvier and Valenciennes. Mot; Moi-lii. (J. & E.,
p. 144.)
Not rare at Honolulu.
Suborder P^ER CI FORMES.
Family LX. XIPHIID.E.
XiPHiAS Linnteus.
209. Xiphias gladius Linnseus. (J. & E., p. 168.)
The common swordfish is occasionally taken at Honolulu.
Family LXI. ISTIOPHORID.E (Spear-fishes).
Tetrapterus Agassiz.
210. Tetrapterus mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder. A'u.
This large spear-fish, originally described from Japan, but since found to be
abundant at Santa Catalina, may be seen every day in the Honolulu markets.
It is taken in the open sea to the southwestward by Japanese fishermen. We have
had no opportunity' to compare Hawaiian specimens with those taken elsewhere.
Pectoral longer than dorsal lobe.
IsTiopHORrs Lacepede (Sail-fishes).
( Hisiiopliorus of most recent authors.)
211. Istiophorus gladius (Broussonet).
A cast of an example six feet long is in the Bishop Museum. It is not certain
that the Atlantic form is really distinct from this. A photograph of the cast is
given in fig. 2.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 31
Family LXII. SCOMBRID.E CMackerels).
Pnei'matophokis Joi'daii and Ciill^ert.
212. Pneumatophorus japonicus (Houttuyn). Opclu pdlahu. (J. & E., p. 109.)
This small mackerel is rather rare about Hawaii. It needs comparison with
the abundant geminate forms, P. japonicia of Japan and P. diegi) from California.
P. cnU(ii< of i'Airope and /-*. grcx of our Atlantic coast also differ slightly, though
all are very nuich alike. The "Chub-mackerels," PneumatopJioms, differ fi-om tlie
mackerel of commerce. Scomber, in the development of the air-bladder.
Fk;. 2. Istiophoru.s (jladius (Brou.^^sonet). Iruiii :i i;a.-l in the Roruice P:iualii liishoj) Museinii, Honolulu.
Auxis Cuvier (Frigate-mackerels).
213. Auxis thazard (Lacepede). (J. ct E., p. 171.)
This pelagic fish requires to be compared with ,1. rocJici of the Atlantic and
A. tapeinosoma of Japan.
EuTHYNNUs Llitken (Oceanic Bonitos).
(We let this genus stand until it can be comi)are(l directly with GijiHnostu-dfi
unicolor, the type of the allied genus Gijiiinomrdd.)
214. Euthynnus pelamis (Linnanis). Aku. (J. ct E., ]). 172.)
This fish of the open sea is now very abundant in the markets of Honolulu
and Hilo. It is extensively canned for commerce; more than any other species.
The flesh is red, rather coarse, and oily. The better species of this group are not
put up in tins, their use as fresh fish being more profitable. The best of them sell
at present at fifty cents a pound in Honolulu. The various forms of stri]ied "Oce-
anic Bonitos" found in the warm parts of the Atlantic and Pacific need comjiarison
one with another.
■215. Euthynnus alleteratus (Rafine.sque). Kdwakdwa. (J. & E,, ]x 173.)
Very common in the markets. The j'oung are taken in nets in the shallow
waters of Hilo Bay. The flesh is paler than that of the Alcu, and brings a higher
32 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
price; hence it is less freriuently tinned. From two to si.x round l)hick spots
appear in the adult fish along the sides of the breast. These are not shown in the
figure (No. 65) given by Jordan and Evermann. The Pacific form should be
compared with true E. ulleteraiu.^ of the Mediterranean.
Sarda Cuvier (Bonitos).
216. Sarda chilensis fCuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 175.)
Occasionally' taken at Honolulu and canned with the Aku, packers making
no fine distinctions. This species is quite different from the Atlantic Bonito, Sarda
sarda, having the sjjinous dorsal always shorter. It is not quite certain that Sarda
lineolata from California and Sarda orientalis from Japan are identical with Sarda
chilensis.
Thunnxts South (Tunnies).
{Thynnus Cuvier; preoccupied.)
217. Thunnus thynnus Linnaeus.
The great Tuna, regarded as identical with the European, and which is abun-
dant about Santa Catalina Island, California, is not yet definitely known from
Hawaii.
218. Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and vSchlegel).
A specimen seen in the market at Honolulu seemed distinct from the Cali-
fornian Tuna, having the finlets dull yellow mstead of l)lue. According to our
notes the dorsal and anal lobes are high, the pectoral rather short, reaching two-
thirds distance to anal. Finlets all dull soiled yellowish. Belly with twelve
obscure ])ale cross-bars of grayish silvery, narrower than the interspaces, replaced
by round spots above and below; smaller spots alternating with the bars; no clear
yellow on fins. The silvery markings are characteristic of the young of several
species of this group.
Germo Jordan (Albacores).
This group or subgenus differs from Thunnus only in the great length of the
ril)bon-like pectoral fins, which reach at least to the front of the anal, two and one
half to three times in length of body. It should jK'rhaps be merged in Thunnus.
The species of this genus are much in need of careful revision.
219. Germo macropterus Temminck and Schlegel. Ahi. (J. & E., p. 174.)
(Germo germo Jordan and Evermann.)
This species, found both in California and Jajian, is now rather abundant in
the Honolulu markets. It reaches a weight of three hundred pounds. Dorsal
and finlets all bi'ight lemon-vellow without dark borders. The sides have- faint
JORDAN" AND ,f()RDAN: FISHKS OF HAWAII.
33
elongate dull silvery spots, not eross-l)ands. The dorsal and anal are very high
and falcate. The flesh is coarse and red, like that of the Akit. with which it is
often canned.
This species was recorchnl b\- Jordan and Everniann in 1901 as (icDiio gcrmo.
It is brought in from dee)) water by the Japanese fishermen.
220. Germo sibi (Temminck and Schlegel).
Soft dorsal moderately elevated, its lobe shorter than snout. Pectoral long,
falcate, reaching to the second dorsal finlet. Finlets above bright yellow bordered
by dark, the narrow margin white, the produced tips white: anal finlets aU pale
with no yellow. Flesh dark. Sides without distinct silvery markings.
A large fish, frequently seen in the markets, and evidently distinct from (i.
macropterus and G. alalunga. It seems to be very near 6'. i^ihi of Japan, but its
identity cannot be i)ositively decided without actual comi^arison of specimens.
221. Germo alalunga (Chiielin).
t? Scomber germo Lacepcde = Thynnus pacifiais Cuvier and ^'alencienncs.)
Another long-fin is occasionally taken with the others. Upon superficial
examination it seems to be the same as the C'alifornian Albacore, supposed to be
Germo alalunga. Finlets all blue with no trace of yellow. Pectoral very long,
reaching middle of dorsal lobe. Flesh jiale. Weight twelve t(j fifteen pounds.
This may be Scomber germo of Lacepede ipacijicus C. & \.), but the long descrip-
tions of that author reveal no points of difference and the color of the finlets is
not mentioned.
In Jordan and Evermann, "Fishes of Xorth and Middle America," i)p. 870-871,
in the account of Thimnus thynnus and Germo alalunga. the refei-ences to the flesh
of the two are accidentally transposed. The flesh of the Tuna ( Thunnus) is
"coarse and oily"; that of the Albacore (Germo) is ■•excellent, that oxen of very
large individuals being of fine flavor."
222. Germo argentivittatus (C'uvier and Valenciennes).
Dr. Xichols tells me that a specimen sent by Dr. Ev(>rmann in 1920 to the
American ^Museum of Natural History corresponds to this species from "the
Indian seas." The color of the body, as stated ])y Cuvier and ^'alenciennes,
corresponds to that of Thunnus orientalis, but the long pectorals are said to lie
three and one-half in the length of body, not seven, as in Schlegel's account of
orientalis.
34 MEMOIRS OF THE CAK.N'EGIE MUSEUM.
ACANTHOCYBIUM GHl (Potos).
223. Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvicr and Valenciennes). Ono.
This larj>;e fisli is now common in the market of Honohilu, being taken with
the hook in deep water thirty miles or more from the harbor bj' the Japanese.
The flesh is excellent, being too costly to be used for canning. Jordan and Thom])-
son liave noticed that the Jajianese form, Acantlwcybium sara, is very distinct from
A. solandri. The Cuban Peto, .4. peius Poey, is also different.
Brown, with narrow faint silvery cross-bars on sides. Teeth 75 '60 on each
side, compressed, smaller inwards; pectorals a little shorter than maxillary.
The account of this species, given by Jordan and Evermann, is drawn from
a Cuban example of Acanthocyhium pctu.s. The Ja})anese fish, Aauithucybium sara,
called in Jajmn OJdsawara, or "off-shore Sawara," has the teeth much larger, 18/20
on either side, the snout blunter, the body less slender. (Bee Jordan and Metz,
Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Yl, p. 27.)
The description copied by Cuvier and Valenciennes from Solander is not
distinctive, and no locality is assigned to the species. As Solander collected prin-
ci])ally about Tahiti, it is presumable that his species is the present. The huge
size of these fishes debars them from collections.
Family LXIIL GEMPYLID.E (Snake-mackerels).
RUVETTUS CoCCO.
224. Ruvettus pacificus sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. Wahi. fj. & E., p. 177.)
Type: No. 04314, U. S. X. M.
A single specimen, four and one half feet long, weighing fort.y pounds, was
obtained b.y Jordan and Evermann from Honolulu. This is the only record, so
far as we know, from the Pacific. This example we may take as the type of a
new species.
It is well described and figured l>y Jordan and Evermann under the name of
Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, but it differs from the Atlantic speci(>s in the number of
fin-rays (D. XII, 15, II; A. 10. II, instead of D. XV, 18, II; A. 17-11) and in the
deeper body, the dei)th being 5.4 instead of 6. It has been recorded from Japan.
Prometichthys Gill.
{Prometheus Lowe, preoccupied.)
225. Prometichthys prometheus (Cuvier and A'alenciennes). (J. & E., p. 178.)
Not rare in the open sea, occasionally brought into the markets. Our speci-
mens seem identical with others from Jajjan. The Pacific form, Prometichthys
solandri ( "uvier and A'alcnciennes needs comjiarison with material from the Atlantic.
JORDAN A\D JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 35
Gempylus Cuvier.
{Lemnisomn Lesson (1830). Gempylus Cuvier ( 1829) has priority.)
22G. Gempylus serpens Cuvier and ^'alenciennes. HauUuli puhi. (J. ct E.,
p. 179.)
Tliis rare fish is knowni from a painting at Hilo by Andrew Garrett and one at
Honolulu by :\rrs. J. R. Dilhngham. Whether the Pacific form. G. (hijrsitoides
Lesson, differs from C serpens of the Atlantic we cannot tell.
Family LXR'. CORYPH.EXID-E (Dolphins).
CoRYPH.ENA Linna-us.
227. Coryphaena hippunxs Linnaeus. Mahihi; Mdhimdhi. (J. & E.. p. 204.)
Now very common in the markets. Dorsal rays 54 to 58.
228. Coryphaena equisetis Liinueus. (J. & E., p. 205.)
Recorded by Bennett and by Glinther. Xot seen by us.
Family LXV. XOAIEID.E.
Ariomma Jordan and Snyder.
(It is not evident that this genus differs from Cubiceps Lowe of the Atlantic.)
229. Ariomma lurida Jordan and Snyder. (J. <fe E.. p. 217.)
Pelagic. Two specimens from the markets in Honolulu. Two casts of this
rare species of the open seas are in the Bishop Museum, from examples in much
better condition than the original tjiDes.
230. Ariomma evermanni Jordan and Sm'der.
(Jordan and Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXVL 1906, p. 209.)
Open sea. Only the t\i)e, from off Honolulu, is known.
Family LXVL BRA.MID.E (Sea-breams).
CoLLYBi's Snyder.
231. Collybus drachme Snyder. (J. & E., p. 203.)
Open sea, scarce. Originally known from several young examples, some of
them from the stomach of a dolphin {Coryphama) . A cast of a large example is
in the Bishop Museum.
EuMEGiSTUS gen. nov. Jordan and Jordan.
Tj-pe: Eumegistus illustris Jordan and Jordan.
This genus is nearly allied to Brama. differing in its much larger scales, which,
at least in the adidt, are smooth, entirely without vertical ridge, or emargination.
36 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Teeth small, sharji, even, in broad bands, none on vomer or palatines. Lateral
line well developed. Each ray of dorsal and anal with a series of scales; these
fins falcate, the front lobe acute. Caudal deepl\' forked, the lobes acute. Pec-
torals long. falcat(\ IMaxillary scal\-. Snout and lower jaw naked. Ciill-rakers
of moderate length, stifT and strong, not numerous, the number about X + 12, the
longest about half of eye.
232. Eumegistus illustris sp. nov. Jordan and .Jordan. (PI. II, fig. 1.)
Type: No. 3899, C. AI., Honolulu. ( oheetor D. S. Jordan.
Head 3.4 in length; dei)th 2: dorsal rays III. 28: anal rays II. 20: ventrals
1,5; scales 9-58-22; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.5; ma.xillary 1.75.
Body broadly ovate, its outlines regular; an v\n\ curve from tij) of snout to
dorsal, a similar curve below; caudal peduncle rather slender. Head mode ate,
high above eye; preorbital narrow; maxillary broad, its diameter at tip two-fifths
of eye, extending to below middle of the large eye; mouth very oblicjue, the lower
jaw heavy and projecting, its tip entering the profile. Preopercle entire, evenl.y
rounded; opercle without .spine or angle: scales on head small, smaller about the
eye, lower jaw and forehead scaleless or nearly so. Scales on body thick, smooth,
without emargination or vertical ridge, those on sides much larger than those
along bases of dorsal and anal ; each ray of dorsal and anal with a series of scales,
each scale broader than high; lateral line well developed, concurrent with the
back; a long scaly appendage at base of ventrals, the soft i-ays of which fin are
also .scaly. Lobe of dorsal acute, 1.1 in head. 2.1 in depth of body; anal lobe 3
in depth; upper caudal lobe slightly the longer, 1.9 in depth in fin, deeply lunate,
with produced tips; ])ectoral reaching seventeenth dorsal ray, 1.6 in depth of bod.y;
ventrals short, 3.5 in depth.
Color lustrous brownish black; the edge of dorsal and anal black above the
paler scales; posterior edge of caudal abruptly white; outer edges of pectorals and
ventrals also white.
The type of this species is a single specimen found in the market of Honolulu.
It was about two feet in length, weighing nearly nine pounds. It was regarded as
one of the best food-fishes, selling at fifty cents per pound, but no one seems to
have ever seen it before. On account of its great bulk the senior author was
unable to take the fish as a whole, l:)ut only those parts which uyxm the plate are
delineated in detail. The white parts of this figure were left behind to be sold by
the dealer.
JORDAN' AXD JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 37
Family LXVII. (WRAXGID.E (Cavallas).
The tr()])i('al species of tliis family are widely spread and very closely related
among themselves. Our collections from Hawaii have been sent to Mr. Jolin T.
Nichols of ihv American .Museum of Xatui'al Ilistoi-y to be used in a i)roposed
monograph of the group. The i)resent list is therefore tentative, based mainly
on the account gi\-en by Jordan and Evermann, and liable after revision to undergo
considerable change. A few indications given in a letter from Air. Xichols are
here acce[)ted, as also the identification of (\miu.v hixdidhopU rus made in an un-
publish(Hl ])aper by Yosiro Wakiya.
ScoMBERoiDES Lacepede ( Leather-jackets).
'!?,?). Scomberoides tolooparah (Riippell). Lac. (J. A: 1^1, i). 180.)
The species doubtfully listed under this name is common at Honolulu.
234. Scomberoides sancti-petri (Cuvier and ^'alenciennes). (J. ct E., p. 181.)
Xot common; the identification uncertain.
Xaucrates Rafines(jue.
235. Naucrates ductor (Lacepede). (J. & E., j). 182.)
Very rare. The Pacific form, A^a;/cra^e.s indicu.s (Lesson), needs comjmrison
with the pelagic form from the Atlantic.
Reriola ( uvier (Amber-fishes).
236. Seriola purpurascens Temminck and Schlegel. Kahdla; Pdakahdia. (J. ct
E., p. 183.)
Supposed to be identical with the Japanese species.
237. Seriola sparna Jenkins. Kahulanpio. (J. & E., j). 184.)
Rare. One large specimen was seen in the market. It may be the same as
Seriola quinqueradi(dit of Ja])an. Color plain, without lateral stripes, and the fins
rather low.
Elagatis Bennett (Runners).
(Irex Valenciennes. )
238. Elagatis bipinnatulus (Quo\- and Gaimard). (J. & E., p. 185.)
One fine specimen taken by us in Honolulu. I fail to find that the Atlantic
species, E. pinnatulus (Poey), differs from E. hipinnatulus of the Pacific.
Decapterus Bleeker.
239. Decapterus pinnatulus (Eydoux and Souleyet). Opclii. (J. & E., p. 186.)
\e\-\ abundant in the Honolulu market in August. It is sometimes canned
as '"Sardines."
38 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
240. Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck & Schlegel).
A large sp(>ci(\s of Decapterus is represented by two examples in our (collection
from Honolulu. It has been sent to the American Museum of Natural History to
b(> studied by Mr. Nichols, who regards it as identical with D. maruadsi of Japan.
The lower jaw with Aory weak teeth, mouth otherwise toothless. Length eighteen
inches.
Selar Bleeker.
(Trachurops Gill)
The genus Selar was based ujion A^arious slender species belonging to Trachurus,
Trachurops, and Atule of oth(>r writers. The first logotyi)e, chosen by Jordan
and Evermann, was Caranx hoops Bleek(>r. According to Fowler this is a species
of Trachurops. SeJar nmst thtn-efore rejilace the latter name.
241. Selar mauritianus (C^uoy and (Jaimard). Akulc; Halalalu.
Trachurops crumenophthahna of authors; probably not the same as the latter,
which is an Atlantic species.
Atttle gen. no v. Jordan and Jordan.
T}i)e: Caranx affinis Riippell.
This genus has the form of Selar {Trachurops). Elongate, the back low,
without the peculiar notching of the shoulder-girdle distinctive of that genus, and
with the last ray of the dorsal and of the anal semi-detached, joined by a low
membrane to the rest of the fin. Like Selar and Caranx it has bony plates only
on the straight posterior part of the lateral line. Teeth in jaws slender, small;
A'omer, palatines, and tongue with minute teeth. Atule [Akule in Hawaii) is the
common name of fishes of this type in Polynesia.
242. Atule lundini (Jordan & Seale). Amuka: Puakahdla. (J. & E., p. 195.)
f Caranx a_(linls Ruppell, Neue Wirbelthiere, 1838, p. 49, pi. XIV, fig. 1. Red
Sea.
f Selar hasselti Bleeker, \'erh. Batav. Genootsch. , XXIV, 1852, p. 53. Moluccas.
Decapterus lundini Jordan and Seale, "Fishes of Samoa," 190G, p. 229. Apia.
Very common at Honolulu. Mr. Nichols finds tangible difYerences between
the form in Hawaii and Samoa and the African affinis. He regards A. lundini as
a subspecies of .4. affinis, of which hasselti is a synonym.
243. Atuie polita (Jenkins). Maka. (J. & E., p. 194.)
A rare sjiecies at Honolulu, probably referable to this genus, though deeper in
body than the type.
JOHOAX AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 39
Caranx Lacepede.
( T)-icr()j)frrus Rafiuesque ; Cava ngirs ( Jirartl.)
Under this iianic we include the Carangoid hslies with the teetli in the jaws.
not in villiforin bands, teeth on vomer and palatines; back more or less elevated,
l)ut not excessively so. and none of the dorsal spines filamentous. The group has
been further subdivided b>- authors, but not very successfully. The proper logo-
t3^)e of Caranx is yet to be determined.
244. Caranx ignobilis (Forskal). Pauu'u. (J. cV: E.. p. 188.)
Caranyus hippoldes Jenkins.
This common and widely diffused species corresponds to Cantnx liijjpos of the
Atlantic. It is known from related species by the presence of a small patch of
scales on the otherwise naked breast.
245. Caranx rhabdotus (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 193.)
Carangu.s rhabdotus J(>nkins.
A small deep-bodied species, marked by dark cross-bars. Anal fin yellow.
It ascends into fresh waters. It has hitherto, perhaixs correctly, been identified as
Caranx fiexfasciatKH (Juoy andGaimard.
246. Caranx melampygus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Ulna. (J. & E., p. 191.).
Caranx bixanthoplerus Ruppell.
Caranx j or steri Jordan and Evermann, non Cuvier and Valenciennes.
This species, distinguished from C. ignobilis ])y the scaly breast, is one of the
most abundant and valued food-fishes of Hawaii. Ther(\ as elsewhere throughout
the South Seas, it is known as Vlua. It corresponds to ( 'arnnx hdus of the Atlantic.
Pectoral fin bright yellow in life, anal dusky. It has been wrongly identified with
C.forsteri (\ & V., a species with fewer fin-rays. \\'akiAa regards C. bixanfJinp-
tcrus as the same species. C. Jicberi has fewer fin-rays.
In the original descrii)tion of this species it is said: (V poisson parait d'ailleurs
avoir ete argente, et t(>int v(>rs le dos d'un plombe verdatre; Les d(>ux pointes de
ses nageoires .sont noiratres, mais celle de I'anale plus ({ue I'autre."
All this applies perfectly to the Ulua, but the dusky '•<)niihr" with the sides
sprinkled with small l)lack points, could never have b(>en described in this way.
Both the Vina and the Omilu ha\e dorsal rays in incicased number — D. I. 23 or
24; A. I. 19 or 20. The Vlua is known in life b\- its dusky anal (hence nielatn-
pygus) and its bright yellow pectoral.
247. Caranx marginatus Gill. (J. & E., p. 191.)
This species is very close to Caranx for steri, but apparently distinct.
40 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
248. Caranx elacate (Jordan and Everniann). (J. & E., j). 190.)
Only tlic typo is as yet known.
249. Caranx stellatus (^uoy & (laimard. Onnlii: Oniilimilu. (J. & E., p. 192.)
Caranx- ynelampyy us Ciunth(>r and "recent authors f^cnerallv (not C. melam-
pygus of Ctivier and N'alcnciennes).
Caranx pundattts Cinier and "\'alencienncs (name preoccupied).
Caranx caruleopinnatus Cuvier and A'alencicnnes (not of Ruppell).
A stajjle food-fish, not inferior to the Ulna and r(>aching a much larger size
Sjiecimens seen in the market at Hilo were five feet long. It is known by its dusky
coloration, the back and sides usually with scattered small black spots. This
species is rather common at Honolulu, and is readily known by the traits men-
tioned above.
2r)0. Caranx thompsoni Scale.
(Jordan and Everniann, "Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands," Addenda, p. 535.)
Honolulu. Only the type known.
251. Caranx dasson Jordan and Snyder. '
Only the type known.
Uraspis Bleeker.
(Selenia Bonaparte, Cat. ]Method., 1843, p. 75. Type Caranx lima St. Hilaire
= Scomber guara Bonnaterre; Uraspis Bleeker, Amboyna. ^^ 1855, p. 418 (caran-
goides). The name Selenia is preoccujiied.
Teeth in the jaws veiy small, in one or two series, none on vomer or i)alatines.
252. Uraspis helvolus (Forster). (J. & E., p. 196.)
A very rare species, taken only once at Honolulu.
253. Uraspis cheilio (Snyder). (J. ct E., p. 196.).
A peculiar species with depressed head, elevated back, and thick lips. De-
scribed from a single large specimen. A second was obtained l)y us in the Hono-
lulu market.
Carangoides Bleeker.
We retain this name for species with small teeth in villiform bands in the
jaws and on vomer and palatines.
254. Carangoides jordani sp. nov. Nichols (MS). Omilu.
We adopt the name proposed by Nichols for this common Hawaiian species,
hitherto, l)vit certainly wrongly, identified with C. ferdau of the Red Sea.
255. Carangoides gymnostethoides Blocker. (J. & E., p. 199.)
Not seen bv us.
JORDAN AXD .TORDAX: FISHES OF HAWAII. 41
2n('). Carangoides evermanni Nichols.
One sj^ecinieii ])laf('<l in tlic hands of Mi'. Xicliols. who rctiards tlio Hawaiian
form as a subsix'cics of th(> i)r(H'eding.
257. Carangoides ajax Snyder. (J. &: E., p. 200.)
A huge lish of i)e('uHar form, notable for the small nuinl)er of its fin-rays.
Taken but onee in Honolulu.
Alectis Rafinesque.
258. Alectis ciliaris fBIoelO. I'lua kihikilu. (J. & E.. ]^. 200.)
Xot rare.
259. Alectis indicus iliiippell).
A huge exami)le, over two feet long, looking different from the small ones
called ciliaris, was taken in the market. The relation of these two forms is yet
to be established.
(JxATHANODON Bleeker.
Jaws toothless; small teeth on tongtie.
260. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal). Pdopdo; Hud /xniii. (J. it E., p. 197.)
Common in the markets of Honolulu, as well as througiiout the South Seas.
Family I.XVIIT. KUHLIID.E (Seseles).
KUHLIA Gill.
(Moronopsis Gill; Boulenycriiia Fowler, Proc. Ac. Xat. Sei. Phila., 190(3, p. 572.
Type Dulcs tiuito Le.sson = Dules innlo ( 'uv. i^ \'al.)
§ Kuhlia.
2()1. Kuhlia male (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Aholclinlc. (J. it E.. i). 207.)
Common in all running streams and descending to estuaries. The Hawaiian
fish, called sandvicensis by Steindachner, needs further comi)arison with the original
malo from Tahiti. Although the name Dules mato of Lesson, 1S30, has apparent
priority over Dulcs nuilo of Cuvier and Valenciennes, nevertheless the fact that
Lesson quotes the latter in synonymy with the correct ])age shows that his report
on the Voyage de la Co(|uille is later in dat(> than \'ol. \TI of tlic Histoirc dcs
Poisso7is. The reference to Boulcnycrina on p. 507 of Jordan's '"Genera of Fi.shes"
is erroneous, and should be cancelled.
§§ Safole Jordan.
(Proc. U. S. X. M., 1912, p. G55. Type Dules ta'niunis Ctiv. & Yal.)
42 MEMOIRS OF THK .CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
262. Kuhlia taeniura (("uvicr and Nalcncionnos). (J. & E., p. 208.)
Known from Johnston T.sland, soutli of Hawaii. Common about lava-rocks
in the South Soas; strictly marine. KidiUa urge Jordan and Bollman From the
Galai)agos is jjrohahly the same.
Family LXIX. APOGOXIDJ/ fCardinal-fishrs).
Pristiapogon Klunzinger.
Both limits of ])rcopcrclc serrate; gill-rakers numerous; dorsal sjtines usually
seven; scales large; caudal fin lunate.
263. Pristiapogon menesemus I Jenkins). ('pajxilii. (J. & E., p. 215.)
Common about the reefs.
264. Pristiapogon snyderi (Jordan and Evermann). (J. ct E., j). 214.)
Apogon frenatus Giinther, non Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Common about Hawaii.
265. Pristiapogon erythrinus Snyder. (J. & E., p. 217.)
Rare about the reefs.
Apogon Lacepede.
{Amia Gronow, 1763, not binomial. Not Amia Linna?us, 1766.)
§ OsTORHYNCHUs Lacepede.
Like Apogon proper, but with seven or eight dorsal spines, instead of six;
preopercle serrate on the posterior limb only; lateral line complete; scales large
(about twenty-five); teeth on ])alatines; gill-rakers numerous; caudal fin more or
less lunate, not convex.
266. Apogon maculiferus Garrett. (J. & E., p. 212.)
A handsome little fish, common behind the reefs.
Lepidamia Gill.
267. Lepidamia evermanni T Jordan & Snyder). (J. & E.. j). 213.)
(Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVin, 1905, p. 123.)
One specimen known from Honolulu.
FoA Jordan and Evermann.
268. Foa brachygramma (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 211.)
Scarce, on the reefs.
''We may I'ctain the name Ajxigon until (lie question of the ailoi>tion of (Jrouow's non-binomial
names, not validate. 1 ijy Seopoli in 1777. is finally settled.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 43
Apogonichthys BIcekor.
Preoperclc entire: lateral liiu> complete; teetli on palatines; gill-rakers
numerous; caudal lunate.
269. Apogonichthys waikiki (Jordan and Evermann). (J. & E.. p. 210.)
A rare little fish, found on the reefs.
Synagrops Gunther.
{Mrlano.<itoina Steindachner and Doderlein. Preoccu])icd.)
270. Synagrops argyrea (Gilbert and Cramer). (J. ct E., i). 218; G.. p. G18.)
Deep sea. Rare.
Note.
The genera or subgenera allied to Apo(/on, some of them of (luestionable
value, are provisionally diagnosed in the following key:
a. Jaws without distinct canine teeth.
b. Anal fin long, its rays about II, 10; preopercle entire; dorsal spines six; scales large, about
twenty-five; cauilal fin forked (bleekcri) Abchamia (iill.
bb. Anal fin short, its rays usually II, 8.
c. Preopercle distinctly serrate on one or both limbs.
d. Caudal fin lunate or forked.
f. Preopercle distinctly serrate on both limbs; d(jrsal spines seven (fniuiliis).
Pristiatogon.
ee. Preopercle serrate on posterior limb only.
/. V(.imer and palatines with teeth.
g. Scales large, about twenty-five.
/(. Dorsal spines six (/■/ififc); (.4 w/" (ircmow: MoiioprKDi Poey).
Apogon.
///(. Dorsal spines seven or eight (Jlviirirui) . . Ostokhynchus Lacepede.
Hy. Scales small, tliirty-five to fifty; dorsal spines six {kdlosoina).
Lepidamia (iill.
ff. Vomer and palatines tootlJess (parvula) Brephamia'" Jordan.
dd. Caudal fin convex, it.s peduncle rather long; scales large; dorsal spines six (fiisra).
Nectamia Jordan.
cc. Preoi)erclc rigidly entire on both limbs.
('. Caudal fin rounded.
j. Dorsal fins not connected at base.
k. Palatines with teeth.
/. Lateral line (complete.
m. Clill-rakers few and small, abiuit six; profile l)efcire dorsal S-siiaped,
concave above eye; dorsal s])ines six.
n. Scales small, about forty: tongue with small teeth (d/irinn).
Clossamia Ciil.
» Brephamia gen. nov., Jordan. Tyjie Amia paruida Radclille. Difleriug from Apogon in having
no teeth on vomer or palatines.
44 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
7in. Scales large, tweiity-fivc to thirty-one {lunatus).
MiONORUs Krcfft.
mm. Ciill-rakcrs luiiiicrous, twelve to fourteen: jjrofile even; dorsal
spines seven.
o. Scales small, about forty-five {paudioiiis).
Xystka.mi.v .Jordan.
00. Scales large, about twenty-five (perdix).
.Vi'ocoNicirrnYS Hleeker.
//. Lateral lin(> incomplete, imperfect or wanting on caudal peduncle, (lill-
rakers numerous; dorsal spines seven (hrachi/gramma).
F().\ Jordan & Eveniumn.
kk. Palatines \vitl19ut teeth; lateral line incomplete; gill-rakers few, short; a
large black ocellus on ojjercle (inirita) ... F(iwleri.\ Jordan & Evermann.
jj. Dorsal fins joined at base; dorsal sjiines eight (oiinspina).
Xe.\mi.\ Smith it Railciiffe.
ii. Caudal fin lunate cir forked; scales large; gill-rakers long and slender.
p. Lower teeth not enlarged; body nuich compressed, the back elevated; dorsal
spines produced (grci'jji) Zor.\mi.\ Jordan.
p]). Lower teeth enlarged; body not greatly compressed; dorsal spines .si.v, not pro-
duced (rlupeoideK) Rh.\bd.\mi.\ Weber.
aa. Canine teeth present ; teeth on jialatines; anal fin short, its rays II, S; lateral line complete; scales
large, about twenty-five; caudal lunate.
ij. Preoi)ercle entire; dorsal spines six; liody rather elongate {lineatun) . . Cheilodipterus Lacepcde.
f/q. Preopercle more or less serrate; dorsal spines more than six.
r. Scales cycloid; dorsal spines about nine; gill-rakers numerous, about twelve.
.?. Dorsal spines smooth; body more or less compressed (japonicn) . .St.\.\grops Giinther.
.s.s. Dorsal spines anteriorly serrate (><erralospinu.sa) M.\ccullochix.\'' Jordan.
/■)•. Scales ctenoid; dorsal spines seven.
/. Lateral line anteriorly with a conspicuous row of enlarged tubules; gill-rakers few and
short {luhifera) Siph.\mi.\ Weber.
tt. Lateral line without enlarged tubules; gill-rakers numerous (gro.ssidens).
.\mioid?:s Smith it Radcliflfe.
Hyxxodus Gilbert.
271. Hynnodus atherinoides Gilbert. (C!.. p. 618.)
Deep sea. Two .si^ecimens from Pailolo Channel.
ScEPTERiAs' gen. nov. Jordan and Jordan.
Type Scepttria.'^ fragilt-s Jordan and Jordan. [Vide infra.)
Allied to Epigonus Rafinesque and Hynnodus Gilbert.
Body elongate, fragile, not so slender as in Hynnodus, but more so than in
^ AL\cc'ULi,ocniN.\ genux novum. Type Si/iiogrop.s xenato.'ipino.m Radcliffe, distinguished from Syna-
gropa l)y the serrated dorsal s|)ines. The name is proposed in honor of !Mr. .\llan Riverston McCulloch
of the -Australian Museum, one of the most accurate workers in systematic ichthyology now living.
' From oKiirTtpids = open-eyed, sceptical.
JORDAN" AND .TORDAX : FISHES OF HAWAII. 45
Epigonus; tho inoutli larii'cr and the fins hijjhor; teeth small, subccnial: prc-
orbital narrow: maxillary narrow, naked, not slijiiiinji; under ])reorbital; pores of
lateral line simjile; a weak si)ine on opercle. head otherwise unarmed: dorsal fins
well se])arated. the first of seven slender spines, the second shoit. rather liiiih,
nearly opposite anal: anal with two feeble spines; caudal dee])ly forked; ven-
trals below ])ectorals: both fins rather Ion"': ventral ra>s 1, "i. Scales modcn'ate,
caducous.
This genus differs from Hynnodus in the deeper body, smaller scales, and
hio'her fins. Both genera are plainly allied to Epigonus Rafinesque of the Mediter-
I'anean. and should constitute a subfamily. Epigoniua-. within the Apogonichv.
272. Scepterias fragilis sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. (PI. II, fig. 2.)
Type Xo. 3900 Carnegie INIuseum. Honolulu. Coll. D. S. Jordan.
Head 3.33 in length; depth 4.75: eye 2.5 in head: snout 5.33; maxillary 2;
dorsal rays VII. 1. 10: anal rays II. 9; scales 3-54-10.
Body elongate, the outlines relatively straight and jiarallel: head rather
broad above, the jirofile even: mouth rather large, terminal, oblique: jaws
equal; maxillary narrow, naked, reaching nearly to middle of pupil, the tij:) not
slipping under the narrow preorbital; a row of small subeciual teeth in each jaw,
a patch on vomer, no teeth on palatines; preopercle entire, the rounded angle
somewhat produced: cheeks scaly; opercle scaly. (>nding in a short weak spine ;
giU-rakers .r'^ + 14. rather long and very slender, about lialf diameter of eye : pseudo-
branchise large. Scales moderate, thin, readily falling: lateral line well developed,
with large pores, concurrent with back, extending on caudal fin. Dorsal spines
slender, the third rather the longest, a little more than half the head, first .<i)ine
moderate, one-third length of the longest. Interspace between dorsals about one-
tWrd head; .second dorsal higher than long, its first ray two-thirds head: caudal
deeply forked, its lobes equal, pointed, two-thirds head: anal high, similar to soft
dorsal, but inserted a little farther back; pectoral pointed, reaching front of soft
dor.sal, 1.33 in head: ventrals inserted just below ]iectorals, 2 in head. Substance
soft and fragile.
Color plain dusky, paler below, without markings: scales with fine punctula-
tions, inside of gill-cavity black. Length of type 4.(3 inches.
Four specimens were found in the Honolulu market, apparently spewings of
some large. fish, ]ierhaps Epinephdus or Efelis.
*The letter .r indicates tiiat the miiiiher i?; uncertain and not easily counted, as tliey dwindle in-
to rudiments aliove.
4() MEMOlliS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family LXX. SERRANIDyE (Sea-bass).
PiKEA Hteindachner.
273. Pikea aurora Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 220.)
A raro and very liaiidsome species.
Cephalopholts l^loch and Schneider.
274. Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider. (J. & E., ]i. 221.)
A conunon tish in tlie South Seas, recorded but once from Hawaii by Quoy
and CJaimard, and therefore perhaps doubtfully.
Epinephelus Bloch.
This genus, abundant in both the East and West Indies, is very scantily
represented in Hawaii.
275. Epinephelus quernus Scale. Hapu'ii pu'ii. (J. & E., p. 223.)
This large fish is now rather common in the markets of Hawaii.
Odontanthias Bleeker.
Of the Serrnnince none at all are fovmd in the waters of Hawaii. The Anthiine
forms are, however, well represented.
276. Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 225.)
Rather common at moderate depths.
PsEUDANTHiAS Bleeker.
277. Pseudanthias kelloggi (Jordan and Evermann). (J. & E., p. 226.)
Rare; found in rather deep water.
Rhyacanthias Jordan.
(Proc. U. S. N. M., 1921, ]). 647.)
278. Rhyacanthias carlsmithi Jordan.
Fig. 3. Rhyacanthiatt cnrlxmithi Jordan. (Reproduced fmm Proc. U. S. N. M., \'oI. ."lO, 1921, p. 647.)
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 47
From dec]i water, off the southwestern coast of Hawaii. Tlie type killed by
a lava-flow from Maiaui Loa.
Grammatonotus Gilbert.
279. Grammatonotus laysanus Gilbert. (G., p. 619.)
Dee]i water, off Laysan.
Family LXXI. PRIACANTHID.E (Catalufas).
Priacanthus Cuvier.
280. Priacanthus alalaua Jordan and Evermann. Ahihnid. (J. & E., ]). 228.)
Rather searee.
281. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede). Awcoweo. (J. &E.,p. 229.)
Very abundant. The Pacific form. Pritiniiithus caroJinus Lesson, needs
further comparison with the West Indian P. cruentatus with which we have hitherto
identified it.
282. Priacanthus meeki Jordan and Evermann. Vlalauau. (J. & E., p. 231.)
Abundant. A food-fish of some im]iortance. Near Priunmfhu.s Jidniruhr
Forskal of the Red Sea.
Family LXXH. EMMELICHTHYID.E.
Erythrocles Jordan.
{ Ernthn'chtln/s Temminck and Schlegel, name preoccupied.)
283. Erythrocles scintillans Jordan and Thompson. (Proc. U. 8. N. AI., XLI,
1912, p. 599.) (J. ct E., p. 245.)
Rather scarce. This Ix-autiful fish differs somewhat from its Japanese con-
gener, Erythrocles schlegeli. The genus Erythrocles is clos(> to EnnncHchthys Richard-
son, but probably distinct. Boaxodon cyanescens from ( 'hile, having a broad scaly
maxillaiy, is closely related, but Inermia vittata from the West Indies and Diptery-
gonotus leucogranimicus from the East Indies cannot b(> ])laced in tlie same family,
having the maxillary narrow and naked.
Family LXXIII. HI8TI0PTERID.E.
HiSTioPTERUs Temminck and Schlegel.
284. Histiopterus typus Bleeker.
A cast of a fine specimen of this large fish, otherwise only known from Japan,
is in the Bishop Museum.
48 MEMOIRS OF THK CAI{\E(ilE MUSEUM.
Family T.XXR'. LUTIANID.E (Snai)i)ers).
All the Hawaiian species of this fatnily heloiii^- to the aberrant grouj) of Etelinw,
distinfi'iiished in several ways tVom llie typical members of the family, but es-
pecially by the sealeless doi'sal and anal fins; and most of them by th(> broad
flatfish ci'anium.
RoosEYELTiA Jordan and Evermann.
In this sonus the body is relatively deep, the canines strong, the tongue tooth-
less, and th(> pectoral falcate. Tlu> ty])ical sjiecies was at first referred to Serranus
Ciivier, to which genus it b(>ars little resemblance, and afterwards to Apsilus
Cuvier, to which it is closely related.
285. Rooseveltia brighami (Scale). r/,/7,//,/; Kalibili. (J. & E., p. 233.)
This beautiful fish, one of the handsomc^st found in Hawaii, light crimson in
color, marked with three broad goklen ci'oss-liands, is now common in the markets,
as the Japanese fisheniKMi ojjerate in de(>])er wat(n' than the Hawaiians, whom as
fishermen they have now succeeded.
286. Rooseveltia aloha Jordan and Snyder.
Known only from the original tyi)e.
Pristipomoides Bleeker.
( Pldtyiiiius (!ill {rord.r = niacroplitlKilitiiis); Bowcr.sia Jordan & Evermann.)
We are unable to sei)arat(^ tlu^ Hawaiian s])ecies, called Bowcrsia, from the
East Indian genus Pristipomoides. The only difference of any importance is in
the slenderer body of the Hawaiian sjiecies. The West Indian form called Platyinius
is efiually close, the body being a little deeper than in either of the others. Pristi-
pomoides spanis and P. microlepis seem to be genuine members of this genus.
Sparopsis Kner, ref(^n-ed to the synonymy of Pristipomoides \)\ Bleeker,
belongs to the Denticinxe and to the genus or subgenus Synagris {Anemura Fowler)
allied to Nemipterus. Pristipomoides has canines in both jaws ; no filamentous spines ;
no teeth on tongue; last ray of dorsal and of anal elongate; pectoral long, falcate;
scales relatively large, about sixty. This genus and the next are ofl"shoots from
Aprion, to which both are closely r(>lated. The account of the teeth of Bowersia
violescens by Jordan and Evermann is not correct, as the tongue is toothless.
287. Pristipomoides violescens (Jordan and Evermann). OpoJmpuka. (J. & E.,
pp. 234, 236.)
Apsilus tnierodon, as described by Jordan and Evermann, is the j'oung of this
species. Steindachner's fish was, howevei', Ulaula sieboldi.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 49
IIlai-la Jordan and Thom])son.
(Jordan and Tlionipson, Proc. U. 8. X. M., XXXIX, 1911, p. 439. Type
Bowersia idauhi Joi-dan and Evcrmann = Cha'topterus sieboldi Bleeker, the name
Chcetopterus preoccupied.)
In this group, or suhj>;('nus, there are no canines; tongue with small teeth;
pectoral falcate; mouth small. The nanu^ Vlaula, meaning "very red," lielongs
properly to Etclis evurus.
288. Ulaula sieboldi (Rlecker). Kod'e. (J. & E., p. 237.)
(Aprion inicrodon Hteindachner.)
This, like the preceding and the next two species, is a common food-fish of
Hawaii, and, having the same olive-gray color with liurjilish reflections, they are
often confused in the markets. We are not able to distinguish the HaAvaiian form
U. inicrodon ( St eindachner) from Japanese specimens of U. sieboldi = CIuetopkTu.'i
dubiits Glinther.
Aprion Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Canines present; no teeth on tongue; pectorals very shoi-t; body elongate;
scales large. The synonymy of this genus, as given l\v Jordan and Evermann,
contains several errors.
289. Aprion virescens Cuvier and Valenciennes. Uku. (J. & E., p. 239.)
This species, one of the most abundant and highly valued of the Hawaiian
food-fishes, reaches a much larger size than the three just mentioned, attaining a
length of three feet or more.
Etelints Jordan and Thompson.
(Jordan and Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXIX, 1911. Type Etelis
marshi Jenkins.)
This genus has the notched dorsal and crimson colors of Etelifi with the general
form and dentition of Pristipomoides. The resemblance of the genus to the Japan-
ese Doderleinia is extremely close, although the latter, having a broad scaly maxil-
lary, not slipping under the prcorbital, must be placed in a different family in or
near the Sei'ranidce.
290. Etelinus marshi (Jenkins.) Claula. (J. & E., p. 240.)
A common ancl, valued food-fish.
Etelis Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Body elongate; dorsal deeply notched; caudal broadly forked; pectoral rather
short; canines present; no teeth on tongue. Color deeji crimson.
50 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
291. Etelis evurus Jordan and Evermann. Ulaula. (J. & E., p. 242.)
This superb species, reaching a length of thre(> feet, is now common in the
markets, being taken in rather deep water. It is close to the West Indian Etelis
oculatus and needs further comparison with Etelis carhuncidus of the lie de France.
The genera of the Etelime have been much confused and misunderstood.
They may be defined as follows :
a. Etelin/E. Cranium solid; skeleton firm; dorsals connected; soft dorsal and anal scaleless; last
ray of dorsal and anal more or le.s.s produced; scales above lateral line in rows parallel with the
lateral line.
b. Dorsal fin continuous, not deeply notched or divided.
c. Cranium not flat above, much as in Lutianus: the iuterorbital area not separated from the
occipital region, the median and lateral crests procurrent on it; frontal narrowed
anteriorly; body rather deep.
d. Canines none. Tongue with small teeth.
('. Pectoral fins very short, shorter than ventrals; color dull olivaceous (fuscus).
Apsilus.
ee. Pectoral fins rather long, falcate (macrophihalmus) Tropidinius.
dd. Canine teeth well developed; no teeth on tongue; skull thick, with three blunt ridges
separated by narrow grooves; color red and golden (brighinni) Rooseveltia.
cc. Cranium flat above, much as in Etcli.t; the iuterorbital area se|iarated from the occipital
region by a transver.se line of demarcation, the median and lateral rrests not procurrent
on it; frontal broad anteriorly.
/. Pectoral fin long, falcate.
g. Canine teeth present; no teeth on tongue (lypii-'i) Pristipomoides.
gg. Ciinine teeth obsolete; tongue with a patch of very small teeth (sicholdi) . .Ul.vul.\ .
//. Pectoral fin short, not falcate, formed as in Apsilus; body elongate; preorbital very
broad (viresccns) Apriox.
66. Dorsal fin divided or deeply notched: cranium liroad, flattish, the median and lateral crests not
procurrent on it; color red.
/). MaxiDary scaly; body elongate; canines strong.
('. Caudal fin moderately forked; gill-rakers rather few (marshi) Etelinus.
ii. Caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes produced; gill-r.-ikers slender, numerous (car-
hvncidus) Etelis.
hh. Alaxillary naked; body compressed; canines none; gill-rakers slender {aquilionnris).
Etelides.
aa. Verilin.«. Cranium cavernous; skeleton soft; form not elongate; dorsal divided to its base;
second dorsal scaly at base; color black; deep-sea forms (sordidus) Verilus.
The Japanese genus Doderleinia (Etelisc2ts Jordan and Snyder) must stand
very near to the Anthiiim\ The genus Verilus Poey, a deep-sea form, black
in color, with cavernous skull and soft skeleton, should constitute a distinct sub-
family, Verilincc, allied to the Etelina-. The dorsal fin is divided into two, and the
second dorsal is scaly at the base.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. ol
Family- LXXV. APHAREID.E.
This family, allied to th(> Lutianidic and especially to the EteUmi\ differs in
having no teeth on vomer or palatines; those of the jaws are vei-y small.
Aphareus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
292. Aphareus furcatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (J. & E.. p. 235.)
Aphareus Jkirindtua Jenkins.
This species seems to be widely distributed. Ijut nowhere common. The
t3iie of A. flanvuUus had the top of the head and forehead bright yellow, the fish
being otherwise dull brownish purple. Our specimens do not show the yellow,
which fades in spirits.
Family LXXM. SPARID-E (Porgies).
^loNOTAXis Bennett.
iSplmrodon Giinther.)
293. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal). Mu; Mamdmu. (J. tt E., p. 243.)
Rather common.
Family LXXVII. KYPHOSID.E (Rudder-fishes).
Kyphosus Lacepede.
294. Kyphosus elegans (Peters). Nenue paiii. (J. & E., p. 247.)
Kyphosus sandincensis (Sauvage).
Xot rare about Honolulu. It seems to be identical witli Kyphosus elegans
(Peters) from INIazatlan.
295. Kyphosus fuscus (Lacepede). Manaloa; Nemte. (J. & E., p. 24S.)
Not rare at Honolulu.
Sectator Jordan and Fesler.
296. Sectator azureus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E.. p. 248.)
A beautiful fish, of which Ijut one specimen is as yet known. Unknown to
the fishermen.
Family LXXVHL MULLID.E (Surmullets).
]\IuLLOiDES Bleeker.
297. MuUoides auriflamma (Forskal). Wekeida. (J. & E., p. 250.)
Rather common.
298. MuUoides erythrinus Klunzinger. (J. & E., ]). 251.)
Recorded from La^■san Island.
52 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
299. Mulloides pflugeri Stcindaclmcr. Wckc ula ulu. (J. & E., p. 251.)
Now rallun- common in the mark(>ts. Mulloide>i flammeus Jordan and Ever-
mann is probably tlie young of tliis species.
300. Mulloides samoensis Giinther. Weke; Weke a'a. (J. & E., p. 253.)
Not rare about Honolulu
301. Mulloides preorbitalis (Smith and Swain). M. & E., p. 204.)
Johnston Island. Occasional at Honolulu.
302. Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes), fj. & E., p. 254.)
South Seas. Recorded from Johnston Island.
Upeneus Cuvier.
( Pseudupeneus Bleeker.)
303. Upeneus porphyreus (Jenkins) . Kumu. (J. & E., pp. 261-262.)
The largest species of the genvis, constantlj' in the markets, and justly highly
valued as food. Teeth very small; barbel short; characters which give the appear-
ance of Mulloides. The specimen from Honolulu, recorded by Steindachner as.
U. fraterculu.s, is probably U. porphyreus.
304. Upeneus chryserydros (Lacepede). Moana l:ea. (J. &: E., p. 255.)
Not rare at Honolulu.
305. Upeneus multifasciatus (Quoy and Gaimard). Moana. (J & E., p. 256.)
\vr\ common in the markets, but apparently limited to the Hawaiian Islands;
rei)laced in Polynesia by I. moana Jordan and Seale, a very similar species.
306. Upeneus bifasciatus Lacejiede. Munu. (J. & E., p. 258.)
Rather common about Honolulu.
307. Upeneus chrysonemus (Jordan and Evermann). (J. Sz E., p. 258.)
Common. Known by the .yellow barbels.
308. Upeneus crassilabris (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 259.)
South Seas. Eound at Johnston Island.
309. Upeneus pleurostigma (Bennett). (J. & E., ]\ 260.)
Common al)Out Honolulu.
Upeneoides Bleeker.
( Upeneus Bleeker, not of Cuvier, as restricted by the first reviser.)
310. Upeneoides arge'' (Jordan and Evermann). Weke pui'o; Wel'e pahula. (J.
& E., p. 264.)
Very abundant; close to Upeneus viitalus of the South Seas.
" Upctieoidc.'i ta'iiiiiplrrux (Cuvier and \'alencicimes), an Indian .species, wu.s recorded from Honolulu
by Steindachner, who inistonk for it the young of U. arge.
JORDAN' AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 53
Family LXXIX. MALACAXTHID.K.
Ma LA f ANTHUS Cuvicr.
311. Malacanthus parvipinnis \'aillant and Savivago. Makd'a. (J. & E.. ]). 27").)
( 'omnioii al)out Honolulu.
Suborder CIRR HI TIFORM ES.
Family LXXX. CHEILODACTYLID.E.
GoNiiSTius Gill.
This genus differs from Cheilodactylus mainly in the number of fin-rays (D.
XVII, 27-32; A. Ill, 8: instead of D. XVIII, 23: A. Ill, 11). The outline of
the dorsal is much more strongly angulated.
312. Goniistius vittatus (Garrett). Kikakapv. (J. ct E., p. 447.)
Two fine specimens of this very rare species were found ])\ us in tlie Honolulu
market. The name vittatuH is iU-suited to the broad, olilique, black cross-bands,
which are characteristic of this species.
Family LXXXI. CIRRHITID.E.
CiRRHiTOiDEA Jenkiiis.
313. Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 448.)
Rare.
Paracirrhites Bleeker.
314. Paracirrhites cinctus (Gunther). Pilikcxn; Poojxt'a: Onpiikn-lidi-hrti. (J. ct
E., p. 449.)
Very common.
315. Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch and Schneider). HUup'dikoa. (J. & E., p. 450.)
Abundant.
316. Paracirrhites arcatus iCuvier and Valenciennes). Pilik<ya. (J. &E.,p. 450.)
Very abundant. We have no explanation of the tw(j })atterns of coloration;
about half of the specimens lun'ing a broad, well-defined white stripe along the
back posteriorly, while in others, similarly colored, this is absent.
CiRRHiTus Lacepede.
317. Cirrhitus marmoratus (Lacepede). Po'opda; Oopukdi. (J. & E., p. 452.)
Abundant; large enough to acquire importance as a food-fish.
54 MEMOIRS OF THE CARXEGIE MUSEUM.
Suborder PAREIOPLITM.
(Loricati.)
Family LXXXII. CARACANTHID^.
Caracanthus Kroyer.
318. Caracanthus maculatus (Gray). (J. & E., p. 453.)
Scarce; about the reefs.
Amphiprionichthys Bleeker.
This genus differs from Caracanthus in having the dorsal fins fully united.
319. Amphiprionichthys unipinna (Gray). (J. & E., p. 454.)
A rare hsh of the reefs.
Family LXXXIII. SCORP.ENID.^ (Scorpion-fishes; Rock-cod).
Sebastapistes Gill.
320. Sebastapistes baUieui (Sauvage). Poopa'a. (J. & E., p. 455.)
Rather common.
321. Sebastapistes corallicola Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 455.)
Three specimens known.
322. Sebastapistes asperella (Bennett). fJ. & E.. p. 458.)
Xot recogniz(>d since recorded by Bennett.
323. Sebastapistes coniorta.Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 458.)
Common on the reefs.
324. Sebastapistes galactacma Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 459.)
Common on the reefs.
325. Sebastapistes coloratus Gilbert. (G., p. 627.)
Off ^Molokai, in deeper water.
ScoRP.ENODEs Bleckcr.
• (Sebastopsis Gill, and likewise Sauvage.)
32G. Scorpaenodes kelloggi (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 462.)
Common on the reefs.
327. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis (Garrett). (J. & E., p. 463.)
Yer^' rare.
Helicolenus Goode and Bean.
328. HeHcolenus rufescens Gilbert. (G., p. 631.)
Off Kauai, in deep water.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 55
PoNTiNus Poey.
329. Pontinus spilistius Gilbert. (G., p. 633.)
Off INIaui.
Merinthe Snyder.
330. Merinthe macrocephala (Sauvage). Oopnhti Nohu. (J. & E., p. 401.)
A beautiful fish, reaching a weight of about six pounds, now common in the
markets, being taken in rather deep water.
Setarches Johnson.
331. Setarches remiger Gilbert and Cramer. (G., }). 034.)
Common in deep water.
Plectrogenium Gilbert.
332. Plectrogenium nanum Gilbert. (G., p. 634.)
ScoRP^NOPsis Heckel.
333. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa (Bloch and Schneider"). Nohu; Oinakaha. (J. & E.,
p. 408.)
Scorpamopsis catocala Jordan and Evermann.
Abundant; known by the variegated breast.
334. Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 407.)
Not rare. »
335. Scorpaenopsis altirostris Gilbert. (G., p. 028.)
Off Alolokai. Perha])s type of a distinct genus, the head not lieing depressed
as in Scorpccnopsis, and the general appearance more like that of Scbastapistes.
Peloropsis (iilbert.
330. Peloropsis xenops Gilbert. (G., p. 630.)
Avan Channel between Maui and Lanai.
Iracundus Jordan and Evermann.
337. Iracundus signifer Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 470.)
A rare fish of the coral-reefs. But two si)ecimens are known.
T^NiANOTUs Lacepede.
338. Taenianotus garretti Gunther. (J. & E., p. 471.)
Known only from a drawing.
339. Taenianotus citrinellus Gilbert. (G., p. 630.)
Off Molokai.
56 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Brachirus Rwainson.
Dendrochiriis Swainson. Unfortunately Brachirus has priority. Later Swain-
son transferred the name Brachirus to a genus of Soles.
Pectorals with the upi)er rays bi'anched.
340. Brachirus barberi (Steindachner). (J. & E., p. 465.)
Dcndrochiruft hndfiom Jordan and Evermann.
341. Brachirus chloreus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 465.)
Occasional about the coral-reefs.
Pterois Cuvier.
342. Pterois sphex Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 464.)
Taken but once at Honolulu.
Family LXXXR'. BEMBRADID.E.
Bembradii'm Gilbert.
343. Bembradium roseum Gilbert. (G., p. 637.)
Deep water; Pailolo Channel.
Family LXXXX. PEEISTEDIID.E.
Peristediox Lacepede.
344. Peristedion engyceros Glinther.
\
Fig. 4. Peristedion cngijccros Giinther. (Reproduced from Jordan, Proc. U. S. >«'. M., \'ol. 59, 1921,
p. 6.54.)
Rare, in deep water. Besides the original type, found half-dried on the beach,
we have found one specimen from the deep sea and one killed in a lava-flow from
Mauna Loa. There is also a cast in the Bishop Museum. The species may be
distinguished from the next b^^ the divergence of the long proboscideal horns and
by the presence of dark cross-bands.
JOHDAX AM) JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 57
345. Peristedion gilberti .Jordan, (('...p. 639.)
(Proc. U. 8. X. -M.. LIX, 1921, p. Goo, Peristedion engijceros (iilhcrt, not of
Giintlicr.)
/
- \^\2^ ■ \
Fig. .j. Peristedion gilhcrti .Jordan. (C. M. Xo. 3.'^0.5.)
Horns rigidly parallel; color red, often with small roinid olive spots. Found
in the deep sea, abundantly in places.
346. Peristedion hians Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 638.)
Frequent in deep water.
Family LXXXVL HOPLirHTHYn:).E.
HopLicHTHYS Cuvier and Valenciennes.
347. Hoplichthys citrinus Gilbert. (G., p. 640.)
Deep sea; abundant.
348. Hoplichthys platophrys Gilbert. fG., p. 642.)
Deei) sea off Laysan ; only one specimen known.
Family LXXXVII. CEPHALACANTHID.E (Flying Gurnards).
(Dactylopterido'.)
Dactyloptena Jordan and Richardson.
(Proc. U. 8. X. IM., XXXIII, 1909, i). 665.)
349. Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Lolo-oan. (J. & E.,
p. 473.)
Rather scarce. "We are thus far unable to sei)arate the Hawaiian Flying
Gurnard from the common Japanese species. The description of this .species by
Jordan and Richardson, /. c, is from examples from Hilo.
58 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Ruboi-der SQUAMIPENNES.
Family LXXXVIII. CAPROID.E.
Antigonia Lowe.
350. Antigonia steindachneri Jordan and Evermann. CJ. & E., p. 361 ; (1., i). G21.)
A Japanese tish, rarely seen about Hawaii in deep water.
351. Antigonia eos Gilbert. (G., p. 621.)
Deep sea; Pailolo Ghannel.
Family LXXXIX. CH.ETODONTID.E (Butterfly-fishes).
FoRciPiGER Jordan and AIcGregor.
352. Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet) . (J. & E., p. 363.)
Forcipiger flavissimiis Jordan and McGregor.
Rather common in the markets. In the plate published by Jordan and
Evermann tlie brilliant yellow of this curious fish is not well represented.
Ch^etodon Linnseus. Kihi kilii.
( Tetragonoptrus Bleeker.)
This genus covers a great variety of species agreeing in general form and in
bright coloration, mainly yellow with black cross-bands or markings. It may
perhaps be divisible into several genera, the division being based on the direction
of the lines of scales, the size of the scales, and the form of the head. At present
the subgenera, as ])roposed by Kauj) and liy Bleeker, are too ill-defined to permit
of their recognition as genera. In the typical section of Chcetodon (tjqje Chcetodon
capistratus Linnseus), which is not represented in Hawaii, the lines of scales above
the lateral line extend upward and backward, those^ below downward and back-
ward, and none of the dorsal rays are prolonged.
§ LiNOPHORA Kaup.
(One of the dorsal rays prolonged, whip-hke, otherwise
* essentially as in Chcetodon proper.)
353. Chaetodon setifer Bloch. Kihi-kihi; Kikakdpu. (J. & E., p. 364.)
Common in Hawaii.
§ OxYCH/ETODON Bleeker.
(Scales of sides enlarged; snout sharp; a projection before eye.)
354. Chaetodon lineolatus C .'uvier and Valenciennes. (J. & E., p. 365.)
Rather rare.
JORDAN" AND JORDAX : FISHES OF HAWAII. 59
§ C'h.etodontops Bleeker.
(Scales of sides moderately enlarged; snout nioilerate;
profile even, no convexity before eye.)
355. Chaetodon lunula (Lacepede). Kikakdjm. (J. & E., p. 3GG.)
A'ery common. The young have higher fins and a black dorsal ocellus.
§ Lepidoch^todon Bleeker.
(Scales of sides anteriorly much enlarged, the rows nearly horizontal;
teeth large; snout short; profile steep.)
356. Chsetodon unimaculatus Bloch. Kikikdpu. (J. & E., p. 368.)
Chaiodon i^pheuospilus Jenkins.
Xot rare about the reefs.
§ CiTHARCEDUS Kaup.
(Snout short and blunt; scales moderate, the rows nearly horizontal.)
357. Chaetodon ornatissimus Solander. Kikikdpu. (J. & E., p. 373.)
Rather rare; about the reefs.
358. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (J. & E., p. 369.)
Not rare.
§ Rabdophorits Kaup.
(Scales subequal, moderate, arranged in series mostly horizontal, those above
lateral line much reduced in size; snout rather short.)
359. Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier and Valenciennes.
A common and showy species of the South Seas, once found hi the Honolulu
market.
360. Chaetodon fremblii Bennett. (J. & E., p. 375.)
A handsome, but rather rare species.
361. Chaetodon trifasciatus :\Iungo Park. (J. & E., p. 372.)
A Pohniesian sj^ecics, rather rare at Honolulu. The colored plate of Jordan
and Evermann is from a Samoan example. This species and the next have rather
large scales (forty, instead of fifty to sixty), thus approaching the next genus.
362. Chaetodon miliaris Quoy and Gaimard. (J. ct E.. p. 371.)
Chcdodon mantelliger Jei{kini>.
Generally common. The smallest species.
363. Chaetodon quadriinaculatus Gray. (J. & E., p. 373.)
Rather common about Honolulu.
60
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
TiFiA gon. nov. Jordan.
T^'pe Chcetodon corallicnla Snyder.
This grou]) is distinguished from Rabdophorus by the very large scales above
as well as below the latei-al lin(\ about thiiiy in a lengthwise series, and arranged
in nearly horizontal rows. Toetli \-er\- small; snout moderatel.y acute; the profile
straight. The name Tiji-tiji [Klhi-kihi in Hawaiian) is a])])lied to all sjiecies of
Chaiodon throughout the South Seas. The verb tifi is to adorn, and the name is
given to tlie horns of the moon, the tips of the wing of a birtl, and the like.
304. Tifia corallicola (Snyder). (J. & E.. p. 374.)
Rare. Found in rather tleep water.
f
V.
\
'A^-'-' j,,^
^
- .4
I
"^
Fig. 6. Loa excel sa .Jortlaii. (Reproduced frdiu I^roc. U S. N. JNL, Vol. 59, 1921, p. 053.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 01
r.OA Jordan.
Scales small, qwu, the rows nearly horizontal; the first dorsal nearly scaleless,
its first three spines thickened, the third and fourth very high.
365. Lea excelsa Jordan.
(Jordan. Proc. U. S. X. M.. LIX, 1921, p. 652, fig. 6.)
Known from a single small specimen killed in a lava-How from ]\Iauna Loa in
rather deep water. This young fish bears .some resemblance to the young of
Chcetodon lunula figurcnl 1)\' Jordan and Evermann, but th(^ dorsal spines are much
longer and larger and the black markings are different.
]\IicRACANTHrs^ Swainsoii.
Dorsal and anal fins with few rays (D. XI, 17; A. Ill, 14). Scales .smaU,
about sixty.
366. Micracanthus strigatus Cuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 376.)
A Japanese fish, occasionally taken at Honolulu,
Heniothi's ("uvier and Valenciennes.
(Diphreufcs ("antor, there being an earlier genus Heniodie.)
367. Heniochus macrolepidotus (Linnaeus). (J. & E.. p. 376.)
Chcetodon acuminatus Linnanis, this name having two pages priority, lint the
later and most frequently employed name is preferred by the International Com-
mission of Xomenclature.
A common fish of the Pacific, but rather rare at Honolulu.
HoLACANTHUs Lacepedc .
X'one of the Hawaiian species are at all closely related to the type of this
genus, Holacanthus tricolor, of the West Indies. In the typical group the scales
are of moderate size; the lobes of the lunate caudal fin produced in long streamers.
The numerous species of the South Seas need to be critically compared before the
several subgenera proposed by Bleeker can be fully defined.
CiLETODONTOPLUS Bleeker.
(Scales small; caudal fin rounded: suborbital entire;
scales above lateral line small.)
368. Chaetodontoplusbicolor (Bloch). (J. & E.. p. 380.)
Conmion in Pohiiesia ; i-ecorded by Gunther from Hawaii.
^ Misprinted Microcantlius by Swainson.
62 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
369. Chaetodontoplus arcuatus (Gray). (J. & E., p. 378.)
Descriliod in 1S31 from PTonoluln, but only the type is as yet known.
Centropyge Kanp.
Caudal rounded; scales large above as well as below lateral line, thirty to
forty in a series; suborbital more or less serrate behind, but without strong spine.
The original type of the genus, Holacanthus fibicen, was originally described as
having four anal spines. Species of small size and variegated coloration.
370. Centropyge potteri (Jordan and Metz). (PL III, fig. 1.)
Holacanthus potteri Jordan and Metz, Proc. U. 8. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 525.
Only the typ(> of this dainty species of the reefs was known, until the senior
author secured four additional examples from the reef at Honolulu. The largest
of these, differing in certain minor respects from the original t}'])e, is figured on
Plate III, fig. 1.
The serrations on the preorbital and preopercle are larger than in the type;
the cross-streakings somewhat different. The black blotches above the pectoral
have disappeared, and the ]>osterior part of the body is suffused with deep inky
purple, almost black, a color which obscures the vermiculations, although these
can be traced. In life the dark streaks were dark bluish jiurple, the paler colors
a rich light orange.
371. Centropyge tutuilae sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. (J. &E., p. 378, PI. LVI.
not description.) (PL III, fig. 2.)
Holacanthus bispinosus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, II, 1874, p. 51, PL LVI,
fig. C. Descrii)tion in part. Not Holacanthus bispinosus Giinther, Cat.
Fishes, II, 1860, p. 48, which is based on Bleeker's description of Hola-
canthus diacanthus from Amb'oyna.
Holacanthus bispinosus Jordan and Evermann. Fishes of Hawaii, PL LVI,
not description, which was taken from two specimens of Centropyge
diacantha.
Type: No. 3902 Carnegie IMuseum. Three inches long. Tutuila, Samoa;
paratype, No. 8750, Stanford ITniversity.
Head 4; depth 1.75; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.25; maxillary 4.25; dorsal
rays XIV, 17; anal rays III, 15; scales 35, 18; the number of fin-rays can not be
exactly counted, nor the ninnber of scales, as on the caudal pedimcle these grow
very small.
Body broadly ovate, evenly rounded, the steep profile somewhat gibbous over
the eye. Preorbital narrow, with two rather strong, blunt teeth; vertical line of
JORDAN A.\D JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 0^^
preopercle with small sori-as :uii>l(' with a stout curved s])iiic I'cachino; nearly to
base of jx'ctoral; a sharp spine about one fiftli as lon^ just liclow it.
Scales on sides large, those above lateral line niucli smaller, mcrghig into the
scaly sheath of the dorsal fin; scales on belly much smaller; latei-al line ending
below last ray of dorsal; dorsal and anal scaly almost to their tips. Dorsal and
anal rather high; the tii)s angular, reaching beyond base of the rounded caudal;
ventrals filamentous, almost reaching front of anal, as long as head; ]5ectorals a
little shorter.
The colors in life, as correctly stated by Jordan and Scale, " Fishes of Samoa,"
p. 348, are as follows:
Ground-color deej) orange, or copper-red, clearer ix'low; the liead, back, and
vertical fins blue-black, the color forming about eight(>en narrow cross-streaks on
side as wide as the ground-color; breast and belly orange; the lips and s]Mncs
violet; lower lip very bright blue; anal and dorsal edged with lilue; caudal with
a broader blue stripe inside the margin; pectoral yellow, dusky at base; ventral
orange, edged with blackish in spines, coppery red, more or less faded, with about
twenty vertical black cross-bars a shade wider than the interspaces, which are
about equal to the pupil; breast plain light orange, bars growing irregular below;
without distinct markings; dorsal, anal, and caudal black, unmarked (dorsal and
anal figured by Giinther with small blue spots) ; pectorals and ventrals pale, the
ventral filament edged with black.
This handsome little fish has had a rather unfortunate fate in the synonymy.
It was first noticed by Giinther ("Fische der Siidsee," II, p. 51, Tafel LVD, under
the name of Holacanthus bispinosus, a name originally given by Giinther to a speci-
men described by Bleeker from Amboyna under the erroneous name of Holacanthus
diacanthus. But Bleeker's fish and the present one, as sho\\ii by Bleeker's figure,
differ in color and in the armature of the preopercle. The true hispinostis, as
figured, has much stronger spines on the lower limb of the preopercle, and the
suborbital is very strongly serrate. The color is also very different, being yellow,
with regular browai cross-bands, the caudal jmle. Giinther claims to have had
specimens in the British Museimi from the New Hebrides, and one, in bad condition,
from Hawaii, collected by Garrett. Presumably his figaire, which represents, but
none too well, our Centropyge tutuila', was drawn from a New Hebrides example,
colored after a sketch made by Parkinson in Tahiti.
The only Hawaiian record is that of Giinther, mentioned above. Two speci-
mens were obtained by Jordan and Kellogg at Pago Pago, Tutuila. One of these
is the type of Centropyge tutuila', and served also for the colored i)latc drawn by
64 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Morita and ])iil)lish(>d by Jordan and Evermann under the name of Holaconthus
bifipinosiis. But the description ])ublished by Jordan and Evermann ("Fishes of
Hawaii," p. 378) was not taken froni this species, but through some error, for which
I cannot at present account, from two Samoan examples of Centropyge diacantka
(Bloch).
It is not clear that Glinther's description (" Fische der Siidsee") belongs to the
fish figured by him.
Centropyge tutuilm is, therefore, until now kno^\Ti only from two colored plates,
the first that of Glinther, indifferent in quahty, the other that of Morita, which
is excellent.
In Samoa this s]iecies is kno\\n as Tuu'u pulepuk tnumu = broad fish, red-
striped.
XiPHYPOPs'" gen. nov. Jordan.
Type: Holacanthus fisheri Snyder. Distinguished bj' the presence of two
strong spines besides smaller serrse on the suborbital bone. The preopercle is also
strongly armed. Scales large, those above the lateral line scarceh' reduced; caudal
rounded ; profile convex ; fourteen dorsal spines.
372. Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder). (J. & E., p. 379.)
A handsome fish, taken a few times m rather deep water.
Family XC. ZANCLID.E (Moorish Idols).
Zanclus Cuvier and ^'alenciennes.
373. Zanclus cornutus (Linnseus). Kihikihi. (J. & E., p. 382.)
Very common about the reefs. Zanclus canescens Linnseus is thought by
Bleeker to be a distinct species, having a spine on the i)reorbital and no black
markings before the eye. It may l)e, as the writer has supposed, the young of the
common Zanclus cornutus. The name canescens has one page priority over cornutus.
374. Zanclus ruthiae Bryan.
(Bryan, Report Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, II, 1905, p. 22, fig. 2 (1906).)
A single young specimen taken at Honohdu, two and three-quarters of an
inch long, remarkable for tlie great height of the first dorsal rays. The color is
quite unlike that of Z. cornutus, young or old, there being only a faint dark bar
across the interorbital and a broad obscure dark shade across body from dorsal to
anal, and another on caudal peduncle. Caudal mostly black, as are the long rays
of dorsal and the front of the anal and ventrals; lips black; tip of caudal pale;
profile very steei); depth nearly equal to length. D. VH, 38; A. Ill, p. 33.
'" ^i<i>o's = sword; viro = below; oji/' = ej'e.
JORDAN AND .lORDAX: FISHES OF HAWAII. 0")
Family XCl. ACAXTHURID.E (Surgeon-fishes).
AcANTHURUS Forskal.
(Hepatus Gronow, 1763, non-binomial.)
{Teuthi!< FinniTpus, 17()(). as restricted by Gill and otlicr audiors.'')
375. Acanthurus achilles Shaw. Pa kui kui. (J. & E., ]). 384.)
Gommoii. A strikin<>;ly colored species.
376. Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch and Schneider. Nac-nne. (J. & E., p. 385.)
Common. Remarkable for the white stripe above the ]iectoral.
377. Acanthurus leucopareius Jenkins. Mmkoiko. (J. & E., ]). 386.)
Occasionally seen at Honoluhi. Known by th(> white l)ar across nape and
opercle.
378. Acanthurus matoides Guvier and Valenciennes. M<tii: Wain. (J. & E.,
pp. 387-389.)
Acanthurus xanthoptenis Cuvier and ^'alenciennes.
Acanthurus blochii Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Teuthis guntheri Jenkins.
Common in the South Seas, rather rare at Honolulu. A dull-colored species
with four dark streaks along dorsal and anal. Base of caudal with a pale ring.
379. Acanthurus umbra (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 387.)
A dull-colored species. Rather common. The dorsal and anal plain; base of
caudal whitish.
380. Acanthurus elongatus (Lacepede). Maiii. (J. & E., ]). 389.)
South Seas; occasional about the Hawaiian Islands. Dull-colored; the lips
blackish ; last rays of dorsal and anal black at base ; body elongate. The Hawaiian
form was described by Cuvier and Valenciennes under the name Acantliurus
nicjros.
381. Acanthurus dussumieri (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Pudlu; Pahnu. (J. ct
E., p. 390.)
? Acanthurus argenteus Quoy and Gaimard, j»r.
A common s])ecies, reaching considerable size. Dusky, with wavy bluish
streaks; base of caudal with dark .s]3ots.
382. Acanthurus atramentatus Jordan and Evermann. Maikoiko: Malkn. (J. &
E., p. 393.)
" Following Cantor and Giinthcr others use Teuthis in place of .SfV/a/n/.v. The decisions of tlie
International Commission would favor Hcpntm as prior to Acanthurus or Truthis, though not binomial.
Any one of these views may lie defended, and, until the matter is definitely settled, we may follow custom.
66 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Common. Distinguished by an ink-like spot at base of last rays of dorsal and
anal. Body with narrow broken bluish streaks.
383. Acanthurus guttatus Bloch and Schneider. (J. & E., p. 392.)
Rather common. Kno^\^l by the three white cross-bars and numerous white
spots.
384. Acanthurus sandvicensis Streets. Manini. (J. &: E., j). 394.)
Extremely abundant. Pale, with six black cross-bars, four of which cross the
entire body. A near ally of Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus) of the South Seas.
■* Zebrasoma Swainson.
§ Zebrasoma.
385. Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch). Kihikihi. (J. & E., p. 396.)
Acanthurus liypselopterus Bleeker.
Not rare about Honolulu. A fish of striking appearance, remarkable for its
banded body and very high fins.
§ Scopas Kner.
386. Zebrasoma fiavescens (Bennett). Laipala. (J. & E., p. 397.)
Not common at Honolulu. This fish, entirely bright yellow, seems to differ
from Zebrasoma rhombeum Kittlitz of the South Seas, only in being all yellow, inst(>ad
of olive-browii with a few yellow markings. The subgenus Scopas differs from
Zebrasoma in the lower fins with fewer rays.
Ctenoch^tus Gill.
(Ctenodon Swainson, preoccupied.)
387. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard). Kale. (J. & E., p. 398.)
Acanthurus .^itrigosus Bennett.
Rather common. Tlie name striatus was given to young examples; that of
st7-igosus to the adult.
Naso Lacepede.
Acanthurus Jordan and Evermann, not of Forskal, as restricted.
Monoceros Bloch and Schneider, preoccupied = Naseus Cuvier.
388. Naso incipiens (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 400.)
Rare.
389. Naso brevirostris (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Kalalolo. (J. & E., p. 401.)
Sovith Seas, occasional at Honolulu.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII.
61
390. Naso unicornis ; Forskal). Kola. (J. cV: E., p. 402.)
Common at Honolulu. 'Widely distributed in warm sea.-^. The length of the
frontal horn varies much with age, sometimes being in tlie adult longer than the
rest of the head.
Callicanthus -Swainson.
391. Callicanthus lituratus (Forster). (J. & E., p. 404.)
South Seas; rathei- connuon about the Hawaiian Islands.
392. CaUicanthus garretti (Seale). (J. et E.. p. 405.)
Rare. A doubtful species, distinguished from C. lituratus by the absence of
the blue line along base of dorsal and yellow spots on caudal peduncle separated
by a sharply definetl l)lack area.
393. Callicanthus metoposophron Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 405.)
Xot rare at Honolulu.
Order CHROMIDES.
Family XCII. POMACENTRID.E (Damsel-fishes).
Dascyllus Cuvier.
(TetradracJwnmi Cantor, if Dascylluf; is to he regarded as i)reoccu]iied by
DasciUus.)
394. Dascyllus albisella C;ill. (J. & E.. p. 2C6.)
Common about the coral-reefs. The figure coj^ied from Bleeker by Jordan
and Evermann (p. 267) represents D. trimaculatus of the South Seas.
Chromis Cuvier.
( Helioses Cuvier and A'alenciennes.)
395. Chromis verater Jordan and ^letz.
Chromis verater Jordan and Metz, Proc. IT. S. X. :\I., XLII, 1911, p. 526.
One example from Honolulu, typical of Chromis. D. XIV; caudal short,
body very deep.
396. Chromis elaphrus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 268.)
Coral-reefs; ty])ical of the subgenus Heliases. I). XII, caudal short, body
oblong.
Furcaria Poey.
(Caudal deeply forked, its lobes sharp; fourteen dorsal si)ines.)
397. Furcaria ovalis (Steindachner). (J. & E., p. 269.-)
Coral-reefs; not rare.
OS MEMOIRS np THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
398. Furcaria leucura fCilhort). (C;., p. 020.)
Rare; in ratlicr dec]) water.
PoMACENTRUs Lacepeclo.
399. Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 271.)
Euponiacentrus nuDyiinitiis Jenkins, llie name pi-e()('eu])ie(l in Pomacentrus.
Common. This s]xx'ics belongs to the section or subgenus called Amhlyyoma-
cenlrus by Bleek(>r, having the snout and lower jaw naked. In the American species
{Eupomaccntrus Bleeker) the snout is scaled. In Pomacentrus proper there is in
each jaw a single series of a few teeth.
Abudefduf Forskal.
( Glyph isodon Lacepede . )
400. Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal). Kiipipi. (J. & E., p. 274.)
Very common al)out rocks. Known by the black blotch behind the dorsal
fin on the back of the tail.
401. Abudefduf abdominalis (Quoy and Gaimard). Manjiuto. (J. & E., p. 272.)
Common. Known by the foiu- l)lack c]-oss-])ands and a large black l:)lotch on
dorsal and on anal.
402. Abudefduf imparipinnis (Sauvage). (J. & E., p. 274.)
Honolulu. KnoA\n only from the original descri])tion.
403. Abudefduf sindonis Jordan and Evermann. (J. ct E., jx 272.)
A rare species, l)lack, with two white cross-bands. Teeth in one series, scarcely
compressed, not emarginate; opercle entire; preorbital broad; perhaps to be
regarded as the type of a distinct genus, approaching Clirumis.
Order PHARYNGOGNATHI.
Family XCIII. LABRID/E (Wrass-fishes; Rainbow-fishes).
Lepidaplois (iill.
404. Lepidaplois albotaeniatus (Cuvier and ^^alenciennes). A'mv(t. (J. & E.,
p. 278.)
A large fish, alnmdant in th(> markets. S}oecimens from Ililo, takt-n about
lava-rocks, are very much darker, mostly deej) pur])lish red.
405. Lepidaplois strophodes Jordan and Evermann. (J. <t E., ]). 280.)
Rather rare. All th(> specimens seen were small in size, but colored differently
from the A'oung of L. (dhotceniatus.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. (ii)
400. Lepidaplois modestus ((Jarrctt). (J. &: E., ]). 279. ")
Known from CJuntlicr's plate, a copj' of Garrett's drawinji;.
Verriculus Jordan and Everniann.
407. Verriculus sanguineus Jordan and Everniann. (J. & E., p. 2S1.)
A showy fish. Only the type known; taken with tlie hook in deep water.
Verreo Jordan and Snyder.
408. Verreo oxycephalus (Bleeker). (J. & E., p. 281.)
One .specimen known from Kailua. The species l)elon,ii;s to Ihe fauna of Japan.
The Au.stralian V. unimuculaius is verj' similar.
HiNALEA gen. nov. Jordan and Jordan.
Type: Julis axillari!<. Quoy and (Jaimard.
This genus tliffers from Sfethujulis Glinther in the absence of posterior canines.
The scales on the breast are large, the mouth very small, the lateral line complete.
Hinalea (in Samoan Suf/alc = elioice) is the connnon name of the small labroids
at Honolulu.
409. Hinalea axillaris (Quoy and Gaimard). Omahi. (J. & E., p. 283.)
Common about th(» reefs.
410. Hinalea balteata (Quoy and Gaimard). (J. & E., ]). 284.)
Stetltojulis alhorittdtu.s Jordan and Evermann, "Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands,"
p. 284, PI. XX^T; ];)robably not Labrus alhovittatus Kiili-euter, scantily described
from an unknowii locality. This species is known only from Hawaii, where no
collections had been made in Kolreuter's time (1770). It is rather common about
the reefs. There seem to lie two t^^ies of color, the one with a broad stripe of
browTiish red bordered above and below by a sharj^ly defincMl line of purplish blue,
as in the plate of Jordan and l']vermann; the other witli the lateral band brown,
bordered above and below b\- a crimson line. We detect no oth(>r differences.
PsEUDOJULis Bleeker.
411. Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder. (J. & E., p. 294.)
Known only from the type.
Halichoeres Rlippell.
Parajulia Bleeker; Charojulis Gill, substitute names, if IldlirhaTcs Riippell
is regarded as jireoccupied l)y Halicfmrm Nilsson, a genus of seals.
70 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
412. Halichoeres ornatissimus (Carrett). Ohua paawela. (J. & E., p. 286.)
Halichoeres iridescenH Jenkins.
Not common.
418. Halichoeres lao Jenkins. Lao. (J. & E., p. 285.)
Rare about Honolulu.
I\L\c'KOPHARYNGODON Bleeker.
414. Macropharyngodon geoffroyi (QuoyandGaimard). Hinaleadkilolu. (J. &
E., p. 288.)
Macropharyngodon aquilolo Jenkins.
A rare fish about the reefs.
CoRis Lacepede.
( Hemicoris Bleeker.)
This genus mainly differs from Halichceres in the nuieh smaller scales and in
the absence of the posterior canine. This tooth is wanting in the t^q^e, Coris
aygida, as in all the Hawaiian sjiecies referred bj' Jordan and Evermann to Coris
and Julis. In the type of Julis ( Lahrus julis Linnaeus) this tooth is present. No
species of Julis is found in Hawaii.
415. Coris gaimardi (Quoy and Gaimard). Lolo. (J. & E., p. 305.)
Common aliout the reefs.
410. Coris pulcherrima Giinther. Hinalca hdo; (J. & E., p. 305.)
Very common. Close to the preceding species, but with colors not quite
the same.
417. Coris lepomis Jenkins. Hilu lauirili; Uhit. (J. & E., p. 306.)
A large and handsome fish, often appearing in the markets; easily recognized
l)y the black opercular flaj), like that of the genus Lepomis, or "Sun-fish," of
American streams. The fish recorded by Fowler as Coris aygida, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 510, is no doubt this s]iecies.
418. Coris eydouxi (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Hilu. (J. & E., p. 309.)
A large and lieautifully colored species. Common.
419. Coris flavovittatus (Bennett). (J. & E., p. 308.)
Very rare. On the plate given by Jordan and Evermann, drawn from a
specimen from Laysan, the j'ellow shades, bright in life, are poorly represented,
the colors being very dull.
420. Coris greenovi (Bennett). (J. & E., p. 308.)
One of the most beautiful sjx-cies, blood-red in life, witli white spots above,
edged Avith I)lack. Originally described from Hawaii, but not seen there since.
Our specimen is from Samoa.
JORDAN AXD JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 71
421. Coris ballieui Vaillant and Sauvage. (J. & E., p. 310.)
Rather common.
422. Coris rosea Vaillant and Sauvage. Malamalama. (J. & E., p. 311.)
Corh argenteostriatus Steindachner.
Hemicoris keleipionia Jenkins.
Quite common.
423. Coris venusta \'aillant and Sauvage. (J. & E.. p. 312.)
Hemicoris remcdius Jenkins.
Common.
Cheilio Lacepede.
424. Cheilio inermis Forskal. (J. & E., p. 314.)
This common fish ranges in color through many shades of bro^\^l, green, and
lemon-yellow, with varied markings.
GoMPHosrs Lacepede.
425. Gomphosus varius Laceiiede. Akilolo. i J. it E., p. 289.)
Common .
426. Gomphosus tricolor Quoy and Gaimard. Hiiialea iiwi. (J. & E., p. 290.)
Yevy common. The intense blue color does not fade in .spirits.
427. Gomphosus sandwichensis Giinther.
This may be a valid species. We refer to it a cast in the Bishop ^Museum
distmguishable from Gomphosus tricolor by a black i:)lotch on the opercle. Color
green; snout pinkish red above; a sharp red hne behind eye; opercle with a black
blotch; base of pectoral 3'ellow; the fin green, blue-black distally; dorsal green,
with a narrow sharp red stripe along its middle; caudal green, purple at base.
Anampses Cuvier.
42S. Anampses cuvieri Quoy and Gaimard. Opule; Hilu. (J. & E., p. 291.)
A showw fish, common aljout the reefs.
429. Anampses godeffroyi Gimther. (J. & E., pp. 293, 294.)
Anampses evermanni Jenkins.
Not uncommon about the reefs. A large and handsome fish, originally kno^\Ti
from a not very accurate painting. (See Jordan and Snyder, Bull. Y. S. Fish
Comm., XXVI. 1906.)
i'l MEMOIKS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Thalassoma Swainson.
{Julis Giinthor, noit ('iivi(>i', whose tautotyi)e is the ^Mediterranean species,
Labru-s julis Linnious. (lil<in'clithy.'< Swainson.)
4.30. Thalassoma purpureum Forskal. OUmi: Olnlc; Palaca (very small), Hou
(large). (J. & E.. p. 295.)
A beautiful large fish, rather common at Honolulu. Color mainly l)lu(\ with
red striiies on the sides.
431. Thalassoma fuscum ( Lacepede) . Aivelo. (J. & E.. ]). 299.)
A large and handsome fish, which is rather common. Red, with two broken
blue-green stripes on side, like rows of Chinese characters, the coloration being
much like that of T. purpwrinii, ]:)ut the shades reversed.
432. Thalassoma ballieui (\'aillant and Sauvage). Hinalea hiahine. (J. & E.,
p. 297.)
Very abundant.
433. Thalassoma umbrostigma (Rlippell). (J. & E., p. 300.)
Quite common. Ceneral color green, with broken red stripes on side, and
with five dark irregular broken cross-bars.
434. Thalassoma duperrey ((Juoy and Gaimard). Hinalea lauwili; A'alailii.
(J. & E., p. 302.)
Extremely common. A small and rather slender species. Color l)luish,
darker behind; the front of body behind head with a broad light brown band.
A small species.
435. Thalassoma lutescens (Solander). (J. & E., p. 303.)
Thalassoma liinare Jordan and Evermann, probably not Labrus limaris
Linnseus.
A rare species, near Thalassoma lunarc of the East Indies. (See Jordan and
Snyder, " Notes on Fi.shes of Hawaii," Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906, p. 214.)
436. Thalassoma neanis Jordan and Snyder.
Described in the ])a])('r above mentioned, and represented by a colored figure,
Plate XII, fig. 2. One specimen from Honolulu. An exfiuisitely colored little
fish, allied to T. lunarc and T. lutescens.
436. Thalassoma aneitense (CJunther). (J. & E., p. 304.)
An East Indian s])ecies, taken twice at Honolulu. It lacks the brilliant blue
and red .shades of other .species.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 73
C'heilinoides Bleeker.
This <ioims is very close to ('irrJiilaJ)r!is Teinnuiiclv niid Schlesel tVoiii Ja])an,
differing in tlie short veiitrals, these fins being greatly i)i-()(liice(l in Cirrlilldhnis.
438. Cheilinoides jordani Snyder. (J. ct E., p. 315.)
Only the ty])e kiunvn.
Pseudocheiliniis Bleek(>r.
In this genus the eye is peculiarly modified, the cornea being crossed by a line
of iDartition.
439. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins. Aleihi lakca. (J. & E., p. 317.)
Occasional about th(> reefs.
440. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan and Evermann. (J. i^^ h]., p. 317.)
Rare, taken but twice.
Cheilinus Lacepede.
441. Cheilinus hexagonatus (Umtlier. Poou. (J. & E.. }). 31i).)
(lu'ilinus zonunis Jenkins.
\'ery common. Originally described from an inaccurate drawing made at
Honolulu.
442. Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (J. & E., p. 320.) (PI.
Ill, fig. 3; C. M. C atalog of Fishes, No. 390(3.)
A small fish, common on the reefs, known by the black spot on the side. The
exquisite markings seen in life disappear in spirits.
443. Cheilinus trilobatus LaceixHle. (J. & E., ]). 322.)
Recorded from Honolulu l)y Quoy and CJaimard as Clicili/nix sinuosK.s, which
is apparently the female of this common species of th(> South Seas.
NovAcuLiCHTHYS Bleckcr.
444. Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 323.)
NovaculichtJijjs cntargyrcus Jenkins.
Novaculichthys tattdc Scale.
Rather common.
445. Novaculichthys tseniourus (Lacepede). (J. & E., p. 325.)
Rather common. A showy fish of the reefs. The young, with the first two
dorsal rays lengthened, was described from Honolulu by (^uoy and Oaimard as
Jiilis bifcr.
446. Novaculichthys kallosoma (IMeeker).
This beautiful little fish, mostly grass-green in color, is widely distributed.
74 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Besides the two originally known from Honolulu we have now a tliird. The single
si)ecinien known from Samoa is figured by Jordan and Evermann.
Hemipteronotus Lacepede.
447. Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 333.)
Not eomnion.
448. Hemipteronotus baldwini Joi'dan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 334.)
Comnion. Sexes not alike in color, a character rare among lal^roid fishes.
449. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder. (J. & E., p. 336.)
Only one specimen is known; from Puako Bay, Hawaii.
4.50. Hemipteronotus copei Prowler. (J. tt E., p. 332.)
Oahu. Known only from the tyjje. Apparently distingufshed Ijy the black
spots or blotches and by the presence of bluish streaks on the head.
Xyrichthys Cuvier.
451. Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 337.)
Rather common.
Iniistius Gill.
452. Iniistius pavoninus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E., p. 329.)
Iniistius leucozonus Jenkins.
A common food-fish at Honolulu. Iniistius mundicurpus Gill from Cape San
Lucas seems to be the same.
453. Iniistius niger (St eindachner). (J. &: E., p. 331.)
Iniistius reroter Jenkins.
Rather common. This fish is unitjue in being almost entirely jet-black.
Cymolutes Glinther.
454. Cymolutes leclusei (Quoy and (Jaimard). (J. & E., p. 327.)
A dainty fish, with soft pale colors, rather common about Honolulu.
Family XCIV. SPARISOMATID.E.
Leptoscarus Swainson.
(CaUyodon Cuvier & Valenciennes, not of Gronow and Scopoli.
Calotonius Gilbert.)
455. Leptoscarus irradians (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 339.)
Not common.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 75
456. Leptoscarus cyclurus (Jcnkin.s). (J. & K., }). 840.)
One speoiincn known.
457. Leptoscarus sandvicensis (Cuvicr and Valenciennes). Piiiiulnuuilni. CI. &
E.,]). 341.)
Xevy common in the market of Honolulu.
458. Leptoscarus snyderi f Jenkins). (J. & E., ]). 342.)
From Honolulu; one specimen known.
ScARiDEA Jenkins.
459. Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins. (J. ct E., p. 343.)
Rare.
460. Scaridea balia Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 344.)
One specimen known.
461. Scaridea aerosa Jordan and Snyder. (Cf. " Notes on Fishes of Hawaii," Bull.
U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906, p. 213.)
Two specimens from Honolulu.
Family XCV. SCARID^ (Parrot-fishes).
ScARUs Forskal (1775).
(Teeth pale, not blue.)
(CaUyodon Gronow (1763) non-binomial; not Callyodon Cuvier & Valenciennes.)
§ Callyodon. (No posterior canines.)
462. Scarus miniatus Jenkins, lliu. (J. & E., p. 346.)
An important food-fish, common in the markets, behig the favorite species
at the native barbecue, or lunu.
463. Scarus perspicillatus Stehidachner. Uhii uli idi. (J. tt E., p. 347.)
A large and handsome fish, valued as food. A colored figure is given Ijy
Jordan and Snyder, "Notes on Fishes of Hawaii, etc.," 1907, PI. XIII.
464. Scarus borborus Jordan and Evermann. Paiiuhu. (J. & E., p. 349.)
A plain-colored species, rare at Honolulu.
465. Scarus brunneus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 349.)
Rather rare. A dull-colored species, known by th(^ forked caudal.
466. Scarus dubius Bennett. (J. & E., p. 350.)
A ])lainly colored fish, rare at Honolulu, l)ut occurring about Samoa.
467. Scarus ahula Jenkins. Ahu ula; Panuhanuhu. (J. & E., p. 351.)
Rather common. Plain browii.
76 MEMOIRS f)F IHE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
4GS. Scarus bennetti Cnvior and Yaloiicirinics. (J. & E., p. 352.)
Rare, found also in Samoa.
4()i). Scarus paluca Jenkins. Pulukaluka. (J. ct E., ]>. 352.)
Scarce.
§ .S'ranv.s'. I Postorioi' canines ])resont.)
470. Scarus jenkinsi Jordan and Everniann. (J. it E., p. 353.)
But one s])ecimpn kno\m.
471. Scarus gilberti Jenkins. Panuhumilm. (J. it E., ]). 354.)
\vvy common. Should be comi^ared with Sairiis bntavienfiis Bleeker. from
Java, for which Steindachner seems to have mistaken it.
472. Scarus formosus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Lauia. (J. & E., p. 355.)
Scarus Iditid Jordan and Evermann.
This speci(>s was originally described from Hawaii. The poor description
]>revents certain recognition, but it is probably identical with Scarus lauia, a
handsome but rather rare form closely related to .S. gilherti.
473. Scarus erythrodon Cuvier and A^alenciennes. (J. & E., ]). 357.)
A common species of the South Seas, recorded as Pseudoscarus sumbaweiisis
from Lay sail.
Pseudoscarus Bleeker.
(Teeth blue.)
§ Psevflosrarus. (Posterior canines i)i'esent.j
474. Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins. (J. ct E., p. 358.)
A large and brilliantly colored fish, thus far only known from two examples,
the type, taken at Honolulu, and figured l)y Jordan and Everniann, and another
s]5ecimen from Samoa.
475. Pseudoscarus troscheli (Bleeker). (J. A: E., p. 358.)
An East Indian species, recorded by Steindachner from Laysaii.
476. Pseudoscarus heliotropinus Bryan.
(Bryan, Rept. Bishop Mus., U, 1905 (1906), ]). 23, fig. 3.)
Kno\Mi only from the type, which was takcni in the market at Honolulu.
Caudal lunate, the angles much j^roduced.
477. Pseudoscarus vitriolinus Bryan.
(Bi-yan, I.e.. ]>. 27, fig. 4.)
A brilliantly colored species. Kiio\m only by one example. Caudal rounded.
JORDAN' AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. it
Order DISCOCEPHALI.
Family XCM. ECHEXEID.E (Romoras).
Remora Gill.
(Echeneis T.innspiis in part, not as restrictod by ClilK 1802.)
478. Remora remora ( Linna>us). (J. &: E., p. 494.)
Xot rare. Valued hy the Cliinese as medicine. Generally common in warm
seas.
Remorina Jordan and Evernuuni.
479. Remorina albescens (Temminck and Schlegel). (J. vV- K.. j). 4i)").)
Troi^ical Pacific. Recorded by Fowler from Hawaii.
Order GOBIOIDEI.
Family XCML ELEOTRID.E (Sleepers).
Eleotris fGronow) Schneider.
480. Eleotris sandwicensis ^'aillant and Sauvage. Oopu. (J. ct E., p. 479.)
Common in shallow watei'.
Asterropteryx Riippell.
481. Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riippell. (J. & E., p. 480.)
Common throughout the South Seas. Frequent on the reefs at Honolulu.
EviOTA Jenkins.
482. Eviota epiphanes .Jenkins. (J. & E.. ]). 481.)
A minute fish of the reefs, never reaching an inch in lengtli.
GoBioPTERUS Bleeker.
483. Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan and Evermann. (J. t'c E., p. 482.)
A small rock-fish. One specimen knowii from Hilo.
Family XCVHL GOBHD.E (Gobies).
QuiSQUiLiT's Jordan and Evermann.
484. Quisquilius eugenius Jordan and Evermann. i J. & E., ]). 483.)
A very small fish. X^ot common. In the type of tliis sjiecies the two ventrals,
normally united, had been torn apart, hence the reference in Jordan and Evermann 's
general report to Gobiownrphus. Jaws with small canines.
/b MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MI'SEUM.
Bathygobius Bleeker.
(Mapn Smitt.)
485. Bathygobius fuscus (Ruppcll). ()6pu. (J. & E., p. 483.)
Gohius albopunctatus Cuvier and ^^alencionlles.
Gobhis mndvicensis Gimther.
Exceedmgly common throughout the South Rcas in shallow water.
OxYURicHTHYS Bleeker.
486. Oxyurichthys lonchotus (Jenkins). (J. & E.. p. 485.)
Common along the sliore. Oxyurichthys differs from Gohiichthys Klunzinger
{Pselaphias Jordan and Seale) by the absence of the superorbital cirrus. Gohionel-
his Girard has the tongue notched.
A^iTRARiA Jordan and Evermann.
487. Vitraria clarescens Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., j). 48G.)
A minute translucent fish, scarce about the rocks at Hilo.
Chlamydes Jenkins.
488. Chlamydes laticeps Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 4'86.)
One small specimen from the coral-reefs.
Gnatholepis Bleeker.
( Huzeus Jordan and Rnyder.)
489. Gnatholepis knighti Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 487.)
A small species, abundant in brackish water about Hilo.
Kelloggella Jordan and Scale.
490. Kelloggella oligolepis (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 488.)
A minute fish of the reefs. Not very common. It differs from the t^^oe of
the genus, K. cardinalis, found in Samoa, in having a few scales posteriorly.
Chonophorus Poe.y.
{Awaous Steindachner.)
The name Chonophorus, July, I860, apparently has priority over Awaoiis,
"presented" on July 12 of the same year.
491. Chonophorus genivittatus (Guvier and Valenciennes). Oopu. (J. & E.,
p. 492.)
Common in brackish water.
JORDAN A\n .lOHDAX: FISHES OF HAWAII. t\>
492. Chonophorus stamineus i Eydoux and Soulcyet). Oojxi. (J. ct E., ]). 493.)
Tlie coinmonest of ;ill (lie Hawaiian gobies, or Oopu. found every where in the
mouths of streams.
SiCYDiuM Cuvier and ^'alenciennes.
493. Sicydium stimpsoni (;ill. (J. & E., p. 489.)
A river-fi.-^li. locally abundant at Hilo.
494. Sicydium albotaeniatum Giinther. (J. & E., p. 490.)
A fish of the rivers, known only from a drawing by (iarrett.
Lentipes Giinther.
(Sicyogaster Gill: preoccupied.)
495. Lentipes concolor (Gill). (J. & E., p. 491.)
Scarce in the rivers about Hilo. Body said to be wholly naketl.
496. Lentipes seminudus (Jiinther. (J. & E., p. 491.)
One specimen recorded from a stream near Honolulu. Posterior half of body
with small scales, the anterior region naked.
Order JUGULARES.
Family XGIX. PARAPERCID.E.
OsuRUS Jordan and Evermann.
497. Osurus schauinslandi (Steindachner). (J. & E., ji. 47'); G., p. 642.)
Parapercis pterostigma Jenkins.
Not rare at moderate dei)ths.
Neopercis Steindachner.
498. Neopercis roseoviridis Gilbert. (G., p. 643.)
Two specimens, taken off Maui.
Bembrops Steindachner.
499. Bembrops filifera Gilbert. (G., p. 643.)
Deep water off Afaui.
Chrionema Gilbert.
500. Chrionema chryseres Gilbert. (G., p. 645.)
Deep sea off Oaliu.
501. Chrionema squamiceps Gilbert. (G., p. 646.)
Deep sea off Maui.
80 MEMOIUS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Pteropsaron Jordan and Snyder.
502. Pteropsaron incisum Gilbert. ((;., ]). 647.)
Deej) sea off J.aysan.
Family C. C'HA:\IP80D0NTID.E.
A singular family of uncertain relation.shi])s. The ventrals, although inserted
well forward, are said to be attached to the shoulder-girdle. This with other
features suggests affinities with the Parapercidce and other Trachinoid Jugulares.
Champsodox Giinther.
503. Champsodon fimbriatus Gilbert. (G., p. 648.)
Deep sea, Pailolo Channel.
Family CI. DRACONETTID-E.
Draconetta Jordan and Fowler.
504. Draconetta hawaiiensis Gilbert. (G., p. 652.)
One specimen from the Pailolo Channel.
Family CIL CALLIOXYIMID.E (Dragonets).
Callioxyjius Linnseus.
505. Callionymus casruleonotatus Gilbert. (G., p. 648.)
Pailolo Channel between Maui and IMolokai.
506. Callionymus corallinus Gilbert. (G., p. 649.)
One si)ecimen: Avan Channel between Alaui and Lanai.
507. Callionymus rubrovinctus Gilbert. (G., p. 650.)
Off ]\Iolokai and Alaui at moderate depths.
Calliurk'hthys Jordan and Fowler.
50S. Calliurichthys decoratus Gilbert. (G., p. 651.)
About Oahu, Molokai, and ^Nlaui at moderate depths.
509. Calliurichthys astrinius'- sj). nov. Jordan and Jordan. (PI. IV, fig. 1.)
Ty])e: No. 3903 Carnegie Aluseimi. Honolulu Market. D. 8. Jordan coll.
Head 3.8 to tip of preopercular sjMnc in length to base of caudal: depth 7;
dorsal rays T\ . 9; anal rays 8; pectoral 17; eye 3.4 in head as above; maxillary
3.4; snout 3.2 to tip of preopercular spine.
Bod}' slender, though stouter than in C. decoratus; snout rather long and low;
'- nstrinius from aarrip = star; ivLov = the najie.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 81
mouth small; the maxillary not reaching front of orbit; eyes large, the bony
interorbital space not grooved; occipital region with two clusters of low bony
radiating ridges; preopercular spine long, straight, reaching past axil of anal and to
below second dorsal spine, its upper edge with about seven small serrse, a strong
spine directed forward at its base, lower edge of spine smooth; no other s]iine on
head.
First ray of dorsal filamentous, reaching fifth soft ray, the others progressively
shorter; tip of last soft ray reaching just past base of caudal, the height of the
soft rays nearly twice 'that of the body below them; the rays subequal in height,
higher than all the dorsal spines, except the first; anal beginning and ending slightly
behind soft dorsal. Lateral line evident, forking on head and on base of tail,
extending on fourth caudal ray for a very short distance. Pectoral fin broad, not
sjonmetrical, 1.25 in head; ventrals longer, 1.1; caudal fin excessively long, as
usual in the males of this genus, hah longer than head.
Color olivaceous browai above, white below, cheeks dusky; sides with (juadrate
light gray spots, deeper than long and arranged in irregular quincunx, with roundish
dark spots and gray spots interspersed, those on back smaller, the pattern inde-
scribable, but well shown in the figure; head with round black spots and larger
gray ones; first dorsal with four or five dark cross-shades; the tips of the posterior
three spines darker, first or long spine with dark cross-bars. Soft dorsal with six
or seven rows of smaU dark spots intermingled with much smaller ones; caudal
with twelve cross series of small black spots; lower two-thirds of anal nearly white;
distal part black with small white spots; ventrals with three or four rows of round
black spots; breast and opercles with fainter spots, similar in fashion; pectorals
colorless.
This species is allied to Calliurichthys decoratus, differing in the less elongate
body and the coloration. The type is unique, presumably a male, judging from
the filamentous dorsal. It is nearly six inches long, including caudal.
510. Calliurichthys zanectes'^ sp. nov. Jordan and Jordan. (PI. I\', fig. 2.)
Type No. 3904 Carnegie JMuseum, Honolulu ^Market. D. Starr Jordan coll.
Head 3.33 in length to base of caudal; depth 8.5; dorsal rays 9; anal rays 8;
pectoral raj's 15; eye 4.5 in head; snout 2.66 to end of preopercular spine; maxil-
lary 4.
Body very slender; head low; the snout rather long and depressed; the
maxillary not nearly reaching the front of ej'e; preopercular spine straight, rather
short, not reaching base of second dorsal spine, upper edge of the spine with a
" zancctfs, derived from fd an intensive particle, and vrjKTris = swimmer.
82 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
series of eight or nine saw-teeth; a strong spine directed backward at base; back
of head with two groups of radiating bony ridges, a httle plainer than in the pre-
ceding species; first dorsal spine not ])roduced, barely longer than the second, all
of them lower than the soft rays. Caudal fin excessively long, a little longer than
the rest of the body; first dorsal spine 1.75 in head; pectoral 1.166; ventral a
little longer than head; tips of dorsal and anal extending a little bej^ond base of
caudal. Lateral line well developed, with some branches on head.
Color dark olive above, pale below; sides with several vague dark cross-shades;
sides of back with irregular white spots, some of them quadrate and rather large,
others round and small, the lower series comma-shaped, the point turned do'Roiward
and backward; a larger round dark spot just below middle line at base of caudal;
head with small dark spots; first dorsal jet-black at tip; a white crescent setting
off the black margin, rest of fin white with small black spots and dark cross-shades.
Soft dorsal profusely covered with round black spots, arranged in sinuous rows,
among which are dark streaks. Caudal with black spots of various sizes, those at
its base smaller, the whole arranged in about ten irregular cross-bands. Distal
half of anal jet-black, basal part white. Ventrals and breast partly white, with
some rather large irregular black spots. Pectorals with much smaller spots, growing
fainter below.
This interesting species is kno-v\ai from the type, which is ten and one -half
inches long, including the caudal fin. It was found in the market at Honolulu.
It is nearest CalUurichthys astrinius from the same locality, but kas a slenderer
body, the first dorsal spine lower, and the caudal longer. The short dorsal spine is
often characteristic of the female in this famih', but the longer caudal indicates
the male. It is barely possible that this may prove to be the female of C. astrinius.
Family CIII. CLINID.^.
Enneapterygius Riippell.
(Enneanectes Jordan and Evermann.)
511. Enneapterygius atripes (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 496.)
Common in holes in the coral-reefs. A dainty little fish, rarely two inches
long, found in Hawaii, as in Samoa, in company with species of Eviota.
Family CIV. BLENNID^ (Blennies).
Blennius Linnteus.
512. Blennius sordidus Bennett. (J. & E., p. 497.)
Recorded by Bennett from Hawaii.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 83
lluPiscARTES Swainson.
(Alticus (Commerson) Bleeker.)
Canines present : dorsal fin divided. The question of the pertinence of the
name Ri(piscartes is not yet settled, and perhaps the older name Alticus should be
used, although non-binomial.
513. Rupiscartes variolosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (J. & E.. ii. 497.)
South 8eas. Rather rare about Hawaii.
514. Rupiscartes marmoratus (Bennett). (J. & E., p. 498.)
Hawaii. Quite common about the reefs.
515. Rupiscartes gibbifrons (Quo}' and Gaimard). (J. & E., p. 498.)
^^nlarias nitilu.'< Jenkins.
Rather rare. A fish of the reefs.
Salarias Cuvier.
516. Salarias zebra Vaillant and Sauvage. (J. it E.. y>. 501.)
Salarias cypho Jenkins.
Very abundant along the reefs.
517. Salarias edentulus (Bloch and Schneider).
Reported from Laysan and Honolulu, but not seen by us.
ExALLiAS Jordan and Evermann.
518. Exallias brevis (Kner). Pao'okauila. (J. ct E., p. 503.)
Rather rare.
Enchelyurus Peters.
519. Enchelyurus ater (Gimther). (J. & E., p. 500.)
A very small fish, not rare on the reefs.
Family CV. CONGROGADID.E.
CoNGROGADUS Gimther.
520. Congrogadus marginatus A'aillant and Sauvage. (J. & E., p. 504.)
Known onl}^ from the type, said to be from Hawaii.
Family CYI. BROTELID.E.
Brotula Cuvier.
521. Brotula marginalis Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 507.)
Scarce.
522. Brotula multicirrata ^'aillant and Sauvage. (J. & E., p. 508.)
Rare.
84 MEMOIK« OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family CVII. LYCODAPODID.E
Snyderidia Gilbert.
523. Snyderidia canina (iilhcrt. ((J., j). 055.)
Deoj) sea, off Kauai.
Family ('MIL FIERA8FERID.E (Pearl-fishes).
(Carapidcp.)
Fierasfer Cuvier.
(Carapus Rafines(|uc, in part.)
524. Fierasfer microdon Gilbert. (G., p. 655.)
Avan Ghannel. One specimen known.
525. Fierasfer homei (Richardson). (J. & f]., j). 535.)
One specimen from the interior of a Holothurian iStichopus).
JoRDANicus Gilbert.
520. Jordanicusumbratilis (Jordan and Evermann). (J. &E.,p. 505; G., p. 656.)
Puako Ikiy. One specimen known. Beino; entirely black in color, it ])robably
inhabits lava-rocks, rather than the interior of Holothurians or large lamellibranchs.
Order PLECTOGNATHI.
Suborder SOLE ROD ERMI.
(This grouj) is clearly connected with the Squdiuipcnncs.)
Family GIX. RALI8TID.E (Trigger-fishes).
Sufflamen Jordan.
(Pachynathiis Swainson. Name preoccupied as Pachygnathus, of which the
International Commission of Nomenclature regards it as a mis]n-int. Cf. Jordan,
Gojieia, 1916, ]). 27. Archety])e BttUstes capistratus Shaw.)
This genus is near Batistes, differing in the convex caudal, the low, more or
less rounded dorsal and anal, and in the presence of spines or tubercles on the
caudal peduncle. \'entral flaj) with small thick spines. Lateral line incomplete.
A groove before the eye as in Balistes.
527. Sufflamen vidua (Solander). Huinuhiitmi hiiikolc; Hiimuluimu itli. (J. &
E., p. 409.)
South Seas. Not common at Honolulu.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 8o
528. Sufflamen bursa iLacepedc). HumuJiutnit lei. {.]. cV: E., p. -ilO.)
South Seas. Rathor common at Honolulu.
o2\). Sufflamen capistratus iShaw). Humuhumu numi: Mitm'. (J. A: E., p. 411.)
Common. Known by ihc golden ring around the- iiiouth, witli a pale streak
behind it, this often wanting.
530. Sufflamen fuscolineatus (Seale). (J. & E., p. 409.)
Rare. Known only from the types.
531. Sufflamen nycteris (Jordan and Evermann). CJ. & E., p. 408.)
Known onl>' from the tyi)e. Scales very small; color black.
Balistapi's Tilesius.
532. Balistapus rectangulus (Bloch and Schneider). Huniuhumu tiukunuku
apua'a. (J. & E.. p. 413.)
Rather common.
533. Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus). (J. & E.. ]). 414.)
South Seas. Not rare in Hawaii.
Canthidermis Swainson.
534. Canthidermis angulosus (,Quoy and Gaimard). (J. & E., p. 415.) (PI. IV,
fig. 3; C. :\L Xo. 3905).
This species, the t^iie of the genus Canthidermis, has not been seen since it
was first described by (^uoy and Gaimard from Hawaii in 1S24. We present a
figure of a fine example found in the Honolulu market b>' Mr. (irinnell in August,
1921.
535. Canthidermis aureolus (Richardson). (J. & E., p. 415.)
Recorded from Laysan Ijy Steindachner.
Xanthichthys Kaup.
536. Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard). (J. & E., p. 410.)
Xanthichthys mento Jordan and Gilbert.
Rare. Lately taken off San Diego, as well as at Clarion Island.
INIelichthys Swainson.
537. Melichthys radula I'Solander). Humuhumu eleele. (J. &: E., p. 417.)
Xot common.
SG MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family C'X. MONACANTHID.E (Leather-jackets).
Cantherines Swainson.
538. Catherines sandwichiensis fQuoy and Gaimard). O'ililepa; OJma. (J. &
E., p. 418.)
Catherines carolce Jordan and McGregor.
Xot rare.
539. Cantherines albopunctatus (Reale). (J. & E., p. 420.)
Kare. Also recorded from Tahiti l)y Regan as PseudomonacantJnis viultiinacu-
latus.
Stephanolepis GilL
540. Stephanolepis spilosomus (Lay and Bennett). Oili uwiwi. (J. & E., p. 420.)
Common at intervals. Its appearance is said to precede the death of some
great personage.
541. Stephanolepis price! Snyder. (J. & E., p. 421.)
Deep water off Kauai. Only one specimen knowTi.
Alutera Cuvier.
§ Osbeckia Jordan and Evermann.
542. Alutera liturosa Shaw. O'ililepa; Ohua. (J. & E., p. 422.)
Osbeckia scripta Jordan and Evermann. Perhaps the same as Alutera scripta
(Osbeck) the tyjie of which from the Canaries represents the Atlantic form.
Not common. The young show little trace of the characteristic markings.
§ Alutera Cuvier.
543. Alutera monoceros (Osbeck). Loulu. (J. & E., p. 423.)
Common in the South Seas. IvnoAvai from Honolulu only from a painting by
Mrs. Dillingham.
Suborder G YMXODOXTES.
Family CXL TETRAODOXTID.E (Puffers).
Lagocephalus Swainson.
544. Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 425.)
Known by two examples from the Honolulu market.
Spheroides Lacepede.
545. Spheroides florealis (Cope). (J. & E., p. 426.)
Rare about Hawaii.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. S<
Tetraodox Linn sens.
(Arothron Miiller and Henle.)
The relations of the Pacific species, representing the section called Ovoides,
to the origmal Tetmodon lineatus of Egypt have not ])een determined. According
to Gill the skull differs materially in the two groups.
§ Ovoides Cuvier.
546. Tetraodon hispidus Linnaeus. Maki-maki; Oopiihue; Keke. (J. ct E.. p.
427.)
Very abundant and widely distributed. The flesh is reported to be extremcly
poisonous. as the name ^[nki ( = death) indicates.
547. Tetraodon lacrymatus (Cuvier). (J. & E., j). 429.)
Arothron ophryas Cope.
Ovoides latifrons Jenkins.
Rare. Originally described from Hawaii, but not taken by us.
Family CXIL CANTHIGASTERID.E..
Canthigaster Swainson.
(Tropidichthys Bleeker; Eumycterias Jenkins.)
548. Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 430.)
Rare.
549. Canthigaster oahuensis (Jenkins). (J. & E., p. 432.)
Rare.
550. Canthigaster cinctus (Solander). (J. & E., p. 433.)
South Seas. Rare at Honolulu.
55L Canthigaster psegma Jordan and Evermann. (J. cl- E., p. 433.)
Two specimens known; commoner in Samoa.
552. Canthigaster janthinus (Vaillant and Sauvage). (J. tt E., p. 434.)
Kno\m only from the original U'pe.
553. Canthigaster epilamprus (Jenkins). Puu olai. (J. ct E., p. 434.)
Kno^^^l only from the tyi)e.
554. Canthigaster bitaeniatus Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 435.)
Kno'wai only from the type. Perhaps the same as the Japanese Canthigaster
rivulatus.
88 ' MEMOIRS OF THE CAKNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family (^XIII. DIODONTIDJi (Porcupine-fishes).
Chilomycterus Bibron.
')')'). Chilomycterus affinis CUmthcr. (J. & E., p. 438.)
Chilomycterus calijornierms Eigenmann.
Not rare about Honolulu, where we have lately taken a large example.
DioDON Linnteus.
006. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus. (J. & E., p. 437.)
Scarce.
557. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus. (J. & E., p. 436.)
Lays an.
558. Diodon nudifrons Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 438.)
Rare.
Family CXIV. iMOLID.E (Head-fishes).
MoLA Kolreuter.
(Mola Cuvier; Orthagoriscus Bloch.)
559. Mola mola (Linnaeus).
One example has been recorded in the local press as having been taken at
Honolulu.
Fig. 7. Ma><!iinis Idnccoldlii.s (Lieiuinl). Frcnu a cast four feet long in tlio Bcniice Paualii Bishop
-Museum, Honolulu.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 89
AlASTfRUS Gill.
(Cf. Gill. Proc. U. 8. N. .M.. \II. 1884, p. 425.)
Caudal fin pointed: otherwise much as in Mola.
560. Masturus lanceolatus (Lienard).
Orthagoiiscus oxyvropferus Bleeker.
The Bishop ^luseum contains a cast four feet long of this very rare sjiecies.
Of this cast we present a photograph. The posterior parts are marked with many
small white spots. This is the third specimen of a Masfunift on record.
Ranzania Xardo.
561. Ranzania makua Jenkins. Makun; Apahu. (J. & E.. p. 440.)
Four examples are now knowai from Honolulu and one from Japan. A fine
cast of a large example is in the Bishop Museum. It is very doubtful whether the
species is distinct from Ranzania truncata Xardo, of the Atlantic.
This strange fish is very handsomely colored in life, as Dr. Jenkins' excellent
plate shows.
Suborder OS TRA CODERMI.
Family CX^'. 08TRACIID.E (Trunk-fishes).
Ostracion Linnaeus.
562. Ostracion sebse Bleeker. Moa. (J. & E., p. 442.)
Ostracion camurum Jenkins.
Abundant about Honolulu.
563. Ostracion oahuense Jordan and Evcrmann. (J. & E.. p. 443.)
Rather scarce.
564. Ostracion lentiginosum Bloch and Schneider. Oopakaku. (J. ct E., p. 443.)
South Seas. Rare at Honolulu.
Lactoria .Jordan and Fowler.
565. Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan and Snyder. (J. c*c E., p. 444.)
Laysan .
566. Lactoria galeodon .Jenkins. (J. & E., p. 445.)
Rare about Honolulu.
Capropygia Gray.
( Kentrocapros Ivaup.)
This genus differs from Aracana in having the carapace six-ridged.
567. Capropygia spilonota (Gilbert). (G., p. 627.)
Lavsan. rare.
90 MEMOIKS OF THE CAKNEGIE MUSEUM.
Order PEDICULATI.
Family CXVI. L0PHIIDJ5 (Fishing-frogs).
LoPHioMus Gill.
568. Lophiomus miacanthus Gilbert. (G., p. 691.)
Deep seas off Hawaii.
Family CXVII. ANTENNARIIDiE (Sea-toads).
Antennarius (Commerson) Lacepede.
569. Antennarius sandvicensis (Bennett). (J. & E., p. 518.)
Rare.
570. Antennarius commersoni Lacepede. (J. & E., p. 518.)
South Sea.'^. Found at Honolulu by Jenkins.
571. Antennarius leprosus Eydoux and Souleyet. (J. & E., p. 519.)
Rare. Known only from Honolulu.
572. Antennarius laysanius Jordan and Snyder. (J. & E., p. 520.)
Laysan. Only one specimen is known.
573. Antennarius bigibbus Lacepede. (J. c^- E., ]). 520.)
South Seas. Rare about Hawaii.
574. Antennarius drombus Jordan and Evermann. (J. & E., p. 521.)
South Seas. Rare.
575. Antennarius duescus Snyder. (J. & E., p. 522.)
Occasional at moderate dei)ths.
576. Antennarius nexilis Snyder. (J. & E., p. 523.)
Honolulu. Only one specimen known.
Family CXYHI. CHAUNACID.^'.
Chaunax Lowe.
577. Chaunax umbrinus Ciilbert. (G., p. 693.)
Deep sea. Pailolo Channel. Only one specimen known.
Family CXIX. CERATIID.E (Sea-devils).
MioPBAEAS Gilbert.
578. Miopsaras myops Gilbert. fG., p. 694.)
Deep sea off Kauai. Only one specimen known.
JORDAN AND JORDAN: FISHES OF HAWAII. 91
Family CXX. OGCOCEPHALID.E (Sea-bats).
Malthopsis Alcock.
579. Malthopsis mitrigera Gilbert and Cramer. (G., p. 695.)
Deep sea, abundant.
580. Malthopsis jordani Gilbert. (G., p. 695.)
Deep sea, not rare.
Halieut.ea Cuvier and Valenciennes.
581. Halieutasa retif era Gilbert. (G., p. 696.)
Deep sea, not rare,
Dibranchus Peters.
582. Dibranchus erythrinus Gilbert. (G., p. 697.)
Deep sea off Kauai. One specimen known.
583. Dibranchus stellulatus Gilbert. (G., p. 698.)
Deep sea off ]\Iaui. One specimen known.
INTRODUCED SPECIES.
Order EVENTOGNATHI.
Family CYPRIXID.E.
Cyprinus Linnseus.
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. (Carp.) (J. & E., p. 527.)
Carp have been (unfortunately) introduced into ponds on Maui and Kauai.
Carassius Xilsson.
Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). Gold-fish. (J. & E., pp. 527, 532.)
The common gold-fish from Japan has escaped into streams.
Order NEMATOGNATHI.
Family A:\IEIURID.E.
Ameiurus Rafinesque (Catfish).
Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). (J. & E., p. 530.)
The common catfish of the Potomac has been taken from California to Hilo.
Its fate is unkno-mi.
92 . MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family CLARIID.E.
Clarias (Gronow) Scopoli.
Clarias fuscus (Lacepede). (J. & E., p. 530.)
Introduced from China; said to be occasionall.y taken about Honolulu.
Ortler HAPLOMI,
Family CYPRIXODONTID.E.
Gambusia Poey (Top-minnows).
Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard.
Introduced from Galveston, Texas, by ]\Ir. Alvin Seale to kill mosquitoes.
Now abundant in fresh-water pools.
Order LABYRINTHICI.
Family OPHICEPHALID.E.
Ophicephalus Bloch.
Ophicephalus striatus Bloch. (J. & E., p. .533.)
Introduced by the Chinese into ponds about Honolulu; and noAv said to
be common.
Family CENTRARCHID.E.
(Micropteridce.)
MiCROPTERus Lacepede.
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede.)
A species of Black Bass was brought to Hilo in 1897 and placed in the Wailuke
River. It is supposed that all were swept away bj^ a freshet soon after they were
planted.
ADDENDA.
No. 133a. Hymenocephalus tenuis Gilbert and Hubbs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. LIV, 1919, p. 173.
Deep seas. Off Oahu, dredged by "Albatross."
This species was unfortunately overlooked during the preparation of
the manuscript.
No. 254. Since the paged proof of this article went to press Air. John T.
Nichols has published this species in the "American Aluseum
Novitates," No. 50, p. 2.
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Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. X.
Plate III.
11
1. Ci iifnipiiiii jiiiltd'i i.Jonlaii iV: .Mclz.i Ailult iii;ilc. No. :-!'.l()l, ('. M. Hoimlulu.
2. ('(iili-dpyyc tutiiiliv .](ivi\iiu ^: .]im\:in. Tyi)c. No. ollO'J, ( '. M. Samoa.
3. Cbciliiiu.s biiiriciddtiix Vnv. <k \-a\. Xd. o'.tDli. ( '. AT. Honolulu.
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MEMOIRS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Vol. X. No. 2.
RECORD OF FISHES OBTAINED BY DAVID STARR JORDAN
IN JAPAN, 1922.
By David Stake Jordan and Carl Leavitt Hubbs.
(The SaliiKHiidu- liy David Starr .Inrdan and Ernest Alexander ?kIe<.irea:or.)
(Pl.\te.s V-XII.)
IXTKODrCTOI'vY.
The senior author sjx'iit the month,-^ of Octohci- and Novenilx'r, 1!)22, in
Japan on the occasion of a third visit to tliat rountry. In connection with edu-
cational work and social duties he found time to make the rounds of the tish-
markets in sevei'al cities, and with the help of naturalist fiiends was able largely
to supplement his previous collections. These wt're the series collected in asso-
ciation with Professor John Otteihein Snyder in 1900, and that obtained by himself
in 1911. The first of these collections has been described, group by grou]), in
numerous papers in the Pnirccdinys of the United States Xatiotud Museum. The
second was recoixled by Jordan and Thom]ison (\Mlliam Francis) in the Memoirs
of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI, Sept. 1914, pp. 205-313.
The present collection was delivered in California without charge thiough the
continued courtesy of Mr. Sochiro Asano, President of the Toyo Kisen Kaisha
(Oriental Steamship Company), and his Assistant, Mr. Yoshio Yeto, a foinier
student of the senior author. To two former students. Dr. Toshiyasu Kuma
Tokyo and Henry Chamberlain of Los Angeles, we may also express our indcbtcc
ness for various helpful services.
93
OI
i)4 MEMOIRS OF TlIK ('AKNK(iIp: MUSEUM.
T]n' Iiii|H'rial Liiivcrsitifs of Tokyo, Kyoto, and Sajjporo to(jk .special iiitx'i'cst
in the work, sending out nienibcrs of their staffs in different directions to secure
matei-ial and to assist in various ways.
The collection of 1922, nunihering five hundred and twenty-five species,
consists of the following:
1. Specimens ohtaincd hy .Imilaii in the markets of Tolcyo, Ynl<iiliama, Sliizuiii<a, Nasoya, Kaclii
River, Lake Suvva, Lake Biwa, Yodn I{iver, Osaka, Kyoto, Kol)e, Nara, Yamada in Ise, and Toba. Tiic
material from Tokyo all comes to market by way of Yokohama, mostly from the shores of Shimosa, Boshu,
and Sagami (Misaki). That from Osaka, Kyoto, and Nara is mostly from the Inland Sea, landed at the
l)ort of Kobe; the market of Yamada is mainly supi)lied from '{"oba.
2. Specimens nf ^-duni; salmon, or trout, collected in the Shibu River (Shil)Uf;a\va) near Ikao,
Kotsuke, in Central .lapan, (ni a special trip by Dr. Cliiydniatsu Ishikawa of the Collcf^e of Agriculture
in the Imi)orial liiiversity of Tokyo.
3. Material selected by Dr. Lshikaw.a and Dr. Yojiro Wakiya (now Director of Fisheries in Korea)
from the accumulations of the Collefie of Afiriculture.
List of localities in Collection 3.
(On each of the specimens numbered cloth-tags are attaclied, with the initials
'I. W.' (Ishikawa and Wakiya).
Lake KawaKuchi, and Lake Yamanaka, Province of Ivoslui, near Fujiyama (Masashi Ishikawa),
Nos. 1-27.
Mikawa, i>rovince of Mikawa, near Nagoya (M. Ishikawa), Nos. 28-200.
Nagano, Shinshu, (Nagano Ken l''ishery Institution), Nos. 201-220.
Himeji, Harima (Ryohei Abe), Nos. 221-30.5.
Okayama, Bizen (Kumachichi Mikamo), Nos. 30(3-334.
Toyama, Etchu (Shosaku Yoshizawa), Nos. 335-343; 4.59-53.5.
Akita, L^go, north western Japan (Akita-Ken Experiment Station), No.s. 344-359.
Wakayama, Kishu (Kyoto Imjierial University), Nos. 360-3S6.
Chikuma River, Lake Suwa, and Lake Kizaki, Shinshu, (T. Ota) Nos. 387-420.
Aoniori, Mutsu (Yoshimo Bejiini), Nos. 421-427.
Choshi, Shimosa (C'h. Ishikawa), Nos. 428-444.
Shibu River, Oumba, near Ikao (mountain-stream flowing into the Pacific (C'h. Ishikawa), Nos. 445-
457.
Yiunaguchi, Suwo, (Yamaguchi Agricult\iral Station), Nos. 458-468.
Miyazu, Tango (Kyoto Fisheries Institute), Nos. 530-652.
Fukuoka, Chikuzen (Shunsaburo Ilamada), Nos. 653-690.
Noo, near Niigata, Echizen (Noo Fishery School), Nos. 691-803.
Iwate, Rikuchu (Kyoji Awai), Nos. 804-818.
Lake Kozan and Lake Tojo, Tattori, Inabe (Shiyiro Inomata), Nos. 912-918.
4. A large collection frcnn Misaki, made l>y the veteran fisherman of the Marine Laboratory,
Kumakichi Aoki, affectionately known as Kuma, who has again raided the roek-iiools and dijiped into
the depths of the inexhaustible Bay of Sagami. In this lot there are one hundred and eighty si)ecies,
indicated liy the initial 'A'.
5. Collections made by Dr. Wakiya in Lake Biwa, Kagoshima Bay, Kumamoto, and other localities
on the island of Kyusyu and from various bays and streams in southwestern Japan, as well as at Fusan
and in the Ping-yang River in Korea.
.lOKDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!I22. 95
List of localities in Collection 5. (Wakiya)
(On each of the specimens taken by Dr. A\ aki^a is a clotli-tas. with tmniixT
and the letter •W.)
Kasoshima Bay, Satsiima, Nos. 1-291.
Brooks at Yainawa, near Kagoshima, Xos. 202-302.
Bay of Ariake, Nos. 334-335.
River at Kuniamoto, Xos. 336-473.
River at Ozu, i)rovince of lyo. Shikoku, Xos. 474-4S,S.
River at Hamada in Iwauii, Xos. 4S9-513.
Lake Biwa, Xos. .')14-.52S.
Ping- Yang River, Chosen, Xos. 520-53.5.
I'wajima, lyo, Shikoku, Xo. 53().
Kuina River near Kunuunoto, Xos. 537-53S.
River at Hamada. Iwanii. Xos. 530-541.
Jiiitsu River, near Toyauia, Hida, Xo. 542.
Mouth of the River Kitakami near Senchii, I'likuzcn, .Xos. 545-547.
Upper tributaries of Kiso River in Shinshu, Xo. 54S.
Hachi, Komasliilia. Fukui, Hino River, and Lakes Kita.aata and Mikata, Ecliizcn, (Kolici Xonaka)
Xos. 910-007.
Lake Kasumigaura, Mito (Kancmatsu Ilattori) Xos. 087-1031.
6. Specimens from Otaru and Takashima made liy I. Moiiwaki. Chief of the Hokkaido fisheries
Exi)erimcnt Station at Takashima, sent througli Professor Shigeho Tanaka of the IiuiK'rial University
of Tokyo.
7. Specimens from Ku^-hiro market from K. Akitani, Chief of tlu- Kushiro Fisheries Substation,
sent througli I'rofessor Tanaka.
8. Specimens from Xeniuro market, from T. Murakami. Cliief of the Xemuro Fislieries Sulista-
tion, sent through Professor Tanaka.
9. Specimens sent from the Imperial University of Sa])])iiro, through Professors S. X'ozawa, and
Madoka Sasaki; these obtained about Otaru and Sajiiioro, by Messrs. S. Takayasu and Toyozi Majima.
10. Specimens obtained by I'rofessor Senzi Yamamoto of the Imperial University of Kyoto at
Wakanoura in Kishu, and in company with the senior author at Osaka. Kobe, Yainada, and Toba.
11. Specimens otstained with the help of Professor Tamiji Kawamura of tin- Imperial Fniversify
of Kyoto, in Lake Biwa at Otsu, a few added from jirevious collections in different localities.
12. Si)ecimens presented by a former student, I'rofessor Yoshiro Manalie of the Kansei Gakuin
(College) of Kobe, by Kokichi Mikimoto from his iiearl-fisheries at Tatoku Island in Shima, and Yasukei
Tsuchiga, a teacher of science in the local "Middle School" of Yamada.
13. Specimens collected by Mr. M. Gist Gee at Soo-chow. China, and sent by Dr. Cora B. Reeves
to the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan.
14. Specimens collected about 1008 by the late Professor Keinosuke Otaki, mostly on the coast
of Eehigo (Xaoetsu). These have been sjiecially studied by Mr. Kasawa.
The material obtained has been distributed anions different museums, the
types of new species, with all those figured in the present paper and many others,
being placed in the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. The Catalog numbers at-
tached to the specimens in the Carnegie ^luseum are given in the following pages.
9() MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEl'M.
A s(H'()ii(l sciics is in the American Museum of Natui;ii History, N(>\v York;
a third in the Museum of the University of Michigan; and a fourth in Cornell
Univeisity. The icsidue are being retained at Stanford University in California.
The seciuenee adopted in th(> i)resent recoi'd is that of the (Uitalogue of the
Pishes (if Jdjxni by Jordan, Tanaka, and Hnydei-, publislicd on Maieh 31, 1913,
l)y the ImjK'i'ial University of Tokyo. In this Catalogue one thousand two hundrcnl
and forty s])eeies :ire enumeiated fi'om Jai)an pi'oper, exclusive of I'^ormosa, the
Bonin, and the Ryukyu Islands. About one lumdred species have been since
added, most of them through the researches of Dr. Tanaka. In the present list
each species is given (in brackets) the number assigned to it l)y Joi'dan, Tanaka,
and Snyder. S])ecies not obtainctl in 1022 are not inc'uded in tlie i)resent list, and
in geneial matter already in pi'int is not here repeated.
The accounts of the Sal/itonifJa in tlie present paper are the .joint woi'k of tlie
senior author and Mi'. Ernest Alexander McGregor, a former student, now
Assistant to the California State Fish and Game Commission, engaged at Stanford
University in a detailed study of the development of the salmon of the Pacific
Coast. The account of the Sea Cat-fish, A^e/(///;r/ <is(tka\ was i)re]iared in collabora-
tion with Mr. Masanosuke Kasawa of Sajijioro, an advanced student at work on
the fishes of tlie Hokkaido. Other assistance has been given by Mr. ^McGregor
and Mr. Kasawa.
The following new genera are described in this paper
PHA8MICHTHYS (mits,ikurii) CliiniMTida"
PANTOPHOS (gland ulljcr) Myctophida-;
LAMPROSSA (antcorbitaliK) Myctophida-
BELLI(i()]?IO icristigwii) Cypriniihr;
ACAHARA {ncni(ililiis) Cyiiriiiidip;
MOROCO (hcrgi) Cyprinida';
AXAGO (anagu) CongridEp;
CONGRISCUS [mcgaMomus) Consridae;
ASTROCOXCKR {mijrinMer) Congrida-
ALLOCOXGER {flaviro^tri:<) Coiigrida-;
RHYXCUIOCYMBA {ngMromi) Congrida;
RHYXCHOCOXGER {crten urus) Congrida;
COX'GRIXA (irquorefi) Congrida;
SAWARA {tn'iihoiiia) Cyliiida;
KISFIIXOELl.A (nira) Tlumnida;
OCYCRIUS (japonicu.'i) Centrolophidir;
TRIORUS {trUropis) Ostraciida;
SEBASTOCLES (elegnn:^) Scorpanida;
W.VKIYl'S (siiiiiiisiis) Platycephalida;
COCIUS UrocoilUux) Platycephalida;
RUTABULUS (mcgaceijliulus) Platycephalida
OCELLA (doilecaedron) Platycephalida;
IBURIXA (iburia) Agonida;
IBURIELLA (A-a.sY/wff) Agonida;
EXC.EURA (evides) Eleotrida;
ZALESCOPUS (tosa;) L'ranoscopida;
DASSOX (tronxulus) Blenniida;
OXCESTHES (flurhianf<) Blenniida;
ZESTICHTHYS {tanakw) Znarcidas
ALLOLEPIS (holhnidi) Zoarcida;
JORDAN AND UrBBS: JAPAXESi: FISHES COLLECTED l'.l22.
97
The species listctl Ix'low aie described as new:
Dasyatis iishiei Jordan and lluljlis;
I'sj/chichthys eidolon Jordan and Ilubbs;
Oncorlujnchus adonis Jordan and McCJregor;
Oncorhynchus kawamui-ir Jordan and ^McGregor;
Oncorkynchus ishikawo' Jordan and McGregor;
Oncorhynchiix rhodurus Jordan and McGregor;
Salveliints inibrius Jordan and McCiregor;
Xetuma osakw Jordan and Kasawa;
dnathojiogon suinv Jordan and Ilubbs;
Gnalhopogon majinnE Jordan and llulibs;
Gnathopogon lotiyijilis Jordan and Hul)bs;
Gnalhopogon tsuchiga' Jordan and Hubbs;
BeUigobio eristigma Jorilan and Hiil)bs;
Sarcocheilichthyx inorii Jordan and Hut)bs;
Acahara jusanensix Jordan and Hubbs;
Moroco yamamotis Jordan and Hulibs;
Pneumatoplwrus peruanus Jordan and Hul
Liopempheris sasakii Jordan and Hubbs;
Malakichthys ivakiyw Jordan and Hubbs;
Sebastodes thorn psoni Jordan and Hubbs;
Brachirus bellus Jordan and Hubbs;
IburieUa kanawa Jordan and Hubbs;
Encaura evides Jordan and Hubbs;
Tcenioides snyderi Jordan and Hubbs;
Zalescopus iosw Jorilan and Hubbs;
Zatescopus satffunue Jordan and Hubbs;
Zestichthys tanakce Jordan and Hubbs;
Alloleijif hoUandi Jordan and Hulibs;
^lonomitnpu^ kianw Jordan and Hubbs;
Cdflorhynchus giUicrti Jordan and Hubbs;
The foUowing additional species are here recorded foi' the fii-st time as belonging
to the fish-fauna of Japan i:)roper:
Heierodontus zebra (Gray);
Pentanchus species;
Stoasodon narinari (Euphrasen);
Coilia ectenes Jordan and Seale;
Diaphus latus Gilbert;
Lamprossa anteorbitalis (Gilbert);
Pantophos glanduUfer (Gilbert);
Gasterosteus acuhatiis microrephalus ((iirard);
Gymnosarda nuda (Guiither);
Cmsio lunaris Ehrenberg;
CcBsio ccErideoaurcus (Lacepede);
Ccesio chrysozonus Kuhl and \"an Hasselt;
Upeneoides vittatus (Eorskal);
Xibea albiflora (Richardson);
Oihonins undovittaiux (Jordan and Seale);
Cantherines tessellatus (tiunther);
Arnoglossus tenuis Gi'inther;
Oncesthes fluctiKins (Weber);
The excellent plates in tlie present paper, as also in an earlier memoir on the
Fishes of Hawaii, weiv prei)ared by the late William Sackston Atkinson, Natural
History Artist of Stanford University.
Family EPTATRETID.E.
1. [2] Eptatretus burgeri (Girard). Nuta-unagi = '>ak\d-Eel.
A specimen of this well-known hag-fish was taken by Aoki at Misaki.
2. [3] Eptatretus okinoseanus (Dean).
This hag-fish is represented in Aoki's collection from Misaki l^y a single
specimen, which agrees well with Dean's account.
3. [5] Paramyxine atami Dean.
Three examples of this hag-fish, regarded l)y Dean as tiansitional between
the Eptatretidoe and the Myxinidce, were collected by Aoki at Misaki.
98 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family PETROMYZONID.E.
4. [G] Entosphenus japonicus (Martens). l'a/.sM//«-(//(r(f// = Eight-eyed Eel.
Nine .sjiecimens of the Sea-i'un Lamj^i-cy of Jajjan, Alaska, and northern Asia
were obtained by Mr. S. Takayasu from Karafuto near Otaru in western Hokkaido.
These are all typical: size large; myotomes numerous; oral fiml)rite rather
iian-cnvly palmate; dorsal fins separate; teeth strong and sharp; e.xtra-orals strong,
t)ut restricted to front of di.sc; laterals all bicuspid; three on each side of the mouth;
sui)ra-()ial widely and sharply bicuspid, with at most a barely perceptible median
denticle; infia-oial with eight to ten (usually eight) cusps, of which the outer two
on each side ai'e more or less com])letely fused, leaving four (usvially) to six unjoined
cusps medially; laterals connected postciiorly l)v a half ring of small but pi'ominent
teeth.
The distribution and characteristics of this s))ecies hav(> lately been discussed
b}' Creaser and Hubbs.'
5. |7] Entosphenus mitsukurii (Plat ta). Siui(iii<ttsu)it(i = ^-Ainl-
Eight-eyed Eel, or Lamprey.
The degenerate Brook-lampreys of Japan have been referred by Regan and
by Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, to the European Lampetra planeri, while Creaser
and Hubbs in their last review of the family- although showing the species mitsukurii
to be an Entospliemis, still thought that Lampetra pkojei-i also occurred in Japan.
(3n re-examining the material of this grou]) in the Stanford collections we find
nothing Init Etitasphoius mitsukurii, and only that species is represented in the
collection upon which we are now re])orting. We think it im])robable that Lampetra
planeri occurs in Japan.
Entosphenus mitsukurii diffei's fi-om the commonest of the three Brook-
lami)reys of the eastern United States, namely Entosphenus appendix, with which
Creaser and Hubbs confused it, in having fewer myotomes and less palmate oral
fimbrije. It is closely lelated to E. appendix, however, and both of these brook-
foi'ms were ob\'iously dei'ived from a sea-rim sjiecies like Entosphenus japonicus.
These thre(> species together comprise a distinct groui), called Lethenteron by
Creaser and Hubbs.
Like the Brook-lampreys of other regions, those of Japan break up into a
complex of local races, differing in degree of degeneration. For this reason we
list our specimens separately.
'Ucc-as. Pap., Mus. ZoOl., Univ. Mich., \o. 120, l(i22.
'Ibidem.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 99
An ammoccBte, 131 mm. long, collected l)y S. Xakano in Shinsliu. has fifty-six
myotomes between the last gill-oix'iiing and the anus.
Two recently transformed specimens, with the teeth soft and imperfect (l)ut
tyi)ically arranged) were taken by R. Abe at Himeji. One is a female with de-
veloped anal fin; 92 mm. in total length, with fifty-nine myotomes in the trunk.
The other is a male, with elongate penis; 86 mm. in total lengtii; fifty-eight
myotomes.
Two examples, 121 and 145 nun. long, were taken in Lake Biwa. Myotomes
fifty-six or fifty-seven. Two from Sapporo, Hokkaido, presented b>- Dr. Kawamura,
are especially aberrant. One is a mature male, 147 mm. long, with sixty-seven
myotomes in standard count, and the coloration mottled. The other is a mature
female, 142 mm. long, with sixty-three myotomes and the coloration plain.
Family CHLAMYDOSELACHID.E.
6. Chlamydoselachus anguineus Carman. 7?a6 » Ay/ = Silk-shark;
Tokagi-zame = Lizard-shark.
A stuffed example of this anomalous shark from Sagami Bay is in the Museum
at Yamada, Lse. With others it was presented by Baron Y. Tanaka.
Family HETERODOXTID.E.
7. [12] Heterodontus japonicus (Dumeril). Xeko-zamc = Cat-shark;
Shan><h<)-za)nc = Salamander-shark.
A small specimen of this shark was taken at ]\Iisaki by Aoki. A stuffed ex-
ample from the coast of lse is in the Yamada Museum.
8. [12A] Heterodontus zebra (Gray).
A heterodontid shark from the Osaka market (Jordan) differs widely from
Heterodontus japonicus, the only species hitherto known from Japan, but agrees
fully with Carman's account^ of H. zebra, a Chinese and East Lidian species.
Family SCYLLIORHIXID.E.
9. [19] Apristurus platyrhynchus (Tanaka). Hira-zamc = Flat-shark;
Shiribire-onaga-zame = Long-tailed Shai'k.
Scylliorhinus platyrhynchus Tanaka, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXVIL 1909, p. 4.
Apristurus platyrhynchus Carman, ]\Iem. ]\Ius. Comp. Zool., XXXVI, 1913, p. 98.
A mounted .specimen from Sagami, apparently belonging to this specie.s, i.s in
the Museum at Yamada.
=Mem. Mu.<. Comp. ZoOl., XXXVI, 1913, p. ISl.
loo MEMOIRS OF THK CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Fninily PKXTAXCHID.E.
10. |2.3A| Pentanchus utHJcsciilM'd species. /\.'af/(//Y/-;cf/H/r = Lion-sliafk.
A mounted specimen of this s{)ecies is in tiie Yamada Museum. It is said
tliat othei's luive been taken on the coasts of Ja])an, but as yet no description of
the foi'in has been ])ublislie(L
Tlie sinj;le doi'sal fin is jiiaced above the anah which is twice as lafji(>; Ijotli
tliese fins are low; the ventrals much larjiCM' than either, and in.serted Ijeliind the
middk' of tlie body; ])ectoral small; caudal short and rather low. Gill-oiienings
five, the first nnich hijiher than the otheis, which aic ])r()gressively ^shortened.
The species s(>ems to differ from J'ciddncliiis proj'jindicnlus Smith and Radcliffe
fi'oni the Philippines in the lai'ger ventrals and smaller ])ectorals. We may leave
it to the Jai)anese naturalists to name and describe.
Caninoa harbarus Nardo, an unrecognized species from the Mediterranean, is
much like Pentanchus. but tlu> single doi'sal is mei'ely descril)ed as "behind the
ventral."
Family GALEORHINID/E.
Genus Gynias Gill.
Tlie name Cynias CAW must stand foi' the "Si^otted hounds," with Musielus
canis or sUUdiu.s as tyi)e, as Ciill has ah'eady shown (Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI,
11)03, ]:>. 900 J.
11. |24] Cynias manazo (Blceker). //o,s///-;w^////e = Star-shark.
Sappoio market (Majima); Yokohama and Osaka markets Jordan); Ghoshi,
(G. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki). The sj^ecies is generally common.
The white s])()ts cliaracteristic of this species vary fiom being sharply defined
to bai'ely traceal)le. These color variations do not seem to be correlated with any
structural differences. The first dorsal fin is above the inner angle of the pectoral
fin, as Garman has noted. One specimen from Yokohama market (Jordan coll.),
C. M. Gat. of Fishes, No. 7774.
Genus MusTELUS Linck.
The generic name Mustehis A\as independently applied to Squalus mustelus
Linna-us by several authors: Linck, (1790); Leach, (1812); Fischer, (1813); and
Guviei-. (1S17). Most early wi'iters, however, failed to notice that the original
Stjualus mustelus was made n\) of two ([uite distinct species, later respectively
known as Mustelus Iccvis and Mustelus slelUttus, or canis. Linck, however, definitelj^
makes his S(iualus mustelus identical with Mustelus la'vis. If we regard the species
JORDAN AND HUBHS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 101
of this type as divisiljjc into two s^'ii*"!':!. tlic iianie Mustcliis must stand for the
"Smooth IIoiuuls," the /(;r/.s-ty])r, in which the cmhryo is connected by a placenta
with the uterus. The name (ialcus Rafinesciue must he i-e,t>ar(led as a .synonym.
12. [25| Mustelus griseus Pietsclunaim. /////-,ra///f = Dos-shark.
Mustelus (iriscuti Pietschmann. Anz. Akad. Wi.ss. Wien, X, 1908, ]). 132;
Sitzunssh. Akad. W'iss. Wien, CXVII, 1908, p. 58.
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Toyama, Sea of Ja|)an (('. Ishikawa); Tokyo
market (Jordan and Snydei-, 1900).
This species prol)al)ly is a ti'ue Mustclu.'<. It differs wi(h'ly from Cynia^ mnnnzo
in havmo- botli tlie labial folds short, the outer not bein^ I'xtended farther than
the inner (oi' lowei) one; the ridge at the symphysis of the mandibular band of
teeth more elevated; the postei'o-ventral caudal lobe lower and more rounded; the
dorsal fin moi-e postei-iorly inserted, its origin usuaUy being behind tlie ti]) of
the pectoral; the terminal lolie of the caudal fin in the young is Ijlack medially
and white alxive and below, rather than unifoi'mly (hisky.
13. [27] Galeorhinus japanicus (Aliillei- and Henle).
YciniL-u-fuku = Comfort Shark.
A specimen from Miyazu was pi'esented by Dr. Ishikawa. Others were seen
in the Osaka market (Joidan).
The specific nam(> was oi'iginally spelled as here given.
14. |29] Prionace glauca (Linnjeus). Fo.s// //.//•/ = Oi-iole Shark.
Two young sjiecimens from Misaki are in the Aoki ( 'olk'ction. The species
was seen, but not taken, in the markets of Tokyo, Osaka, etc. It is the commonest
shark in the markets of Japan. The fins are largely shipi)ed to China, the gela-
tinous rays making excellent .souj:). The s]x>cies needs com]iarison with the
European form.
Family SPHYRNID.E.
15. [34] Sphyrna zygeena (Linnaeus). ,S/(»//;"/.'/-:"///(' = Hammer-shark.
A large embryo from Misaki (Aoki) is at hand. Dr. Joi-(hin found the species
common in the markets (Tokyo, Shizuoka, Osaka, etc.) l)Ut took no specimens.
Family ALOPIID.E.
16. [35] Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre). Onaga-zame = Yery long shark.
An embryo from Mi.saki (Aoki). It is conmion in th(^ markets (Tokyo, Osaka,
etc.). This species, with others fi'om Japan, needs comi)ari.s(jn with the Atlantic
forms.
102 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
The name vulpinus of Honnaterre (1788) is piiof to tlial of vulpes (Gmelin,
1789). Vulpcculd NHiriiKi of X'alniont dv Boinaic. 17()S, adopted hy Garnian,
seems not intended by its avitiior as a scieiilific name, latlici- a mefe latinizatioii
of the Freneh vernaeular '7r rciKird iniirin."
Family MITSUKURINID.E.
17. |3()| Mitsukurina owstoni .Ioi(hin. 7'(Y/(/-2:r»/K'^ = Goblin-shark;
Zu()-Z(UNc= I']lei)hant-shai'k.
A specimcMi of this s])eci(>s from Sagami Bay is in the Muscnun at Yamada.
Family LAMXID.K.
18. [38] Isurus glaucus (^Ililler aiul Ilenle). .4ry-2:a//»'= Blue shai'k.
A lai'ge example is in the Yamada Museum.
The posterior insertion of the dorsal, well behnid tlie pectorals, has been used
to define the genus Isuropsis Gill, l:)ut according to Garman the same character is
found in Lsiirus (i.ri/rliy/tchus Rafinesque, the type-species of I sums.
19. [39] Lamna nasus CBonnaterre). »SrtAT-za?»r = Salmon-shark;
Hoshiirani-zatne = f>tar Alligator-sliark.
Jaws in the Yamada Mu.seum, from a sliark taken off the coast of Ise, belong
to this species, which needs comparison with Atlantic examples. The teeth are
long, sharp, and flexuous. witli a denticle on cixch side.
The specific name itasus (Bonnateire) has i)i-iority over cornubica (Gmelin).
20. [40] Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaais). Oshira-Z(:une = CirQa{ white shark;
Hirmjashirti-zattH' = Flathead-shark.
A young example from the coast of Lse is mounted in the Yamada Museum.
Family CFTORIIIXIIXF].
21. [41] Cetorhinus maximus (Gunner). llxt-Zdiiic = ^urse-shiivk.
A young specimen, six feet long, is in the Yamada Museum.
Family PSEUDOTRIAKID^
22. [43] Pseudotriakis acrages .loixlan and Snyder. 0.s7u'-2ame= l)unil)-shark.
As Garman has noted, the name "ncnilcs'' given to this species b}' Jordan
and Snyder is a misjirint for (icnujes (duml)).
Thf (.leinigiid, 'I'iyii or 'I'liiyii, is noted idr tlic leiij^th of his nose.
JORDAN AM) lirBHS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 103
Family SQUALID.E.
Ciemi.s Squalus Linnanis.
Three very distinct species of Squalus inliabit tlie waters of Japan. As they
have been oreatly confused, and their names variously interchanged, we offer the
analyses and synonymies o;iven below.
A Key to the J.\p.\nese Species of Squalus.
a. Body conspicuously spotted with white in the young (the spots often beconiins obsolescent with
age). Pectoral fin shmter, extending not at all. or only at its tip, V)eyond vertical from dorsal
origin. First dorsal spine about midway between tip of snout and end of second dorsal base;
ventrals also more posterior in position. Nasal valves less distinctly Inlobed . . . {acaiithian-grou])).
b. First dorsal spine less than half the height of fin, shorter than base of fin without spine. Pre-
oral length of snout much greater than distance from eye to first gill-slit. Other characters
as under c Squalus suckleiji.
na. Body never spotted, not even in the embryo. Pectoral fin longer, its entire jiosterior edge being
behind vertical from dorsal origin. First dorsal spine midway between tip of snout and second
dorsal spine, or still farther forward; ventrals also more anterior in position. Nasal valves dis-
tinctly bilobed (6/rti'?u'(7/cj-group).
r. Nostrils near middle of pre-oral portion of snout. Snout longer and much mure acute
terminally; the width of head at mouth about ecpial to pre-oral length of snout.
Posterior angle of pectoral fin scarcely produced and acute, so that the margin of
the fin is but weakly concave. Lateral keels of denticles all bent inward to parallel
the main keel, so that the scale with age becomes regularly tricarinate.
Squalus milsukurii.
cc. Nostrils much nearer ti]) of snout than mouth. Snout shorter and blunter at tip; the
width of head at mouth much greater than pre-oral length of snout. Posterior
angle of pectoral fin notably produced and acute, so that the margin of the fin is
rather strongly concave. Lateral keels of denticles often lient abruptly outward,
the scale then presenting a cross-like figure Squalus hreriroslris.
23. [44 in ])art] Squalus suckleyi^ (Girard). 7'.s///;o-f/am/ = Harbor-shark.
Spinax (Acwithias) suckieyi (Iirard, Proc. Acad. Xat. 8ci., Phila., VII, 1854
(1856), p. 196 (Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound).
Acmithias suckiii Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., Fishes, X, 1858, p. 368. —
SucKLEY, ibid.. Vol. VII, 2, 1860, p. 367.
Squalus suckiii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., XIV, 1862 (1863), p. 499
(after (Iirard).— Jordan and Evermaxn, Bull. U. S. X. AI., XLVII, 1, 1896,
p. 54 (Aleutian Islands to Santa Barbara). — Jordan and Gilbert, Fur Seal
Report, III. lSi)9. p. 434 (Bering Island). — Evermann and Goldsborough,
Bull. Bur. Fish.. XXM, 1906 (1907). p. 228 (Alaskan and British Columbian
recoi'ds). — Starks and [Morris, University of California Publ., Zool., Ill, 1907,
p. 168 (near San Diego).— Regan, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (8) II, 1908, p. 46
(Pacific Coast of Xorth America southward to California). — Starks, Ann.
^The si)elling of the specific name, suckieyi, was changed without warrant.
104 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Car. Mus., VII. 11)11, p. 207 (Paget Sound).— Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp.
Z.iul.. XXXVI, li)13, p. 194 (North Eastern Pacific; e.xclusive of "variety"
niitaukurii). — Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. AI., L, 1916, p. 420 (San Diego). —
Starks, Tal. Fish and Game. Ill, 1917, p. 152, fig. 02 (from South of Point
Concepcion in California to Alaska). — Hubbs, Copeia, Xo. 43, 1917, p. 37
(Monterey Bay and Santa Gatalina Island, CaUfornia).
S<ju(ilufi acanthias Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. X. M., Ill, 1880 (1881), p. 458
(Puget Sound, S;ui Francisco, Monterej^ Bay, Santa Barliai'a). — Jordan and
JouY, ibl(}., IV, 1881, p. 33 (Santa Baii)ara to Alaska, especially northward).
—Bean, ibid, IV, 1881 (1882), pp. 261, 209, 272, 474 (British Columbian and
Alaskan records).— Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. N. M. ,VI, 1883, p. 16
(in part).— Bean, Proc. U. S. X. M., VI, 1884, p. 361 (Johnston's Straits,
British ColumlMa). — Eigenmann, ibid., XV, 1892, pp. 129, 132 (near San
Diego). — Bean and Bean, ibid., XIX. 1896, p. 237 (Commander Islands). —
Berg, Pisces Mar. Orient., 1904, ji. 287 (records from eastern Asia). —
Pavlenko, Kazani, Trd. Obsc. jest., XLII, 1910, j). 11 (records from eastern
Asia). (Xot of Linna'us.)
Stjiudus mitsukurii Jordan and Fowler (not "Jordan and Snyder"), Proc. U. S.
X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 629, fig. 3 (Specimen from Aomori, and figure based
on this specimen, not the type). — Jordan and Evermann, Bull. Bur. Fish.,
XXIII, 1903 (1905), p. 45, fig. 6 (figure only, wTongly stated to be "from the
type").— Tanaka, Annot. ZooL, Jap., VI, 1908, p. 236 (off Korsakoff, Sag-
halien Id.).— Smith, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLI, 1912, p. 679 (Japan). — Jordan,
Tanaka and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 18 (synonymy
and range in part, and figure). — Jordan and Metz, Mem. Car. Mus., VI,
1913, p. 4, fig. 2 (figure only).— Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XXVI,
1917, p. 471, pi. 130, figs. 368-370 (Watanoha, Province of Rikuzen). (Xot
Squalus mitsukurii, type.)
Squalus trcdciya' Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan. XXVII, 1918, p. 475 (after
Squalus tnitsukurii Tanaka, 1917).
Kushiro (Tanaka) ; Noo, Mikune. Fukui. We have also at hand the young
specimen figured by Jordan and Fowler as Squrdu.'i ntitsukurii. Our five young
specimens from .Japan are \\ell sui)plemented by Tanaka's figure and description.
Careful (•onii)arison has convinced us of the complete similarity of Japanese
and Californian Dog-fishes of the acanthias-group. The species is the one
originally named »S. fiuckleyi by Girard. It is the one figured, but not described
or designated as the ty}>e, in the first account of SquahLS mitsukurii, and is the one
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 105
lately well described, figuivd, and differentiated fioin the other forms occurring
in Japan by Tanaka.
The ^^'hite-spotted Dog-fish (the acantliins-gvoup) seems to be everywhere
restricted to cold or temi)erate coastal waters, in both tlie Northern and Soutliern
Hemispheres. Squalns suckletji ranges from the Aleutian and Commander Islands
southward to the southern end of California and to the northei-n part of Japan.
Throughout this wide arc>a the range of the species appears to be appi'oximately
continuous. The known record-stations are given in the synonymy.
24. [44 in part, and 451 Squalus mitsukurii Jordan and Fowler.
A o-zame = Blue-shai'k.
Aaintliia.'i vulgaris Te.m.minck and Sciilegel, Fauna .Jai)onica, I'isces, 1850, \). i^OJ,
pi. 135 (Nagasaki?). — Ishikawa, Prel. Cat. Fishes Imp. Mus., 1897, p. 01
(Kagoshima) incc Risso).
Squalus uiitsukurii Jordan and Snyder, Annot. Zool. Jap., Ill, 1901, p. 129
(Misaki; a strict nomen nudum; locality not uncertain, as stated by Tanaka,
1918.— Jordan and Evermann, Proc.U. S. N. M., XXV, 1903, p. 318 (Misaki;
virtually a nomen nudum). — Jordan and Fowler (not "Jordan and Snyder"),
Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 629 (the type as designated and described,
and a i)art of the iiai-at>-iK^s from Misaki, etc. and probaljly some of the f)ther
specimens referred to, but not the specimen from Aomori, which is the one
figured, nor most of the Misaki paratypes). — Snyder, Bull. Bur. P'ish., XXII,
1902 (1904), p. 515 (Honolulu; Albatross Sta. 4085, Hawaiian Islands).—
Jordan and Evermann, ihkl., XXIII, 1903 (1905), p. 45 (Kailua, Hawaii;
station 4085, after Snyder; not the figure, ei'roneously stated to be from the
type). — Gilbert, ibid., p. 580 (Albatross station 4085, Hawaii). — Reoan,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) II, 1908, p. 47 (China, Jai)an, Hawaii).— Jordan,
Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. IS (synonymy
and range in part, not the figure). — Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.
XXXVI, 1913, p. 195 (as variety of sucklu).
Acanthias mitsukurii GiJNTHER, Fische der Stidsee, Pt. 3, 1910, p. 490 (Japan,
Hawaii).
Squalus japonicus Ishikawa, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., LX, 1908, p. 71 (Tokyo
market, said to have come from Sagami Bay; Kagoshima, this latter record
cjuestioned by Tanaka, 1917). — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Joui-. Coll.
Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 18 (after Ishikawa). — Jordan and Metz, Mem.
Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 4 (Chinnampo, Korea). — Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes
lOG MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEdlE MUSEITM.
J:il):m, XX\'I, 1!)17, p. 407, pi. 130, figs. 365-367 (Tokyo to At.suta, Owari;
? Nagasaki; ? Rikuzen).
Squalus mitsukurii is the species figured by Schlegcl, and the one described,
but not the one figured, by Jordan and Fowler; it is identical with SquaJuHJajxmicus
Ishikawa, and not with Squalus brevirostris Tanaka, as Tanaka thought in 1918.
It is a very common si)ecies in southern Japan, and is recoixled also from ( 'hina
and Ivorea. Very similar specimens have been described fi'om the Hawaiian
Islands (See synonymy) and these seem to belong to the same species. We have,
however, no Hawaiian mateiial at hand.
This species is very simihir to the Mediterranean Squulu.s l)bu')iril[ii Risso,"
of which we have two examples fiom Naples, Init differs in the shorter pectoral
fins and shorter dorsal spines. The material of tS. nn'txulcurii at hand com])rises
only the type, one larg(> and one embryonic pai'aty])e.
25. Squalus brevirostris Tanaka.
S(iu<ilus niifstikurii Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 629
(not the type, l>ut most of the fa>tal i)aiatypes fi-om Misaki; not the specimen
figured). — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII,
1913, p. 18 (in jiart; after Jordan and Fowler). — Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes
Japan, XXVII, 1918, p. 475 (after Squalus brevirostris Tanaka, 1917). (Not
Squalus mitsukurii as determined by the specimen designated as type and
described) .
Squahis brevirostris Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XXVI, 1917, p. 464, j)!. 129,
figs. 362, 363. and pi. 130, fig. 364 (Japan, probably from Shimonoseki).
A specimen of this species was taken in the Osaka mai'ket (Joi'dan).
Squalus brevirostris is reiiresented among the type specimens of Squalus
mitsukurii by numerous "cotypes" from Misaki, but not, as Tanaka indicated in
1918, by the type-s])ecimen, designated as such and descrilied by Jordan and
Fowlei'.
Species of the same type as brvvirodris, and some of them j)robably identical,
occur in Korea,' Formosa, •* the Philippine Islands," Austraha,"' the Juan Fernandez
''Sec Regan, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), II, 1908, p. 47.
^Siiualus mitsukurii .Jordan and Metz, Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 4.
**S(jualus, species, .Jordan and Evermann. I^roc. V. S. X. M., XXV, 1903, p. 318. — Siiii(iiii.<< japonicus
(?) Jordan and Richardson, Mem. Car. Mus., IV, 1909, ]>. 102.
'■'S(iualus phUippiiiuK Smith and Raih'liffc, in Smith, Proc. U.S.N.M., XLl,19r2,p.(i77,fig.l,and pl..51.
'"Acanthias blainvillii Gijnther, Cat. Fislies Brit. Mus., \'III, 1870, p. 419 (and some subsequent
authors, not of Risso). — Acnnthias megaJops Mach>ay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S.Wales, VI, 1881, (1882),
p. 307 (Port .Jackson).— -SV/»a/i/.< megalops Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus., IV, 1901, ]). 33, pi. 4, fig. 3 (Xever-
fail, Australia). — Regan, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (8), II, 1908, j). 47 (South Australia, Tasmania).
.lOHOAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1H22. 107
Islands off tlu' coast of ('liilc," lii-azil,'-' and Natal." Having no material outside
of Japan, however, we do not venture to identify N. hrci'im.^trix with species from
various remote regions.
26. [48] Centroscymnus owstoni ( iarnian. }'/////(-;:f////<' = Dream Shark.
A male from the market of Sliizuoka on Suruga Hay (Jordan) agrees tlioroughly
with Garman's description and figure.'^ Four young specimens, of both sexes,
27 to 31.5 cm. long, collected by Aoki at Misaki, differ shai-ply in having the
scales everywhei'c roughly tricarinate, the cai'ina' being the sculpturing of the flat
denticle overlying a rathei' fleshy, pitted, and pedunculate base. The difference
appears to indicate age I'ather than s])ecific variation. It is probable that with
age the denticles become jM-ntacarinate and finally smooth, the change taking
place from the caudal i-egion forward toward the head. In oui- larger six'cimen
the head and fi'ont i)oi'tion of the trunk bear strongly carinate scales, which gi-ade
into the smooth i)itted scales of the posterior region of the body.
This and othei' shai'ks are used at Shizuoka in the manufactui'e of Kamoboku
or fish-cui'd. The fish ai'e boiled and shi'edded, mixed with a floui' of some sort
and pressed into cheese-like cakes. The best grades are formed from Sciaaioid
fishes (especially A^ibc<t jd/xtnicfi and Nihca schlc(i<l/), the cheapest from sharks.
Genus Deanla Jordan and Snyder.
The name Aninthidiioii Lowe (1839) cannot l)e used for Dcdnia, as Garman
propo.sed in 1913, because the first revisers, Jordan and K\'ermaiui ( 189()) restricted
Acanthidiiti/i to the first species named by Lowe, .1. pusitluiii, which belongs in
the genus Elninplvrua.
27. [47] Deania eglantina .loidan and Snydei-.
Hirntsuno zame = Broad Harboi'-shai'k.
Three spec'mens, collected at Misaki by Af)ki.
^^SjjiiKix firii(}iid(zi(inu:< ( iuicheiint, in (lay, Hist. Cliilc, ZikiI., pt. 2, 1S4S, ]), lid.'i, Isle Feniaiidcz. —
Acarilhidx fi niiniilczidii iix Pliilippi, An. I'niv. Cliilc, 71, ISST. p. .').")'.*, pi. 4, fig. )•!.- S<jiiiil iix f< riKiiidinus
Garman, Mom. Mus. ('(imp. Zdnl., XXW'I, l',)i:5, p. II).") (not nf Molina; most (if synnnymy cxc-cptcd)
Lsle Fernandez.
''SqvaliiK hliiinrillii liilieii'ii, .\rcli. Mus. IJio de .Iancir<i. Xl\'. I'.IOT. \i. Ids (nut iif Hisso).
^^Sqiialiix arrdipiiniis Refjaii, Ann. Xatal. Mus., 11, I'.IOS, p. 24S, pi. :i7 : Ann. Mas. Xat. Hist., (.S)
IT. lOOS, p. 47. (South Afrira. Mauritius).
'^Garman, Mem. -Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXVI, HUH, ].. 2(l."i, iil. 13, liRs. 5-S.
lOS MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
28. [53] Deania rostrata ((iarinaii).
The I'font lialf of a specimen, .somewhat lai'ji;cr than the ty])(', was ohtaiiietl in
the Sliizuoka inai-kct (.Jordan). It agrees in detail with ( iarman's de.seri|)tion and
fi,iiure.'"
29. [54] Deania histricosa (CJarman).
A female specimen, 48 cm. long, was collected in the market of Sliizuoka, on
Suruga Bay (Jordan). It agrees very well in most respects with Carman's descrip-
tion and figure (I.e.. p. 220, pi. 11) but differs in having the inner lol)e on the
anterior nasal valve neai'ly as large as the outer one.
(tcuus D.\l.\ti.\s Rafinescjue.
The name Ddlatids Rafinesque (1810) was first restiicted l)y Swainson. who
made J). H(iiiuniiiv = SfjUdhts granuldsus Schneider its type. The name Dalntias
consequently should ai)parently supersede Centrophorus MUller and Henle (1837).
Garman I'ecoi'ds thi-ee species of Cenfrophonis from Japan, which may stand as
follows: DaUdias (tens (Garman); Ddhdiaa (dronidrdinatus (Garman); Dalatias
tesselhdus (Garman).
30. [55] Dalatias acus (Garman). Taro-zame.
In Shizuoka Dr. Jordan saw a large .squaloid shark, which probably belonged
to this species. It had the dorsal fins low and not falcate, and the color j^lain gray.
Its most striking feature was the bright green eye, which seemed to be alive, staring
unl)linkingly while the body was being converted into Kamaboku.
Family PRISTIOPHORID.E.
31. [Gl] Pristiophorus japonicus Gunther. X(>k()giri-zai)u' = '>in\-^htirk.
One specimen was taken in the Osaka market (.Jordan).
Fins jiartly naked; about forty-four I'ows of teeth in the ui)i)t'r jaw.
Family SC^^ATINID-E.
32. [134] Squatina japonica Bleeker. 7va«»-2:«//(c = Ghange-shark.
One specimen from Alikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa).
Family RHIXOBATID.E.
Genus Rtiixobatos Linck.
The generic name RliiiHihidn.^ Linck (1790) antedates Rhuialxdu-s Bloch and
Schneider (1801).
'^Mcin. Mus. ('oinp. Zool, XXXVI, 101:5. 11. 21s, pi. 11, fitjs. 1-4.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. ' 109
33. [66] Rhinobatos schlegeli (Miiller and Henle). Sakata-zame.
A specimen from Xoo. nvav Niigata on the sea of Japan (Lshikawa). Others
were seen in the market at Osaka.
Family TORPEDIXID.E.
34. [70] Narke japonica iTemminck and Schlegel). Shibere-ei = ^umh-vay.
]\Ii.saki (Aokij.
Family PLATYRHIXID.E.
Genus Platyrhixa ]\luller and Henle.
If the name Platyrhina (1838) is regarded as distinct from Platyrhinus, the
substitute names Analithis Gistel (1848) and Discobatus Garman (1880) are not
needed.
35. [72] Platyrhina sinensis (Bloch and Schneider). L'c/im'a-2;ame = Fan-shark.
We have a specimen from Mikawa Bay {'SI. lshikawa). Another from Sagami
Bay was seen in the Yamada Museum.
Family RAJID.E.
Genus Raja Linnaeus.
Key to the Japanese Species of Raja.
o. Upper parts wholly covered with spinules Raja isotrnchys.'^
aa. Upper parts mostl}', but not wholly, beset with spinules Raja knjiensis."
aaa. Upper parts largely smooth.
b. Snout little or moderateh' produced, its length from eye much le^:s than the distance from
spiracle to inner angle of pectoral fin; front margin of disc little concave.
'^Giinther, Challenger Reports, Deep Sea Fishes, 1887, p. 7, p\. .3.
"Allied to Raja ixotrachy.'i is Raja kiijiensis Tanaka, Dobutsu-gaku Zasshi, XX\'III, Xo. .331,
May 1.5, 191G, p. 173. .\n English translation of the Japanese description has been kindly supplied by
Dr. Tanaka:
"Disk rhomboid, wider than long (including ventral fins); snout shghtly pointed, its tip making an
angle of one hundred and forty degrees; the disk weakly crenulate in anterior margins, rounded at outer
angle, making an angle of about one hundred degrees; posterior angles of disk also rounded, making
an angle of about ninety degrees; longer diameter of eye shorter than interorbital width; length of snout
(measured to front of eye) about two times interorbital width; spiracle shorter than diameter of eye;
teeth in each jaw in twenty-five rows; two dorsals well apart. Body uniformly scattered with small
spines, the spines very few in a small area behind spiracle, none on the border of eye only; large spines
arranged in a single row from behind eye to second dorsal on the middle line of dorsal surface; near centre
of disk a pair of rather large spines on either side of the spines of mid-dorsal line; lower surface entirely
smooth. Color in formaUn purplish brown, with a few black spots, which are scattered irregularly and
unsymmetrically in relation to the mid-dorsal line; under surface dead-white, with but few dusky spots;
margin dusky gray. Locality: Kuji, in Hitachi, northeast of Tokyo. Length: 82.5 mm."
110 ■ MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
c. Snout scarcely produced, its length equal to distance between outer edges of spiracles;
line joining extreme angle of pectorals dividing the disc into two pciual parts; body
covered with black spots. Rostral cartilages united for more tlian half their
length; caudal fin developed; lateral folds on tail coiisijicuous, extending to middle
of caudal fin Rajafusca.
(T. Snout moilerately iiroduced, its length much greater than distance between outer
edges of spiracles; line joining extreme angles of pectorals dividing the disc into a
larger more attenuate anterior part and a smaller posterior portion; liody without
black spots.
d. Rostral cartilages united for only one-third their length; caudal fin barely
evident. Lateral folds of tail very wide, extending almost to extreme tip
of tail; tail depressed throughout; first dorsal separated from the second by
more than half its basal length; a single row of spines on top of tail in
specimens as long as 385 mm.; body unmarked, except for the two pectoral
ocelli of the young, and faint lighter spots Raja smirnovi.
(III. Kostral cartilages united for half their length; caudal fin rather high.
e. Lateral folds of tail broad, extending to middle of caudal fin; tail de-
pressed throughout; first dorsal separated from second by less than
half its basal length; series of spines on top of tail multiple in speci-
mens as small as 25 cm. ; no spines developed on lateral edge of
tail; body rather plainly colored, the pale blotches indefinite or
absent, even in the young Raja tobce.
ee. Lateral folds of tail obsolete; tail becoming compressed toward tip, the
caudal fin unusually well developed; first dorsal separated from the
second Ijy more than half its basal length; series of spines on tail
single in specimens as long as 35 cm. (a partial series of spines on
each lateral edge of tail in a specimen 58 cm. long); body coarsely
and conspicuously lilotched with ])ale, except in large adults.
Raja kenojei.
hi). Snout greatly jjroduced, its length from eye about equal to distance from spiracle to inner
angle of pectoral fin; front margin of disc deeply concave. Rostral cartilages united for
about half their length. Caudal fin rather high; lateral folds of tail weak anteriorly, well
developed posteriorly, extending to middle of caudal fin; tail depressed throughout; first
dorsal separated from second by more than half its basal length; series of spines single
on to]5 of tail; adult with a single additional series of spines on each lateral edge of tail;
coloration ])lain Raja tcngu.'^
36. [76] Raja fusca Garman. Kurokasubc = B\iick 'iikate.
Raid fusca Garman, Proc. U. S. N. M., VIII, 1885, p. 42. — Jordan and Fowler,
Proc. U. 8. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 649.— Pietschmann, Sitzungsb. Akad.
Wiss. Wien., CXVII, 1908, p. 645. — Garman, ^slem. Mus. Comp. ZooL,
XXXVI, 1913, p. 349, pi. 24, figs. 4-5.
Raja kenojei Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIII, 1901, p. 337.—
Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 652; and of other
American writers. — Pietschmann, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, CXVII, 1908,
p. 647. (Not Raia kenojei MUller and Henle, nor of other writers prior to 1900).
'^Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. M.. XX\'I, l!t03, p. 054, fig. 8.
JORDAX AXn III'BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. Ill
This species is obviously not the one called R. kenojd l)v Allilk'r and Hcnlc.
We feel fairh' certain that the form identified by recent workers as R. kenojei is
the adult of Raja fusca, as we have mature individuals, others half-grown, a young
one, and an embryo, well matching Garman's type, all apparently representing
stages of growth in one species. The black spots first appear on the pectoral
ocellus.
The embryo was collected by S. Yoshizawa at Toyama on the Sea of .Japan;
the young specimen by Aoki at ?^Iisaki; a male 39 cm. long, with small claspers, by
Jordan in the Yokohama market.
37. [78] Raja smirnovi " Soldatov and Pavlenko. Majattc-kasube.
Raja hiunculata Schmidt, Pisces Marium Oi'ientalium, 1904, ]). 291 (not of (lirard,
a ( 'alif ornian species) .
Raja meerdervoorti Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. AI., XLII, 1912, p. 4(J1 (in part at least;
not Raia meerdervoortii Bleeker).
Raja smirnovi Soldatov and Pavlexko, Ann. Musee ZoiU., Acad. Im;). Xat. Sci.
Petrograd, XX, 1915, p. 162, pi. V, Peter the Great Bay.
Of what seems to be this species we have a young male 385 mm. in total length
(C. M. ("at. Fishes Xo. 7776). taken with a slightly smaller {)aratype off Fukui on
the Japan Sea (Xonaka aiU.}. Six smaller paratypes were collected by S. Takayasu
'^As thf original accMjunt liy the Russian author i> not generally accessiMe, we api>enil the siib-
f-tanee of it:
Description of a New Species of the Family Rajid.e from Peter the CJreat Ray and from the
Okhotsk Sea.
Ry V. Soldatov and ^L Pavlenko.
Raja smirnovi >|i. nov.
Type, a male S))ecinien 1(177 mm. long from Peter the Great Bay; cotyiie, .a female specimen
.510 mm. long from Okhotsk Sea .5S°3.S' X, l.-)2° 4.5' E,, obtained hy Dr. Derbek at depth of 60 fathoms.
Disk much broader than long: the snout broad, not produced at tip. The anterior margin greatly
arched; the rostral angle being about 100°. Interorbital area broad. (Mjiicave. Roth U])per and lower
surfaces are naked; only a few minute spines or prickles jiresent along the anterior and (xisterior l)order
of pectoral fins, on ti]) of snout, f)ii anterior and posterior portion of m'bital rim. Three strong siiines on
middle of back in male, and onlytwo in female specimen. Two strong scajnilar spines in male, as in female.
Xo spines on middle of disk, .\fter interruption the sjiines reappear in a series of 22-26 on liack of tail;
a wide band of coarser minute prickles on each side of tail. Under parts without spines and prii^kles.
A wide lateral fold along either side of tail. Pectoral hooks very well developed; they are usually railial
in i)osition, in 22-23 series, and have at most 6 7 hooks in a series. Dorsals very high and very near
together. Retween dorsals there is no spine in the males, and only one in the females. Teeth 20-24.
Color in spirits; light brown alidve. whitish below, no s])ots or blotches.
Length of body 1077 mm.; width of disk 7S.t mm.; lengtli of disk .544 mm.; length of snout 136 mm.
Xamed for Mr. Smirnov, Inspector of Fisheries. Collected in the Okhotsk Sea.
112 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEXTM.
at Takashima. iu>ar Otaiii. It is (lovihtless northern in distribution, and is a])-
parently the same as Raja smirnovi, lately described from the coast of Siberia.
Our material is contrasted with the other Japanese species in the key given above.
It is closel,y related to the Shore-rays of western North America, most closely
perhai)s to R. binoculata and R. inornata. Fi'om R. hinoculata it diff(>rs in the
shaii)ly indented margin of the ventral fin and in coloration, from R. inornata in
the less widely connected rostral cartilages, in having the second dorsal and caudal
fins entirely separated, and in the spination of the back.
Disk broader than long, the greatest width, when measured backwai'd fi'om
tip of snout, extending to a ]ioint midway between the end of the ventral fin and
the insertion of the first doi'sal; its jwsterior margin weakly convex, while the
anterior margin is slightly flexuous, a gentle convexity opposite the ej^es not ciuite
reaching to the chord across the general convex curve. A straight line between
the extreme angles of the disk approximately coincides with the end of the second
third of the length of the disk. The front angle of the whole disk is about ninety
degrees in the larger specimens, about one hundred degrees in the smaller ones;
the angle of the snout, fifty-five degrees in the larger, ninety degrees in the smaller
specimens; the snout, as the measurements indicate, becomes produced witli age,
but the extreme tij) is nevei- sharply pi'oduced beyond the general contoui-; the
length of the snout from the eye is nearly four times the width of the concave
interorbital, about 1.7 times the distance between the outer edges of the spiracles;
the length of the snout before the mouth is about 2.4 times the width of the mouth,
or the least distance between the nostrils, and is contained 1.6 times in the distance
fi'om the mouth to the front of the anal slit. Outer edge of ventral fin sharply
indented or deei)ly concave. Tail shoi't, its length when measured from middle of
anal slit only equal to the distance from that point forward to the middle of the
l)i-e-()ral length of snout; it is much compressed throughout, becoming excessively
flat towai'd its tijx Lateral keel, wliich originates near the extreme base of the
tail, extending backwai'd to within less than 2 mm. of end of tail, leaving a keelless
tip scarcel.y longer than broad: the keel increases in size posteriorly, its dorsal
width opposite the second dorsal being equal to the depth of the tail inmiediately
behind that fin. The first dorsal fin is inserted nearer the end of the tail than the
anus by a distance equal to its own base, and is separated from the second by an
interval nearly equal to its base. Supracaudal extremely low, its height being
only one-tenth its length; only separated bj' a short interspace from the second
dorsal. Body wholly smooth, except for a few strong spines, arranged as follows:
one at outer edge of front orbital rim, directed outward and backward; one at
JOKDAX AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 113
inner edge of front orbital rim, directed straight hackwai'd: one on orliital rim
opposite back of eye, directed outward and backward: only one at the shoulder: a
row of eight to eleven strictly median spines on the tail, and one or two more be-
tween the dorsals. The strong rostral cartilages converge in a slightly com-ex
curve towartl the tip of the snout, and are free for two-thirds of theii- length.
The brown color of the upi^er surfaces is m(M-e oi' less indefinitely broken l)y
paler blotches. The pectoral ocelli are vividly distinct in our smaller s])ecimens,
being reddish, with or without a gray center, within a narrow black ring, Init in
the larger specimens are rather indefinite. In the young the tail may l)e trans-
versely banded. The lateral keels of the tail and the extreme front margin of the
disk are pale.
As our largest specimen has the claspers barely developed, this ray must
attain a large size. Our specimens differ from the original account of this species
in the entire absence of small prickles, and in the smaller numbei' of spines on the
middle line of the back, both features probably matters of age.
38. [73] Raja tobae Tanaka. A7;.s»hc' = Skate.
Raja meerdervoorti Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXXIII, 1901, p. 337.
—Jordan and Fowler, Proc, U. S, X. :\I., XXVI. 1903, p. G50, fig. 7, and of
subsequent writers, except Pietschmann. 190S, and Snyder, 1912. Pioliably
not Raia meerdervoorti i Bleeker.
Raja tobcc Tanaka, Zool. Mag.*, XXVUI, 1910, p. 313 (in Japanese): Fig. Desc.
Fish. Japan, XXV, 1917, pp. 453, 455, pis. 124-127.
Of this species we have a male, very like the type of R. folxc, from Aliyazu
(Kyoto Fishery In.stitution) ; a female, like Tanaka's allotype, from the Tokyo
market (Jordan); and six smaller specimens, one from the Tol)a mai'ket (Jordan
and Yamamoto). four from Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya), and one from ^likawa Bay
(]M. Ishikawa).
It seems to us probable that R. nieerdervoortii of the older authors (prior to
1900) is the same as the original R. kenojci. We therefore, adopt Tanaka's name.
It is a rather small ray, structurall\- well distinguished from the others of Japan.
39. [74] Raja kenojei ^lUUer and Henle. rjV«;^/e'i = Rasp-skate.
Raia kenojei Muller and Henle, Plagiostomen, 1838, p. 149, pi. 4S, and of other
authors prior to 1900.
*Frequt'iit references made in the synonomy in this pajjcr are to the ''Zool. ALas-" hy which is
intended the Dobutzu-Gaku Zasahi, a Japanese publication issued in Tokyo, of tlie title of which "Zoological
Magazine" is a translation. W. J. Holl.\.\d.
114 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
(?) Rdiii iiircrdcrvnnrlii Bleeker, Act. 8oc. Sci. Iiul. Ncerl., VIII, 1860, p. 66.
(?) Rdidjd/xniicd Xystrom, Handl. Svensk. Vet. Akad., XIII, 1887, p. 52 (Nagasaki).
Alisaki (Aoki) ; Toyania ( Yoshizawa) ; Miyazu (Kyoto Fish. Instit.). 2 9 9.
Tlio name kenajci is in current use for a vei-y different species, Raja fusca
(iannan. "riic name ineerdervoorti, which is ijrohably synonymous with kenojei,
has l)e('n used for the species lately named tobce by Tanaka. Mliller and Henle's
figure shows most of the trenchant characters of tlie i)resent form, tluis diverging
widely fioni Raja J'nscft. The sj^ecies, so far as we can ascertain, has not pre-
viously Ix'cn !•(■(•( )r( led by American ichthyologists.
Family DASYATID.Fl
40. [7!)] Dasyatis akajei (Miillei- and Henk-). -lAr(f?'= Red Ray.
Miyazu, Mikawa Bay.
This species is common in the markets of Japan, especially southward.
41. Dasyatis ushiei Joidan and Ilubbs, sp. nov. L'^.s7;;V/ = Cow-ray.
The tyix', and only known specimen, {C. M. Cat. Fishes, Xo. 7778), is a young
male, 988 mm. long to tip of tail, collected by Masashi Ishikawa in Mikawa Bay, a
branch of the Gulf of Ise.
This Sting-ray is obviously out' of very large size, for oiu- type has the claspers
still rudimentary. It may Ix' that the adult is the huge form known along the
Jai)anese coasts as ''ushiei." or "Cow-ray." An example of this Ushiei, fi'oin the
coast of Mutsu, near Aomori, was seen by Dr. Jordan in the Yamada Museum.
It was six feet long, had a great sting, and a single row of strong bucklers along
the back and tail, but was otherwise ai)iiarently smooth; the front margin was
rounded, not angular.
The chief characters of the tyjx' follow. Disk nearly one-fourth bi'oatler than
long (the greatest width 383 mm.; the length to opposite end of pectoral 310 mm.).
Tip of the snout but slightly produced; the front angle of the snout is 150 degrees;
the front angle formed between the nearly straight front margin of the disk is
105 degrees. The line across the greatest width of the disk traverses the anterior
part of the disk at a median distance behind the tip of th(> snout, which is 2.4 times
{\\v length of the snout. The ocular and branchial regions are considerably
elevated, so that the phy.siognomy a])i)roaches that of the myliobatid rays. Eyes
somewhat elevated; oi-bit about as large as the spiracle, which is of rhombic outline
and faces about eciually outward, upward, and forward; interorbital flattish, two-
thirds as long as the snout. Width of mouth about one-fourth less than least
internarial distance, a little less than half pre-oral length of snout, which in turn
JORDAN AND HT'BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. llo
is one-third distance from mouth to inner posterior angle of ventral fins. Only
twenty-three oblique rows of teeth in uppei- jaw. Oral papillae seven, in three
groups, of which the median series comprises three pa]:)illse. Outer margin of
ventral fins longer than either the anterior or posterior sides, slightly concave, and
forming an angle of about eighty-five degrees with the posterior margin, which is
subtruncate. Tail little more than twice as long as disk; slightly compressed an-
teriorly, hut terete and whip-like behind base of vspine. Upper edge of the tail
bearing a rudimentary keel sliorter than the orl)it, located nf)t fai' behind the
base of the spine; lower edge l^earing a very low fold, extending from its oi-igin
opposite base of .-^inne nearly one-third of distance to tip of tail, where it grades
into a low keel, covered with shagreen, which extends almost to the extreme tip
of tail. Except for the caudal s]3ine, the body is without armature of any kind,
and smooth shagreen is only developed on the posterior three-fourths of tail.
Color of the upper surface gray, with some blackish margins of irregular form
and disposition. Tail mostly blackish, white mottled with darker on the lower
surface of the thickened basal portion. Under .surface of di.sk white, with darker
clouds toward the margin posteriorly.
This .species is characterized by its large size, smooth body, the form and
keeling of the tail, the numerous (seven) buccal papillse, the blunt snout, etc.
42. Dasyatis species (?).
Another very large sting-ray inhabits the shores of Japan. It has the tail
armed with coarse strong tubercles, of very large size on the mid-line before the
spine. The lower edge has a strong fold, armed, except anteriorly, with small
tubercles, and extending from oppo.site the ba.se of the caudal spine to, oi- nearly
to, the end of the tail; the upjx'r edge has no keel or fold.
The tail of this species is often sold in the markets of Jajxin, l)eing made into
a cane.
The species apparently is not yet desci'ibed.
43. [83] Pteroplatea japonica Temminck and Schlegel.
Tsuba-kurii-ei = ^word-guard Black Ray.
A specimen from iNIiyazu was presented by Di-. Ishikawa. Others were seen,
but not taken, in the markets of Tokyo, O.saka, etc. It is generally rathei- common.
44. [84] Urolophus fuscus (iarman. A'«/v>-p;'= Black Sting-ray.
Yokohama market (Jordan); Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Alisaki
(Aoki) ; Kagoshima Baj' (Wakij'a) .
1 Hi MEMOIUS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family AETOBATID.-E.
45. [85] Aetobatus tobijei (BleekcM-). T<ih('-ei = 'ih\\\k-vt[y.
Tokyo market (Otaki). Not I'arc soutliwai'd.
40. Stoasodon narinari (Euphrasen).
Tokyo market; a .si)ecimen sent l)y Professor Otaki. This is the first I'ecoi'd
from Japan of tliis widely diffused s]X'cies. Exam])lrs from different regions need
comparison.
The name Aitobatus was j)rop(>sed by Blainville in ISIG foi' the "Raies aisles,"
of which Rajd aqidla Linnaeus was the commonest European and best known
species. In his "Faune FranQaise," edited by Serville in 1820, Blainville changed
the pai'ticle Ixdus in each case to hutis and m(>ntions under Aeiobatis but one
species, the ''Ruie aiyle,'' which he calls Aetobatis aquiln. This species later became
th(> type of Mijliohatis (Dumeril) Cuvi(>i\ 1817. In 1838, Miiller and Henle adopted
Myliobatis for the Eagle-rays, (juoting the earlier Aetobatis Blainville as a synonym,
while they established a new genus " Aetobatis N ." for the exotic Raja narinari
Eujihi-asen. In 1849, Cantor revei-ted to the original arrangement, making Mylio-
b(ttis a synonym of Aetobatis Blainville, and giving a new name, Stoasodon, to
Raja narinari. It seems to us that this arrangement must stand in accordance
with current rules.
Family CHIM.ERID.E.
In our oi)inion the genus Chiniara must be sul)divided, for the species are
distinguished by trenchant structural features. The seven species known to
inhabit tlie waters of Jajian may be (li\-ided among four genera. These may
briefly be contrasted as follows:
(I. Clasjifrs trifid.
Ii. .\iuil distinct from the sulicaudal; second dorsal fin not notcdicd Chnniira.
hi). Anal fin aljscnt.
c. Dorsal fin not notched Psychirhthys.
cc. Dorsal fin deeply notched Bathyalopex.
(III. C^laspers l)ifid: anal fin alisent.
(/. Dorsal fin not notched; caudal filament excessively jirolonfied . . . . Pliiif:mirhlhy.'^.
Genus Chim^era Linnseus.
Three Japanese species, C. phantasma,oirstoni, and jordani may be retained in the
genus Chimara, which otherwise will include only C. monstrosa of the Atlantic Ocean.
47. [87] Chimaera phantasma Jordan and Snyder. Gin-zame = Silver shark.
An adult female from the Osaka mai-ket (Jordan) corresponds well witli the
descriptions of this sj^ecies given by Jordan and Snyder, by Tanaka, and by
Garman. A mounted skin from Sagami Bay was seen- in the Yamada Museum.
.loHDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!I22. 117
(!(>mis PsYCHicHTHYS Fowler.""
We j)f()visi()ii;illy adoj)! this name for Chimsericls havino; tiifid elaspers, anal
fin al)sent, and tlu> dorsal fin not notched. In addition to the new species described
below Psi/chiclillu/s (xjilhiji has been listed from Ja])an, a record which needs
verification.
48. |S9] Psychichthys eidolon Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 1.)
Kdclii-zanic = Priceless shark.
CliinKint purpurascens (Gilbert M8.) Jordan and Snyder, Smiths. Misc. Coll.,
XLV, 1904, p. 235.— Tanaka, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XX, Dec. 1905, ]). 14.
Not C. purpurasccns Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXIII, 1903 (Aug.
1905), p. 582, fig. 231, which is a Hawaiian species.
Type, a specimen 128.5 cm. long, from "off Mishima, Izu, in Sagami Bay";
Cat. No. 12902, Stanford Univei-sity Fish Collection. (C. M. Cat. Fi.shes, No.7779).
Jordan and Snyder recorded the same specimen in 1904, refen-ing it to a
Hawaiian species described in a manuscript by Dr. Gilbert, which did not appear
until some time later. As the account given by Jordan and Snyder was not in-
tended as a description, but mei-ely as an indication that a black chima^ra occurred
also in Japan, the name purpurascens, dating from 1904, must be regarded as
nomen nudum, until the apjDearance of the ixiper by Gilbert. Tanaka gave a brief
account of the specie.s as Cliititara purpunisccns in his descriptions of Chim/era
jorddni and C. rnrstoni. Garman-' for no appai-ent reason uses this name to
rei)lace ('. jordani, a Japanese species unknown to Jordan, Snyder, or Gilbert, and
then I'enames the true C. purpurascens, as Chimaera gilberti.
Psychichthys eidolon is most like P. piirpurascens, the Hawaiian species, with
which it has been confused, but differs in the much higher first dorsal fin and
much shorter jiectoral fin, so that the spine is contained much less, instead
of much more, than two times in the length of the upper pectoral margin. The
soft dorsal rays are higher than in purpurascens, 4.5 in head.
Body moderately deep (depth a little less than one-sixth the total length),
and compressed throughout. Head massive, almost as deep (although only half
as wide) as long. Snout produced as a conic projection about as long as eye, and
with its base separated from the nostrils by a like distance; tij) of snout on level
with lower border of eye. Interorbital space convex, a little narrower than the
eye is long. Anterior dental laminae of the upper jaw contain five or seven enamel
-" Fowler, Prop. Acad. Nat. Sci. l>liila., I'.IOT, p. 411).
"' Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XL, 1911, p. 86.
118 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
rods; anterior laminjp of lower jaw notclied at symi)liysis. Eye, 4.2 in head;
orbit. 3.80; interorbital, 4.4; snout, 1.8; i)re-()ral length of snout, 2.4; di.stanoe
from snout to istlunus, 1.95; least distance from eye to gill-slit, 2.35, barely
greater than h^ast distance from eye to suborbital fold; eye to insertion of
dorsal spine, 1.9. Dorsal spine comparatively slender, without anterior keel,
posterolateral serrations, oi' posterior groove, and contained about 1.3 times in
head. Soft portion of fin extending as a rounded tip adjacent to the spine; slightly
farther outward it has a mai-gin, which is straight, except to\\ai-d the base, where
it is bent shari)ly l)ackAvard to merge into the low ke(4, which, enclosed in a fleshy
groove, connects the two doi-sals. First dorsal inserted nearly the length of an eye
behind vertical from end of head; second doi'sal farther backward, a distance
eriual to length of head minus eye. Second dorsal rising gradually to attain its
full height (4.5 in head) aliove middle of the depressed ventral fin, then main-
taining this height almost to its end. The short interval between second dorsal
and caudal is filled !)>' a fleshy ridge, which merges into the latter fin. Supracaudal
rising to its greatest height near end of first third of length of its base, which equals
the intei-\'al between origins of the two dorsals ; it is separated slightly by a notcli from
a very low fleshy keel, which extends farther backward about half length of eye.
Subcaudal similar in shape and height to supi'acaudal, but its rayed portion ex-
tends farther in each direction, its base being about one-fourth longer; it is con-
tinued without notches backward as an inconspicuous dermal fold well toward the
end of the caudal filament, and forward indefinitel}' as a thick fold. Pectoral fin
less than length of eye longer than head, and, when depressed, does not reach the
ventral; its edge is very slightly falcate dorsally, Init continued around in a wide
circle to a distinct notch at the lowei- posterior end of the base. Caudal filament
at least as long as the snout, as measui-ed fi'om the end of the rayed portion of
doi'sal. Tlic tip of the tail is impei'fect, and may have been broken off, but it
was probably little, if any, longer.
Color a uniform dee]i purpli-sh black, as dark on the belly as on the back. The
tone of color, and particularly the ab.sence of counter-shading, indicates that the
species inlial)its waters of great depth. Its Hawaiian representative. Psijclnchilii/s
purpurdscots. was taken at a de])th of between 957 and 1()()7 fatlioms.
Genus Bathyalopex Collett.
49. [93] Bathyalopex barbouri (Cai-man). H osh i-g i nzame = '^tar Clnmieva.
Cliimard spilata Taxaka, Joui'. ('oil. Sci. Imj). Univ., Tokj'o, XXIII, 1908, p. 15.
We have not .■^een this species.
JORDAN' AXn III'BBS: JAPANESE FISUKS COLLECTED 1922. 119
Genus Phas.michthys Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Genotype: Chimcera mitsukur ii .Iohda^ and Snyder.
This genus differs homHydrolagus {colliei) of the California coast (witli which
it agrees in having the claspers bifid and having no distinct anal fin) in the lack
of a notch in the second dorsal and in the great prolongation of the caudal filament.
Apparently Chimara nnrcv-zcahindice Fowler should be referred to this genus.
50. [88] Phasmichthys mitsukurii (Jordan and Snyder).
Chimara phantasnia Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. AI., XXM, 1003, p. 609
(not of Jordan and Snyder).
Chimcprn mitsukurii (Dean ]MS.) Jordan and Snyder. Proc. U. S. X. M.. XXMI,
January 23. 1904, p. 224, fig. 2, Sagami Bay. — Dean, Jour. ("oil. Sci. Tokyo,
XIX, Febiuaiy 15, 1904, p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2, Sagami Bay. — Gar.max, Alem.
Mus. Gomp. Zool., XL. 1911, p. 87.
A male from Misaki (Aoki).
Garman erroneously describes the claspers as trifid in this species.
Jordan and Snyder's description has slight priority over that of Dean, but the
name being taken from Dean's manuscript we must attril:)ute the specic^s to Dean.
Family PTEROTHRISSID.E.
51. [99] Pterothrissus gissu Hilgendorf. Gisu.
Shizuoka and Yokohama markets (Jordan).
This peculiar fish is common in rather deep water from the vicinity of Tokyo
southward. At Shizuoka great numbers are used in the manufactui-e of kamoboku,
producing a grade little infci-ioi' to that made from the sciaenoid fishes.
Family ELOPID.F:.
52. [lOlJ Elops machnata Foi-skal. K< ira-i irasli i = V\'\io\e 'r^ardine.
Alisaki (Aoki); Kobe market (Jordan).
The Elops of Japan and Formosa has been referred by Jordan and Richardson, -
Tanaka,-^ and Jordan. Tanaka, and Snyder'-^ to the Hawaiian species, E. Jia-
waiensis, rather than to the East Indian species, E. machnata, with which Regan-^
included it in his review of the genus. We have compared oui' three Japanese
specimens with two from Hawaii, the latter i-epresenting E. hairaicnsis. The
two forms were found to l)e extremely similar, the character of the projection
-- Mem. Car. Mu.<.. IV, 1909, p. 1(35, pi. G6, upper fig.
^' Fig. De.se. Fishes .Ja]):m, X, 1912, p. 184, pi. 50.
'^ Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 35.
-' Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (S) III, 1909, pp. 37-40.
120 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
of the lower jaw, (>mphasized by Regan in his key, being identical. Tliis character,
howevei-, seems to have no specific vakie. Shght differences appear in tlK> number
of fin-rays: the Japanese specimens having twenty-three to twenty-five dorsal
rays (sixteen to nineteen branched), and fifteen to seventeen anal rays (eleven or
twelve branched) ; while the Hawaiian re{)resentatives have twenty-five to twenty-
seven doisal rays (twenty to twcnity-one branched), and fifteen to seventeen anal
rays (eleven to thirteen bi-anched). A greater difference seems to exist in the
number of vertebrae, sixty-foui- in one from Jajjan, sixty-eight in each from Hawaii.
The Japanese specim(>ns furthermore have the head slightly shorter, the eye
smaller aiul the interorbital a little broader than in those from Hawaii. As Regan
describes like differences in his accounts of the two species, we return to his view
that the EIops of Japan and neighboring regions is referable to the East Indian
E. machnatu, rather than to the Ha\\aiian species. A comparison of larger series,
however, is still to lie desired.
Family DOROSOMID.E.
Genus Clupanodon Lacepede.
In accordance with the rules of the International Commission the name
Clupanodon Lacepede is restricted to Chi pea thrissa Osbeck, thus replacing
Koriosirus.
53. [103] Clupanodon punctatus (Temminck and Schlegel). Konoshiro, name of
a dungeon-castle, in allusion to the black cross-streaks.
Misaki (Aoki) ; Mikawa Bay (AI. Ishikawa) ; Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya) ;
Fukui (K. Nonaka); Miyazu, Tokyo, and Kyoto markets (Jordan). (('. M. Cat.
Fishes, No. 7780, a-b.)
This species is very common along shore, and is to be found in every market.
It is subject to some variation in coloration; the lines of black spots and the black
scapular blotch, although usually very distinct, being sometimes faint or obsolete.
Family DU8SUMIERIID.E.
54. [105] Etrumeus micropus (Temminck and Bchlegel).
Urutne-iirdslti = Market .Sardine.
Misaki (Aoki); Tokyo market (Jordan). Tolxi (Jordan and Yamamoto);
0.saka, Kobe, Choshi.
This species is inortlinately abundant along the whole coast of eastern Japan,
the commonest of the various fishes known as "iwashi" (sardine). It is dried by
the ton.
JORDAN AND HIIBBS: JAPANESE FISHES (XILLECTED l'.)22. 121
55. [106] Spratelloides japonicus (Ilouttuyn). Kihiina-iirdshi.
Tatoku Island, off Toba (K. Mikimoto).
This little herring, known by its l)rilliantly silvery lateral stripe, swarms off
the coast of Kyusyu.
It does not seem necessary, for reasons given elsewhei'e, to regard AtJicrina
jdpoin'at Ilouttuyn as the tyjie of tlie genus Stalcphorus Lacepede.
Family CLUPEID.E.
56. |1(»7] Sardinia melanosticta (Tennninck and Schlegel).
///'a.s7(/ = Sai'dine; M(t-iini^lii = Tnu' Sardine.
Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay (M. Isliikawa); Nagoya and Tokyo mai-kets
(.lordan); Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Kushii'o (Tanaka); Takashiina,
western Hokkaido (Takayasu).
This species is a true sardine, or Sanlinia, much hke Sardlnid pilrlinrdus of
Europe.
57. f 109 1 Ilisha elongata (Bennett). //m/ = Broad.
Osaka market (Jordan); Fukuoka (Hamada).
The little fisli fi'om Korea, known as ZiiiKisid chificnsifi (Basilewsky), seems
to be the young of this species.
58. 1 110] Clupea pallasii Cuvier and Vak'iiciennes. Nialun.
Kushiro (Tanaka). Hakodate.
The Pacific Herring is excessively common along the shores of the Hokkaido,
forming the object of large fisheries.
59. [Ill] Harengula zunasi (Bleeker). Znntixhi.
Tokyo and Shizuoka mai-kets (Jordan); Kagosliima Bay (Wakiya); Mikawa
Bay (M. Ishikawa); Fukuoka (Hamada); Fukui (Xonaka); Misaki (Aoki).
Genei'ally abundant soutliward.
Family ENGRAULID.E.
60. [112] Engraulis japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel). A''(/(;/,//(A/ = Wide-moutli.
Misaki (Aoki) ; Tokyo market (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ;
Tatoku Island (K. Mikimoto); Fukui (Nonaka). S])ecimens from Soo-chow,
China have also l)een examined l)v us, tlie first to be recorded from that country.
122 MIOMOIUS OF THE ('ARNE(!IE MUSEUM.
61. I113A1 Coilia ectenes Jordan ;iii(l Scale. Etsu=.]o\\Y.
An adult specimen tVoni near Fukuoka on the west coast of Kyusyu seems to
l)e i-eferahle to this Chinese species, rather than to Coilid ikisus* of the eastern
shores of Japan. From the same locality we have receiv(>d the Chinese A';7>rr(
alhijlora replacing!; the Japanese A^. imtsukurii. This general region no doubt eon-
tains a considerable intrusion from the Chinese fauna.
Pectoral filaments, G; dorsal I'ays, 1-3-10; anal rays, 95; transverse scale-
rows, about 80; scale-rows b(>fore dorsal, about 18. Eye and snout together a
little less than half the postoi'bital length of the head.
We have also examined a paratype of the species from Shanghai, several from
Soo-chow, and a seiies fi'om Port Arthur. We count the anal rays as 95 to 108,
Jordan and llei-|-e counted 100 to 113, while Joi-daii and Scale gave 123 for the
type.
Family SALMOXID.E
By David Starr Jordan and Ernest Alexander McGregor.
Genus Oncorhynchus Suckley.
In the north of Japan, especially around the island of Hokkaido, the Pacific
.salmon occur in great abundance, entering the rivers fiom the sea to sjjawn, their
habits being identical with those of the species on the Amei'ican coast from Alaska
to California. So far as known, the species of Northern Japan are identical with
those of the Northern and Eastern Pacific.
In Southern Japan, where the sea-water is much warmer, the salmon and
chan- do not apj^ear to enter the sea, the several species being land-locked in
mountain-lakes or confined to mountain-streams. As this condition has existed
un(loul)tctlly for a long time, certain forms have come to be distinguishable from
their ])resumablc ancestry as recognizable species. These foi'ms are more or less
dwarfed and the matui'ing ages of individuals, as revealed through study of the
scales, are always greater than those of their jwrent species of similar size. The
younger individuals exhibit in the brooks the habits of trout and are known by
the Ja]ianese as Ydinirinc, the adults as Masu. It is of interest to note that these
*Xote; AccDi-diiiR to Uendalil the Japiuicso species, Coilid iinsus Teiiuniiick i^- Selilegel, is not
separable from Coilia ditpeoidc-s Lacei)e(Je of the Chinese coasts.
According to Dr. Einar licinnbers (Svensk. Akad. \'id. XXII), who has cxaiiiincd the
Linnaean types, the original Clupca mystus L. (which liccanie Mydus duinoidcs of Laci-i)cde), is the
Chinese species, Coilia graiji Richardson.
The common .lapanese and Chinese species retains the name Coilia naxiis (Schickel). Coilia
clupeoiilci^ Giinth(>r (not Lacepcilc) is i)rolial>ly tiie same. Tiu' name Coilia rliiproides shonUl u;ive ]ilace
to Coilia myatus. 1). S. .Iord.^n.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 123
laiul-looked forms have undergone certain modifications in their anatomical
characters analogous to those of the true trout of the subgenus Trutta. The
increased number of vertebrae (63 to 70) is retained, however. None of the trout
have more than si.xty-two, so far as known. A final test is seen in the development
of the hooked nose in the ripe males (at least in the case of 0. adonis and 0. rhodurus),
and in the production of but one generation of ova and spermatozoa. The latter
characteristic obviously implies the death of the individuals after once spawning,
as in the marine species of Oncorhynchus. This condition has not been demon-
strated in Oncorhynchus ishikawce nor in 0. macrostomus, the southernmost form
of Japan, both probably derivatives of Oncorhynchus Kisutch.
Key to the Species of Oxcorhynxhus.
Subgenus Hypsii ario.
a. Gill-rakers comparatively long and numerous, 30 to 40 in number; scales relatively large, 120 to 133,
of which the structural characters are as follows: circuli typically terminating abruptly in reticu-
lations, which form a zone usually extending broadly along radial border of exposed area to near
margin of scale; exposed surface comparatively free of concentric or other markings.
h. Marine form. Vertebra' G4; pyloric cceca 7.5-95; branchiostegals 13-15; anal rays 14-16;
gill-rakers about 37; scales about 130; vertebrae 64. Color bright clear blue above,
silvery below; lower fins pale; upper fins dusky; young with obscure round black spots
above, which fade with age, often distinct on caudal fin; spawning males lilood-red, the
shading irregular nerka.
W). Dwarf land-locked forms; vertebra- 66 to 69; jivloric cceca 51 to (i9; anal rays 13 or 14;
branchiostegals 12; gill-rakers about 32.
c. Form lanceolate, symmetrical dorsal fin set posteriorly; caudal peduncle slender, 3 in
head; scales 134; niaxiUary 1.66 in head. Color silvery; male with a narrow l)right
red stripe along side; no black or red sjiots; dorsal and pectoral fins jxile, sharjily
and narrowly edged with l)lack (kIoiiIs.
cc. Moderately elongate; dorsal relatively anterior; gill-rakers 39 to 41 ; pyloric cceca 51
to 59. Sooty blackish, no sti-i]ies or spots on adult males, no red on sides.
kawnmura-.
Subgenus Oncorhynchus.
(Id. Gill-rakers comparatively short and few, 19 to 30 in number; scales often smaller, 130 to 215, the
circuli not terminating abruptly in the reticulations, when present.
(/. Scales very small, 1S5 to 215, circuli continuing through the reticulated zone; nuclear rings
coarse; rarely with more than one annulus; branchiostegals 11 to 12; gill-rakers 20 to 30;
pyloric cceca ISO to 217. Color bluish silvery below; hind part of back and adipose fin
with many black spots; caudal fin with conspicuous black, more or less oblong, spots;
males blotched with red; becoming excessively distorted, the shoulder conspicuously
humped at maturity; size small; flesh pale, with little flavor gorbuscha.
(Id. Scales medium, about 130 to 145.
e. Anal rays 13 to 15; branchiostegals 13 or 14; gill-rakers 20 to 25; pyloric
ea'ca 111 to 1.50; circuli of scales typically traceable part way
through the reticulated zone, which is narrow and rarely extends
bej'ond second year's growth; radiating scallopings commonly on
exposed area; scale often broadest on transverse axis; nuclear circuli
124 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
coarse; mature scale with two or three aniiuli. Coh)r dull silvery;
black spots small or obsolete; fins dusky; the adult male blotched or
liarrcd with darker, often l)rick-red; flesh pale and rather soft. .kela.
ee. Anal rays 14 to 17; branchiostegals 13 to 18; gill-rakers 22 to 29; pyloric
coeca 90 to 214; vertebra; 62 to 68; circuli of scales typically not
continuing on exposed area (certain races may have a very few
circuli present on exposed area) ; annuli often traceable on exposed
surface. Back and upper fins with many small roundi.sh black
spots; silvery becoming dusky at spawning time; largest in size of
the salmon; usually with red flesh -.tschawyischa.
(1(1(1. Scales rather large, 120 to 139; circuli not breaking up into reticulations at
border of exposed surface, and at least seven or eight (usualh' many) of
them continuing around on exposed area, even in older individuals; outline
of scale typically longest on antero-posterior axis; pyloric ca'ca relatively
few, 50 to SI; gill-rakers 19 to 25; anal rays 13 to 15; branchiostegals 12
to 15.
/. Marine forms.
g. Color silvery with few or no dark spots above; no red
spots; parr marks not persistent; breeding males dull
red; no red on caudal fin; dorsal fin more or less dusky
above; caudal deeply forked, the lobes acute; length
often twenty-five inches or more kisutch.
ff. River ami lake-forms.
h. More or less dwarfish; color various; the caudal in
life more or less edged above and below with red.
i. Scales with few (some to ten) circuli con-
tinuous around the exposed area; sides
with more or less persistent round dark
parr marks; black spots on sides often
intermingled with crimson spots; sides
below lateral line variously spotted; one
to usually fifteen larger spots in a .series
along side; dorsal and caudal with few or
no spots.
j. Dorsal fin above jet-black, this color
rarely fading in spirits, a pale area
below and one behind the black;
adipose fin mostly i)ale; caudal fin
deeply forked, lobes acute, its edge
dusky; anal rays 12 or 13 (rarely
11); gill-rakers 18 to 20 (rarely 21) ;
pyloric cceca 40 to 60; scales 125 to
135, approximately the type of
those of the Silver Salmon, 0.
kisutch ; circuli invading the exposed
area, revealing much greater age
than in equal-sized scales of 0.
ki.-<iitch; no spawning marks.
ishikav'CB.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 125
jj. Dorsal fin without hhu'k above, more
or less abruptly jiale at tip, im-
maculate, or with a few small
round inky spots along basal line,
usually four in number (often six
or eight, or only two, or wanting);
no black spot below first ray: tips
of anal and ventrals creamy white;
anal relatively low and small; adi-
pose fin dark-edged, but without
distinct spots, blacker in front at
base; sides of body more or less
spotted, usually with a row of
rather large spots along side of
belly, often duplicated; caudal
lunate, with bluntish lobes; anal
rays 12 or 13; branchiostegals, 11
■ to 14; scales 120 to 140, structurally
resembling those of the Silver
Salmon, 0. kisutch, but of greater
age than the scales of equal size in
0. kisutch. Dwarfish, not migra-
tory, so far as known. . marrnstomus.
ii. Scales with many (21 to 31) continuous circuli
on the exposed area; dorsal fin not Ijlack
above, with inky spots at base, those on
the fin rather numerous, mostly oblong,
narrow, and set obliquely; a dark spot at
base of first ray: caudal with no, or
numerous spots, which are elliptical and
parallel with the rays; the upper and
especially the lower ray of caudal bright
red in life; back and sides with numerous
round or oblong spots, no red spots; tips
of dorsal, ventrals, and anal pale: adipose
fin with a dark spot. Spawning male with
the head l)lack, the jaws much distorted,
and the maxillary very long. Anal rays
12 or 13; branchiostegals 12 or 13; verte-
bra' 03 (rarely 64); scales 127 to 133. ap-
proaching the type of those of the Silver
Salmon, 0. kisulch, but with traces of
reticulations (in a four-year old specimen,
twenty inches long) ; gill-rakers very short,
18 to 20; pyloric cceca 42 to 57: size
relativelv large rhofhiriis.
12() MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Subgenus Hypsifario Gill.
62. [lis] Oncorhynchus nerka (Walljaum).
Beni-masu = Red Salmon.
The Red Salmon of the North Pacific (Sock-eye, Blue-back, Krasnaya Eyb(i)
is not yet definitely known fioni Ja])an by typical examples, although abundant in
the Command(M- Islands and apparently in Kamchatka. It only enters rivers
having lakes at the head-waters, spawning in the streams above the lake, and
sjiending from one to {\\n\^ years in the lake. In certain lakes of Japan, however,
Lake Akan in Kushiro, Lake Tozama in Ugo, and Lake Hakone in Sagami,
specialized derivatives of this species occur, two of which may be regarded as
distinct species.
Oncorliynchus nerkn is subject to considerable variation, the races of the
different rivers of the Xf)rth possessing distinctive marks recognizable by experts,
though not available for specific distinction. In general the gill-rakers vary in
number from 30 to 40; the pyloric coeca from 75 to 95; the branchiostegals from
13 to 15; the anal rays from 1-4 to 10. The scales are about 130.
The structure of the individual scale of each species of salmon apjiears to be
sufficiently characteristic to make it worth while to incorporate a description of
each into the specific diagnosis.
Scale of typical 0. ncrka: Circuli nearly always terminating abruptly in re-
ticulations along the i-adial l^order of exposed surface, which forms a zone usually
extending broadly to or near to margin of scale. Typically only three to five
unliroken circuli invade the exposed area. Rudiments of annuli are at times
traceable around exposed area, liut more often the latter presents a blank record.
The dwarfed land-locked form in certain lakes of the State of Washington,
known as subspecies "kennerlyi." differ from the ordinary 0. nerka in their small
size (rarely over a foot in length), the body perhaps more compressed and the
black spots on the back usually more distinct, extending upon the upper rays of
the caudal and continuing over the whole caudal fin. The "kennerlyi'" or dwarf
form is probably ontogenetic, not to be noted in taxonomy, although, according to Dr.
Gilbert, individuals artificially confined, become mature and spawn when very small.
Two examples from Lake Akan in Kushiro, noted by Jordan and Snyder (See
Proc. IT. S. X. M., XXIV, 1902 (1904) p. 576) and preserved in the Stanford
Museum, have anal rays 15; branchiostegals 14; gill-rakers 19-|-22 = 41; scales 130.
Golor pale, with few. dark spots sparsely set on back, base of dorsal and upper
rays of caudal (entirel.y wanting in one specimen), pectorals, and ventrals very
dark above, paler on lower side.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!)22. 127
A spcciiiicn, Xo. 1928, from Kusliiro (Tanaka), more resembles tlie type of
0. (idonif^, differing in the mucli more (liffiis(> dark edging of the peetoi-al fins, the
miu'ii larger number of jnioric coeca, slightly more numerous gill-rakei's, and it
also shows the following characters: length 11.31 inches; anal rays 17; hranchio-
stegals 12 to 13; gill-rakers 14+20 = 34; pyloric cfeca 1)1; vertebrae f)() + r) = 6r) + u;
scales 133, which structurally show three circuli invading the exposed area; reticu-
lations present; annuli three (just completed third year). Body ratliei- deep,
compressed, the back elevated. Color rather dai'k, sides silvery, with no trac-e of
red stripe; small black spots along the back and on the uppei- i-ays of caudal.
Dorsal lighter toward base and tip, four oi- five distinct blai'k spots at base. Pectoral
with a l)road dusky margin. Adi])ose fin pale, with a daik sjiot; caudal pale, with
a few sj^ots on up]x>r rays. Peritoneum pale slaty-gray, with dai-ker rib-stiii)es,
but no stippling. This specimen must be refei-red to O. nerkit, having a like numl)er
of jndoric cceca. It may not be land-locked.
63. [118A] Oncorhynchus adonis Joidan and McGregoi-, s]). nov.
(Plate V, fig. 2; Plate VIII, fig. 4, scale.)
Of this species but two (>xamples were taken, a ripening male, 12. •)4 inches
long, Collector's Xo. 2190 (type), Car. Mus. Cat. of Fishes, Xo. 77S4, collected l)y
Doctor Jordan in Lake Hakone in Sagami in late ()ctol)er. and a ripe male S inches
long (I. W. Xo. 107) taken by Mr. T. Ota in Lake Kizaki at the head of the Hime
River near Xagano in Shinshu.
Form of bod>' gracefully elliptical, slender in head and tail and more evenly
symmetrical than in other salmon, thus conti'asting strongly with the chunky
0. rhodurus of the same waters. Dorsal fin set posteriorly. Head fully four times
in length to base of caudal; dei)th of body about foui' times in length; caudal
peduncle three in head; eye .six in head: snout 3.33 in head; maxillary 1.8; pectoral
1.2 in head; l)ranchiostegals 12-12 to 11-13; anal rays 13; dorsal rays 10; gill-
rakers 13 or 14, plus IS or 19 = 31 or 33; pyloric cceca 07 to 09; vomerine teeth
small, about five in a long and narrow seiies; two rows, each of four or five teeth,
on tongue, which is wide and slaty; peritf)neum whitish, unspotted; vei'tebra^
61-|-5 = 66 + U.='' Scales 131 to 134, structurally somewhat intcMuiediate between
those of the Sock-eye and Silver Salmon. About fi\'e circuli invade the ex])osed
area, where they are much more widely spaced than on the concealed area, making
"" Tliis formula for presenting the vertebral count will be followed in this treatment of the Salmonids
and is exidainalile as follows: The larger (first) number refers to those vertebra' not involved in the
caudal support; the smaller (second) number represents the numlicr of vertebra' from which arise the
widened caudal, neural, and ha'mal plates; "U" stands for the urostyle.
128 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
tlie focus excentric; three annuli present in the fourth year, a veiy hmited amount
of reticulation exhibited; scales of lateral line conspicuously acute: circuli of
nucleus widening toward focus (possibly a five-year old fish, if it is a two-year
nucleus) .
The type (Coll. No. 219U, ("ar. AIus. Cat. Fishes, No. 7784) caught in October,
1922, is beginning to appear hook-nosed. It was in life everywhere silv(M-y; the
head light yellowish-green; a conspicuous straight narrow band of bright light
crimson along sides; back greenish, with many small round black spots; base of
dorsal with four or five spots; caudal much spotted, some of the spots oblong; anal
with faint spots; sides unspotted; fins all a))ru]itly and narrowly edged with jet-
black, as though the color had been inked on; this marking especially distinct on
the pale pectorals; no red spots; no red on fins; no black nor pale tip to anal or
dorsal; a few small spots on bases of dorsal and caudal. In spirits the characteristic
red stripe disa])i)ears. leaving a white space.
An example, taken l)y T. Ota from Lake Kizaki in Shinshu (I. ^^'. No. 407),
belongs also to the grouj) of allies or derivatives of H. nerka and probably to H.
adonis. Its anatomical characteristics have been incorporated with those of
No. 2190 in the foregoing analysis. Length eight inches. Bodj' symmetrical, as
in tlie type of H. adonis. Back with small dark spots, extending on upper rays of
caudal. No red markings (in spirits). Fins dusky, not evidently edged with darker.
The example is a ripe male, although dwarfish.
64. [118B| Oncorhynchus kawamurae Jordan and McGregor, sp. nov.
Kunimasu = IjOca\ Salmon. (Plate V, fig. 3; Plate VIII, fig. 5, scale.)
This species, another land-locked derivative of 0. nerka is based on three
examples. No. 1836 (type C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7785), No. 455, and No. 466, all
ripe males from Lake Toyama in the mountainous w^estern pai't of Ugo in the
noithwestern part of Hondo, presented by Professor Tamiji Kawamura. It is
reputed to live at a considerable depth, coming to shallow water to spawn.
The specimen. Collector's No. 466, shows the following characteristics: length 12
inches: head 4 times in length; depth barely over 4 in length; eye 7.5 in head;
snout 2.9; maxillary 1.7; pectoral 1.33. Anal rays 14; dorsal rays 11; branchio-
stegals 12-12; gill-rakers 174-24 = 41 ; pyloric coeca 51; vomerine teeth 4 to 10 in a
zigzag series; scales to end of vertebrae 126. stmcturally showing four or five
circuli invading exposed area, badly absorbed, but at least in fourth year. Color
dark blue, not silvery, almost black; no dark spots on body or fins; fins dark,
tipped obscurely with black and black-edged.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 120
The paratype, Collector's No. 455, and the type, Xo. 1836, are entirely
similar, except that in the former the branchiostegals are 11-12: the scales 130;
gill-rakers 15 + 24 = 39. In the type specimen the branchiostegals are 12-11; the
scales 134; gill-rakers 17 + 23 = 40; and pyloric coeca 59. Of the two specimens
(Coll. Nos. 455 and 1836) the former had the .scales deeply iml)edded, which
prevented their study; but the latter clearly was in its fifth year with a two-year
nucleus. All the specimens are ripe males, but not hook-nosed.
This form differs from the land-locked variants of OncdrJiijnchus nerka chiefly
in the dark color, the lack of spots, the smaller number of l)rancliiostegals, and
especially of jiyloric cceca, as well as in the scale-structure, which sliows ahnost no
reticulation.
Subgenus Oncorhijnch us.
65. [123] Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Karafuto-mdsu = '^agha.lin Salmon;
Koon-masu. (Plate VHI, fig. 3, scale.)
This species occurs in the northern Hokkaido, where it is commonly salted
with the Sake, 0. kda. We have one specimen from the Hokkaido, found in the
market of Shizuoka.
It may be known by its very small scales (usually al)()ut 200); its small size;
and especially bj^ the large, mo.stly oblong, spots, which mark the caudal fin. The
ripe male is characterized by a conspicuous hump above the shouldeis so that the
depth of the body frequently exceeds one-fourth its total len^;th. The scale-
structure .shows circuli breaking up into reticulations along the radial lioi-der of
the exposed surface, and visibly continuing through the reticulations: nuclear
circuli coarse; rai-ely with over one annulus.
Our example (Collector's No. 2184) is a matui-e male. Length: 18.125 inches.
Color: slaty-blue above lateral line, not darker on l^ack; doisal fin dusky esiiecially
at apex: adipo.se fin lai-ge, ]xile: no spots, except tho.se on caudal, which are large
and elongate; sides below lateral line and belly pale; pectorals and ventrals dusky
above, the former with a wide distal darkish border; anal fin with a similar bordei-.
Anal rays 14; gill-rakers 14+ 18 = 32; branchiostegals 11-12; pyloric coeca (missing) ;
scales 185, structurally re.sembhng the scales of the typical Humi^lwck, O. (jor-
buscha, except that the second annulus is present at the maigin (much absorbed,
hence at least in its second year).
66. [124] Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). S(tl:r.
(Plate VIII, fig. 11, scale).
Sabno keta vel kaijko Walbaum, Artedi, Pi.scium, 1792, 72. Rivers of Kamcliatka.
After theA'e/a ov Kayko of Pennant and Kra.scheninnikow.
130 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Oitcorliijiivlntx l-cin Jordan and Snydeh, Pi'oc. U. S. X. AI., XXIV, 1902, p. 572.
(With detailed synonymy.)
SdhiKi niasou Brevoort, E.xp. Japan, 1856, pi. IX, fig. 2, (name on a very bad
drawing, changed in the text to Salmo orienlaliH Pallas, p. 275: Hakodate.
'? OnairlujtirJiiis niiisott Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, p. 571.
(Speeimen tVom Aomori; .scales 19U; A. 15; B. 13; gill-rakers 12+17 = 29.
Coloi-: l)lackisli, unspotted.)
Oiirorlnpirhus luiheri HiLCiENDORF, Monatsb(>r. Ges. Ost-Asien, XI, 1876, p. 25.
A. 16 to 18; B. 13-15; .scales 136 to 150. Hokkaido, common in niai'kets.
? Onairhi/nrliKs yes^oensis Hiloendorf, Monatsber. Ges. Ost-Asien, XI, 1876, p. 25,
Hokkaido. A. 16 or 17: B. 13 -14; scales 133 to 137;coeca 132 to 161 ; vertel)ra? 68.
This is the common large salmon of Japan, everywhere known as "Sake" or
"Shake," exceedingly abundant in the Hokkaido, extending its range southwai'd
as far as the Tone River, noi'th of Tokyo. From Aomori, Hakodate, and other
ports gi'cat numliers are shipped in salt to every part of the Empire. The flesh is
pale antl ratlier soft, but ^^alatable when freshly caught, and as a salted fish much
a])preciated.
Tliis species we have liitherto identified with the common Dog-salmon,
Calico-salmon, or Chum of Bering Sea and the Ameiican Coast, Oncorhynchus keta
(Walbaum). Tins identification is ])rolml)Iy correct, as renewed comparison
discloses no difference.
The young fish is plain whitish, more or less dusted with dark points, but
without black spots, ^^'itll age the body becomes blotched or barred with dusky
and dull red. Tlie dorsal and pectoral fins are more or less blackish; the caudal
edged witli dusky. Vomer without teeth in the adult. The usual weight is from
six to eight jxmnds.
The young female fish, desciibed and figured by Joixlan and Snyder as
"Oncorliijrichus masou" from Aomori, probably belongs to this species, but 190
scales were counted, the gill-rakers were 12+17 = 29, l)ranc]uostegals 13, anal
rays 15. Tlie fisli in question ^\■as dusky, without spots. The old male figured
l:)y the same authoi'S from Hakodate, must be the same species: scales 160, anal
rays 14, branchiostegals 15+15. In these salted fishes the pyloric ca?ca, and
usually the gills, have been removed.
It is possible that these two individuals represent a species distinct from 0.
krtd, darker in color and with smaHer scales. If so, figures 20 and 22 in Jordan,
Tanaka, and Snyder should belong to it. As in 0. kcta, the body and fins are
unspotted.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 131
In the present collection is a single specimen (Collector's Xo. 452) a ripe
female 19.5 inches long, from Sapporo, Hokkaido: anal rays 14; hraiichiostegals
13-14; gill-rakers 11 + 14 = 25; jiyloric cceca 170; scales 138, structurally agreeing
with the Dog-salmon, A-da-type; one or two circuli continuous around exjiosed
an>a, transverse axis widest, at end of its tliird year.
67. [121] Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum).
Masunosuke = Lord of the Salmon.
In Japan the great King Salmon is said to occur only in the extreme noitli of
the Hokkaido. A mounted example, probably fiom the ('oluml)ia River is in the
Yamada Museum. This is not represented in the present collertiim.
Owing to the fact that studies in Cahfornia l^y the junior author (working
under the Cahfornia Fish and Game Commission) have brought to liglit the occur-
rence of several remarkably well differentiated races of King Salmon, it will not
surprise us at a subsequent date to learn of the existence in the Hokkaitlo, or
regions to the north, of well-marked Japanese or Siberian (lerivatives of this species.
68. [122] Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). G'//;//H(.'i« = Silver Salmon.
This common species of Alaska and the Pacific Coast of the United States
is not yet definitely known from the main island of Japan. The land-locked or
river-form, here called Oncorhynchus ishikairce, has been several times identified
as 0. kisutch, of which si^ecies it is apparently a dwarfed off-shoot.
Counts of anatomical j^arts in a fairly large series of Silvei- Salmon in Cali-
fornia have yielded the following results:
Anal ravs. Coeca. Gill-rakers. Brancliiostegals. Scales.
Range 12-15 52-81 19-25 12-15 120-139
Mean 13.5 68.6 22.5 13.4 130
Number examined 34 66 I 28 \_ 34 17
Color .silvery, with dai'k points and a few rather faint dark spots on top of
head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and upper rays of caudal; caudal uns]:)otted
below; dorsal fin more or less tipped with dusky; pectorals and anal dusky; l>reeding
males mostly dull red, the head not black; no red on young exanii^les.
In the United States this species normahy reaches a length of about twenty to
twenty-five inches and a weight of from six to ten pounds.
The specimens from Otaru, Ura River, and Osatsubo, mentioned l)y Jortlan
and Snyder, may belong to this species, as also possil)ly tlujse taken at Aomori.
132 MEMOIUS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
09. |122A] Oncorhynchus ishikawae Jordan and McGregor, sp. nov.
YaiiKivic: K(tir(nii(isu = River t^almon. (Plate VI, fig. 1; Plate VIII, fig. 6, scale).
Sdhno jicrriji IIilgendorf, Monatsber. Ges. Ost-Asien, 1876, p. 25, Hokkaido
(not of Brevoort, Exped. Japan, 185G, p. 273, pi. IX, fig. 1, from Hakodate,
which is a species oiHucho). — Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV,
1902, p. 578 (in part). Specimens from Daiya River.
This s])ecies has much in common with Oncorln/nchus kisutcli, from which
species it was probably originally derived.
Oui' tyi)e of the species is an example fi'oni Lake Biwa (Collector's No. 189G,
Cai'. Mus. Gat. Fishes No. 7786), obtained with four otliers by Dr. Wakiya. It is
a young male, 7 inches long, with a young of Rhinogobius simiUs in its stomach.
Body symmetiical; head small, 4.33 in length; maxillary short, I'eaching little
beyond eye, which is small, 1.6 in snout; caudal peduncle rather slender. Color
very daik olive, paler on sides, with a few dai'k spots on back, but with numerous
white or pink spots irregularly scattered among the others (these sometimes
wanting); usually two oi' three small dark spots at base line of dorsal; apical third
of dorsal jet-l)lack, jxiler at base, a whitish spot on upper half of last five or six
rays; no spots on the fins, except at base of dorsal, where two to six (usually four)
black inky spots are usually evident. Anal and ventrals pale, the tips of both fins
abrujitly yellowish white ; anterior rays of anal fin more or less produced ; pectorals
dusky above on first fmv rays; caudal with dusky margin behind; one or more
(sometimes several) round blackish sjiots on side of belly in a series, these rarely
entiicly wanting, though growing obscure with age as the parr marks disappear,
one liclow the dorsal most permanent.
Anal rays 13; branchiostegals 12-13; gill-rakers 9+12 = 21; pyloric coeca 51;
vertel)ra' 58 + 6 = 64 + 11.; scales 133, structui'ally resembling the Silver Salmon
{kisuicli~iyY>v); about eight ciiculi continuous all arountl focus, which is central.
Our ripe s]iccimens have the scales rather badly absorbed and are seemingly in the
third year.
A larger example, an immature male from Lake Hakone (Collector's No. 438),
9.625 inches long, shows the following characteristics: the spots and other markings
mostly wanting or indistinct; the sides silvery; anal rays 12; gill-rakers 9+11 =20;
branchiostegals 13-14; ]Dyloric cceca 55; scales 135, showing eleven or twelve
circuli continuous aiound on exjjosed area; focus nearer anterior end; outhne wide,
elliptic, in general conformed to the type of the Silver Salmon in fourth y^ear;
caudal shallow-forked, with sharp angles; parr-marks mostly obliterated; color
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPAXE8E FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 133
silvery witli no red; tlu^ lilaek si)ots few, small, and veiy faint on back, non(> on
caudal, which is not edged with i-ed. Dor.sal fin deep black above, rather abrui)tly
paler below, especially at end of last few rays, about four elongate dark spots
along its base; pectorals j)ale slaty below, blackish above, especially on the anterior
two-thirds of their width; anal with dusky band traversing it midway, apex lighter,
the fin as a whole pale and small. The black area on the dorsal fin grows darker
with age, but the spots on the sides tend to disappear, the sides becoming silvery.
This specimen a]:)proaches matuiity. We have a .smaller one, much like it, also
from Lake Hakone.
Thirteen specimens of different sizes fi'om foui' to six inches long, palei' in
color, and with the parr-marks very conspicuous, were taken by Di'. Ishikawa on
a special trip to the SIuIhi River (Shibugawa), a mountain-stream near Ikao
in Kotsuke, Central Japan. These are variously spotted with black, a series of
larger spots along side of belly being almost always conspicuous (sometimes wanting,
or at other times duplicated); often with a dark spot below last ray of dorsal, and
smaller inky spots along its base. Vertebrae 64 in all X-rayed specimens.
From vaiious localities in Southern Japan come thirteen specimens 3.5 to 7
inches long, tlieii- colors moi'e or less faded. One of them from Uwajima has 69
vertebrae, one 68, the others 63 to 66. The branchiostegals vary from 11 to 14,
usually 12-13. tlie left .side usually having one more than the right; gill-rakers
usually 8+10=18; cceca 37 to 58; scales 125 to 140, the latter number in the
specimen (Coll. Wakiya, No. 536) from Uwajima; scales with five to eight circuli
continuous around exposed area, well se]5arated; the scales of the Silver Salmon
(0. kisutch) type, also of the scale type of a paratype of Oncorhynchus fonnosanus
(Jordan and Oshima) ; mostly in second year.
Other examples come fi-om the Kitakami River at Sendai (vertebrae 65, 65, 65;
cceca 46, 41, 45; gill-rakers 18. 18, 18) ; one from the Ki.so River in Shin.shu (vertebrae
68; cceca 37; gill-rakers 18); two from Hamada (vertebra^ 06. 64; coeca 45, 58;
gill-rakers 18, 18); one from Toj^ama (vertebrae 63; cceca 42; gill-rakers 19); two
from a stream in Hokkaido (vertebrae 64. 64: coeca 48. 41; gill-rakers 18, 18); two
from Kumamoto, (vertebrip 64, 64; cceca 55, 41; gill-i'akers 18, IS); and one from
Uwajima (vertebrae 69; coeca ?; gill-rakers 18; scales 140).
This is certainly the common "trout" or "Yamame" of central and northern
Japan, and it is most probably a deiivative of Oncorhynchus kisutch. differing in
its dwarf size and dai'ker colors. It may always be known by the l:)lack upper
part of the dorsal, which scarceh* fades in spirits. The dark spots on the lower
part of the sides are also characteristic in the young.
134 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
The anatomical characters of th(> foregoing series of individuals may be
summarized as follows:
. ^ ^ ■ ^--.i . Branchio ^^ i
Anal Rays, j Coeca. j Gill-rakers. | steeals I Scales.
•<r . u ' Age in
Vertebrae. '^
years.
Range
11-13
37-5S
IS- 19
11-14
123-140
63-69
1-4
Mean
12.2
43.6
18.1
12.5
129.4
65.1
2
In all of these examples the ground-color of the peritoneum ranges from deep
sti-a\v-rolor to smoky I'oso, with pal(>r rib stripes and scattered black stipplings.
70. [122 in part] Oncorhynchus macrostomus (Guntlier).
Atneno-nu'o (male) = Rain-fish; Amago (female); Enoha.
(Plate \T, figs. 2-3; Plate VIII, figs. 8-9, scales.)
Salmo macrostomus GIInther, Shore-fishes, Challenger, Exi)ed., 71, pi. XXXI,
fig. 8 (Yokohama market).
Sahuo pcrryi Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, 1902, 578, (in part);
examples from Lake Biwa and other localities in Southern Japan (not of
Brevoort) .
This species is widely diffused in the streams and lakes of Southwestern Japan.
It is highly varia))le in color, according to the nature of the water, and unfortunately
in museum sjxx'imens as to its condition of jjreservation. As in other fresh-water
S(ilni(»iida\ the differences between individuals are much more impressive than
the characters which distinguish species.
The species is, however, distinguishable at all times from its nearest relative,
Oncorhynchus ishikawcv, by the total absence of a large black blotch on the upper
part of the dorsal fin. From 0. rhodurus it is separated by more technical char-
actei's, especially of tlu^ scales, and ])y the marked difference in character and
adjustment of the dark spots, which in 0. rhodurus are not present below the
lateral line.
Of this sjiecies the most tyi:)ical examples are a series fi'om Lake Hakone,
seven to nine inches in length, both sexes being represented, tlie largest cjuite
mature. These in life show the following colors: dorsal fin pale above, smoky
below, never black above, usually with three to eight small prevalently round spots
along its base, no black spot on l)as(' of first ray; adipose fin unspotted, usually
dusky at base in front. Head very dark above. Back witli small dark spots, these
in the more sharply marked examples continuing upon the head in rather definite
JORDAN AND HlTBBft: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 135
aiTangenicnt ; a bowed line of eia;lit or ten along occipital border; a similar arclied
line over each eye; none reaching lateral line. Caudal fin with two oi' three .spots,
sometimes with none; with pale edges which are red in life, as in 0. rlwdurus and
0. ishikaiv(v. T.owei- fins dusky, ]ialer than in O. rliodurus, the tips vaguely lighter.
Anal anteriorly dusky, the til) rather shari)ly i)ale; no spots at Ixise. Pectorals
dai'k-edged above. Sides of body with seven to nine lai-ge I'ound blackish blotches,
parr-niai'ks, whicli, however, do not seem to be wholly lost with age. Above these
and altei'nating with them •dvo large I'ound obscure blotches, which fade with age.
Mixed with the black si)ots and blotches are scattered crimson spots above the
lateral line, usually larger than the l)lack ones. Sides below latei'al line with one
to five series of often twenty louiid black spots, une<|ual in size, most of them very
distinct, l)ut reduced in some exami:)les to a single large spot on side well below
the dorsal fin. Usually there are several series of these spots, tlie smaller ones
extending u]wn the belly.
Of the two (examples figured in this paper, the one is a young male, collected
by Dr. Ishikawa in Nagara River near Gifu. This specimen was much faded and
the original markings have been restored from a specimen of the same size from
Lake Hakone. The other figure is from a very highly colored young male from
Lake Biwa. The first of these differs from CiUnther's plate only in the much
smaller mouth. From Gifu we also have a more mature male, in which the maxil-
lary is very much longer, a character api)arently due to greater maturity. None
of our examples show a hook-nose, nor any tendency in that direction.
The example figured (Plate \T, fig. 3) from Lake Hakone (GoU. No. 450)
(Car. Mus. Gat. Fishes, No. 7790) shows the following tiaits: Head 3.75 in length
to base of caudal; dejitli 5; eye 5.75 in h(>ad; snout 3.15; maxillary 2 in head ( L5
in more mature examples). Anal lays 12; branchiostegals 13-14; gill-rakers
9+11=20; scales IKi; ])yloric co'ca (lost), 57 or 5S in other exami^les; vomer
with a long line of teeth in zigzag; caudal lunate, with bluntish lolx's, not deeply
forked; length 8.75 inches; scales with focus central, al)out six circuli continuous
around exposed area, much more widely spaced posteriorly; wid(> transversely; in
third year (othcM- examjiles fi'om Lake Hakone mostly in fourth year). Body in
spirits much faded, but showing faint parr-marks, scarcely silveiy; anal dusky
at base, with conspicuous white tip; back with rather few spots; sides nearly
plain; caudal nearly or (luite unspotted; dorsal dusky, paler at ti]), unspotted,
except for three to five black spots present at its base; anal lather low, pale at its
tip, or entirely i)ale.
I'M) MEMOIRS OF TIUC CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Tlic other of the two specimens figured (Plate VI, fig. 2) is an immature
male, seven inches long, from Lake Biwa, obtained from a private hatchery in
Otsu by Jordan and Kawamura. In this specimen the veiy dark color obscures the
black spots, leaving the crimson sjiots even more conspicuous; in life the dark
spots on the side are very obscure and there are none on the head; the anal is
broadly tipped with orange; the unspotted caudal is trimmed above and Ix'low
with red.
Ten othei- exami)les, similar to this and as l)i'ightly colored, ranging in length
from four to seven inches, were olitained. Tlie following characteristics are ex-
hibited by the specimen figured (("oUector's Xo. 454, Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes,
No. 7791). Anal rays 12; branchiostegals 12-13; gill-rakers 6-t-ll = 17; pyloric
coeca 49; scales 130, structurally of the type of the Silver Salmon, 0. kisutch; focus
central; 11 circuli continuous around on expo.sed area; in second year.
Of Oncorliyjiclnis macrostouius we also have three examples from the Hiki
River at Wakayama. which are comjiaratively large and dark in color, the black
spots almost obliterated. In addition we have one from Hamada, five from Himeji,
three from the Kuma Rivei- at Kumamoto, five from Toyama, Fukui, one each
from Lake Kizaki, Ecliizen, and L'wajinia, besides those already noted from Lake
Hakone, Lake Biwa, and the Nagara River. (3f these only four show the maxillary
as long as shown in (lUnther's figure (1.5 in head).
This species seems to be the most abundant form in the streams south and
west of Lake Biwa; its northern limit, so far as our collections show, being Lake
Hakone. How many kinds of these "Yamame" in tliis i-emarkable lake are really
indigenous, and what may have been introduced in the long ix'riod of .Iai)anese
civilization, no one can tell. It is certain now that 0. rhodiirus, 0. macrostomus,
and 0. i.shikdwcc all exist there in almost etjual abundance, besides 0. adonis, a
species of a very different tyi;)e. 0. mdct'dstouius is reputed to be non-migratory.
It seems to reach only a small size and the males seen, while having the jaws
l)rolonged backward, show no signs of a hook.
The character of the scales, which, as in (). ishikawa', have but few (seven to
ten) circidi continuous on the exposed area, sharply distinguishes these species
from 0. rhodurus, in which the circuli range from 21 to 31. The black tip of the
dorsal fin is the only constant character we have found sharply to set off 0. ishikawce
from 0. macrostomus. In both the dark spots normally extend below the lateral
line, and are often mixed with led ones. The round parr-marks in both are veiy
persistent, and in the young the additional alternating doi'sal row is conspicuous.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISIIKS COLLECTED 1922. 187
Tabular SixiMAia' "k Chahactkhs ok ONciiKHyMurs MArndsToMfs.
Localities. Caeca Gill-rakcrs. Anal Rays Branchio- Scales. Vertebra-" Head, per ct. Maxillary per
stegals. in length. ct.in length
Lake Biwa. . . .
41-61
17-21
12-13
11-14
126-133
64-66
c?, 24-28
cf. 15-17
Average . . . .
51.2
19.2
12.5
12.5
64.8
0 , 25-27
?, 15
Lake Hakone. .
18
12-13
12-14
126-143
63-64
&. 27-30
cf, 16-19
Average . . . .
12.4
13 1
63 . 4
0 , 25
9,14
Fukui 40-45 17-20 12-13 11-14 124-142 63-65 cf'. 25-26 d', 13-15
LakeKizaki .. 49-55 17-19 12-13 11-14 122-132 64 d', 26-27 d', 15-16
Si.x other
loralitips.. .. 43-57 18-21 12-13 12-14 120-130 62-64 2.5-31 13-20
Closely allied to Oncorhynchus macrostomus is the species recently descrilM^d
from the mountains of Formosa, as Snimo formosanus .Jordan and Oshima (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1919, 122). In this species, the anal is very high, its first
rays reaching beyond ti]) of the last. A. Ill, 10; scales 130; brancliiostegals 13;
gill-rakers 7 + 9= IG; distal parts of all fins dusky.
71. [124] Oncorhynchus rhodurus .Ionian and ]\Ic( Jreiior, s]). nov.
(Plate VII, fig. 1; Plate Mil, figs. 1-2, scales).
Oncorlnjnchus mason .Iordax and Thompson, Mem. ( ar. Mus., \\. 211, pi. XXIV,
fig. 3, (not text).
The type of this well marked species is a mature male 20.25 inches long (Col-
lector's Xo. 221S) (Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes, Xo. 7794) with veiy strongly hooked
jaws and nuptial colors, taken in Lake Hakone, Sagami, Xovemher 20, 1923,
presented by Mr. H(>nrv Kanaya Yamaguchi, piojirietor of the noted Fuji-ya Inn
at Miyano.shita.
This specimen shows the following cliaracteis: body I'obust, compressed;
jaws much hooked, the long ujiper jaw overlapiting the lower; anal fin of modeiate
height, first ray fully reaching to middle of last lay; tip of first few rays produced;
caudal subtruncate or shallowly lunate; anal rays 12; hiaiicliiostegals 11-12; gill-
rakers 8-|-l()=lS (very .short): ])yloric coeca 42: vertebi-a- 63; scales 133, (in poor
shape from absorption), structurally of a modified (). kiHutcli type, showing a tew
reticulations, at least six circuli comi)letely .surrounding focus, these much more
widely spaced posteriorly; at least in its fourth year 21 to 31 circuli in all on
exposed area.
"' Determined by X-ray ])hoto};raphs.
138 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNK(!IK MUSEUM.
Color in liFc: head j(>t-l)lack; si(l(\s iM-iglit <i;i-(M'iiisli, with only a few lihick
si)ots, these chiefly confined to the back. Pai'i'-shades faint, the interspaces pink,
contrasting with the green of the sid{>s; no red stripe along sides; a l)i'ight red
stri])e along onter rays of caudal abov(> and below, fading in spirits to whitish,
tiiat on the lower rays most distinct; black sjjuts on dorsal numerous, small, more
or less oblong and obliciue; spots on l)ase of fin few, oblong and obliquely set; tips
of dorsal, anal, and ventrals broadly creamy white; pectorals with obscuic dark
edging distally; caudal lobes short, acute, a few black si)ots above and below:
inside of mouth l)lackish, one vomerine tooth I'cmaining.
A microscopic study of the scales of Xo. 2136 (a pai-atyi)e thirt(>en inches in
length) reveals that the individual was seven years old and had never s])awned
before. This ecjuals the maximum longevity hitherto recorded for Oncorhynchus.
Three female specimens, rii:>e with eggs, about a foot long, from Lake Hakone
(November 20) are much smaller and slenderer; dull sooty-silvery in color with
traces of dark spots above, and faint pinkish shades in the interspaces, alternating
with traces of dark bars. Uii]x^r and low^er edge of caudal pale, Ixit (in spirits) no
longer red; nunun-ous smaller oblong, oblique spots, arranged vaguely in rows
along the rays, those at base of the fin oblong, obliciue, ink-like, sometimes running
together in a broken hne; caudal with a few dai'k scattered spots; none on ventrals
or pectorals; paired fins dark, with abrupt yellowish white tips.
A younger male is like the old one, but less brightly colored and barely be-
ginning to be hook-nosed. It has still a long I'ow of five small vomerine teeth.
Two sjiawning females, (from some locality in Shinshu) one about a foot in
length, and one about 17.5 inches long, exuding ova, are dusky metallic-sooty,
with traces of dark bars, these quite unlike the rounded pan-marks of other species;
no red on fins, except on lower i-ay of caudal; si)ots mostly oblitei'ated; anal with a
broad white ti]); adipose fin with a daik s})ot above; anal usually with a few dark
spots at base; no seiies of dark spots along side below lateral line in either specimen.
Parr-marks mostly early replaced by broad vertical dark ci-oss-bars, which in
the males tend to grow sharjxM- with age; jx-ctorals deep slaty, as are also the other
lower fins, except for the pale tips; young witliout red spots on sides. The faint
broad dark cross-shades are cliaract(>ristic of this species.
Of Oncorhynchus rhudurus we have six examples of vai'ious sizes and both
sexes from Lake Hakone, and two from some lake in Shinshu, near Nagano. The
species may be known at sight l)y the pale dorsal as well as by the absence of dark
spots below the lateral Hne. A much more important character is found in the
presence on each scale of many (21 to 31, the average 25.4) unbroken circuh on
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 139
the exposed part of the scale. In Oncurhynchus mucroHtmiuiH and 0. ishikaira', the
unbroken circiili on the i)osterior surface are few (7 to 10, averaging 8) and the
spotting is different.
In spite of resemblance to Snlnio, tiiis species is a true Oncorhyiichus. Like
Salmo, it has twelve anal rays, mostly eleven or twelve l^ranchiostegals, seventeen
to twenty gill-rakers, and one hundred and thii'ty-thi-ee scales in lateral .series.
The fact that the first anal ray reaches beyond the middle of the last ray marks
most of our species of Salmo. On the other hand, the number of cceca (averaging
57), the number of vertebrae (about 63), but more i)articularly the well developed
hooked nose in the rii)e males, and the death of all spawning individuals, identify
it as an Oncorhynchus.
Oncorhynclnis rhodurus is the species figured by Jordan and Tliompson, Mem.
Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 211, pi. XXIV, fig. 3, as Oncorhi/nchiis ttiasou. The s]ieci-
men figured, Car. Mus. Cat. Fi.shes, Xo. G0U2a, was taken in Lake Chiusenji, a
land-locked mountain lake, in which it was said to have l)een introduced from
Akita in Ugo in the noi-th\\estern i:)art of Japan. We were told that all individuals
in the lake die after spawning. The figure in question accurately represents a
young male, except that the black spots have faded.
A specimen from Xaoetsu, Echigo, is in the Stanford University Mu.-^eum,
collected by K. Otaki.
The following table gives the record of our \-arious examjiles.
Tabul.^r .Sum.mary of Ch.\racters of Oxcorhyxchu.s rhodurls.
r- Gill- Anal Branchio- „ , ,• i Head pr.ct.
Coeca. , ,, , Scales. \ crtebr,f . ■ , . pr.ct. m
rakers. Ra\ s. stegals. in length
Maxillary
pr.ct. in
length.
Range 42-7G 17-20 12-1.3 11-13 124-1:53 62-63 cf. 29-33 cf, 10-22
0,24-2.5 9,13-14
Mean 57.4 18.6 12.4 11.8 128 62.7
Subgenus TruUn Liima^us.
72. [Introd.l Salmo shasta Jordan. Slui.sta Rainhoir-troiit
A specimen from Lake Biwa, presented by Dr. Ishikawa, belongs to this
American species, which was introduced from the hatchery at Baird on the
McCloud River near Mount Shasta, California. The body and ujiper fins are
profusely spotted, much more so than in any Japanese species.
140 MEMOIRS OF THK CARXEOIK MUSEUM.
(iciuis Salvelinus (Nilsson) l^ii-liai'dson.
The species of Chaii- found in tiihutaries of the North Pacific ai'e ver>' far
from final detei-mination. Tlie name Salvelinn.s innhtKi cnddently beionj^s to a
northei'n form, known from Unalaska to Kamclialka. Close to this, hut with the
head constantly larger, is the "Dolly Varden," or "Bvdl-trout" of Northern Cali-
fornia and noi'thward. This may stand as SulvcUnus spedabilis-'^ (parkci), and
probably grades into the preceding. Both of these enter the sea, growing to the
weight of eight to ten pounds, the red spots becoming silvery. In all the mountain-
streams of northern and middle Jai)an the conunon trout, or Iinnut, SulveUmis
pluvius, agrees closely with N. malnui. but its i)ylorie cccca and gill-i'akers average
fewei' and the si)()ts on the side and back are larger.
Another grouj) of Charr has the pale spots much larger, some as large as the
eye, otherwise much like S. pluvius. Specimens from Kamchatka (N. leucomamis)
have the head short, 4.5 to 4.66 in length. A related form or species of this type,
from Hamada in Iwami, has the head 4 in length and the coeca very few, only
seventeen. This we call SulvcUnus imbrius, granting it, pending study, the rank of
a distinct species.
Kf;y to I\\cific Species of Salvelinus.
((. Latcr;il spots all smaller than eye, mostly smaller than pupil, liri.uht rrimsoii, IxM'omiiifi silvery in
sea-run examiilcs; no spots on liead, and usually few or none lielow lateral line; lower fins with
the first ray bright red.
b. Head long, more than one-fourth length of body to end of vertebra' (3. (US in length) gill-
rakers IS; pyloric ccEca 18. Shasta region and northward spedabdis.
bb. Hea<l shorter, less than one-fourth length of body.
c. Pyloric cceca 24 to 33; gill-rakers 20 to 24; branchiostegals 11-12; head 4.2.3 to 4..') in
length; North Pacific innlma.
re. Pyloric ctrca 23 to 2.5; gill-rakers IS to 20; branchiostegals 12-13; head 3.S7.5 to 4.4
pluvius.
an. Lateral spots pale yellowish, irregular in size, mostly larger than impil, some about as large as eye,
extending more or less below lateral line; lower fins pale; scales about 200.
(/. Head 4. .5 to 4.66 in length; no spots on head; caudal well forked; cwca 20;
gill-rakers IS; branchiostegals 13-13. Kamchatka and Hokkaido.
leucommnis.
fill. Head 4 in length; i)ale spots covering to]i of head; caudal shallow-forked;
cceca 17; gill-rakers 14; branchiostegals 12-13. Hamada in south western
.laiian iiiil)riii'<.
The for(>going analysis of these forms is pi'ovisional and all may prove to be
\ariants of Salvelinus mabmi.
'"** The name spedabili.s Girard must take precedence over parkei for the American "Dolly Varden."
Ciirard called the species Salmo spectabili". The earlier name Salar spcctabilis was applied by Cuvier and
Valenciennes to a European species of SaliiKi. but the cond)ination, Salniii spcrtabilift, was first used by
Girard for the Charr of the Columlna.
JOHDAX AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l',12_'. 141
73. 1127] Salvelinus pluvius (Hilgendoi'f). Iintn.a.
(Plate VII, fig. 2, example fi'om Shin.shu; Plate VIII, fig. 14, scale).
The common Red-spotted ( 'hai'i', of Iiraiui, is found in all the niountain-
i-ivcrs and bi-ooks ffoni the southern i)aT't of Hondo tlu'oughout tlie Hokkaido.
Out- specimens ate from the Daiya River at Nikko; Lake C'hiusenji (introduced);
the Kawajii'i River in Rikuchu; and Ohata, near Aomori, Ix'sidcs those obtained
by Jordan antl Snyder in 1900. The two from Ohata are very slender, a])parently
starvelings. Whether the Iivarui is really separable from Sdlvcliinis ihhIiiki of tlie
Kamchatka-Alaskan region is doubtful, as already indicated.
Besides the ordinary Iirana. found in all mountain-streams of .J;ii)an, we have
a fine specimen, 11.5 inches long, (I. \V. Xo. 207) in tlie collection. It is a ri])e
male with the lowei' jaw somewhat hooked and slightly pi'olonged. and was taken
in a stream or lake in Shinshu, near Nagano, by Soji Xakoiia. It differs fi'om others
in the subtruncate caudal and its rathei- larger spots. Body rather elongate and
moderately compressed; head slightly undei- 4 in length to end of vertebra^; de])th
5; depth of caudal peduncle 2.84 in head; e^^e 6.5; interorbital space 3.33; snout 3.G;
maxillaiy 1.G6, extending beyond eye a distance about ecjual to diameter of eye;
D. 9; A. 8; scales in lateral series 185, in ti-an.sverse series above lateral line 38.
Vomer flush with i-oof of mouth, on its anterior portion teeth in a fan-.shajx'd
cluster, none on the depressed shaft; palatine teeth extending to anterior
vomerine teeth, with a very .short gap between; roof of mouth, within
palatines and b(>hind teeth of vomer, Ijlack; liranchiostegals 13-13; gill-rakers
7-|-8=15; pyloric ccrca 21; dorsal fin a little longer than anal, the forniei- 1.75 in
head; ventrals 2.1 in head; caudal almost scjuai-ely ti'uncate, the lobes not acute,
over 2 in head, the middle rays more than two-thii'ds the outer; ventral appendage
2.5 in fin; longest r.ay of dorsal 1.75 in head. The difference in the form of the
caudal is a striking feature of this specimen and is probably due to age. Scales
under microscope .show that the outline is usually rectangular-elli])tic, with the
antero-posterior axis the longest; focus nearly central, sul)-cii('ular; most of the
circuli continued around on the exjio.sed area, which appears much like the con-
cealed area; circuli widely spaced, inclined to interl>i-anch, e.si)ecially on the anterior
radius; blank area restricted to two jjosterior marginal cii'culi; sulimarginal blank
zone limited to axial ]K)rtion of circuli nine, ten, eleven, and twelve posteriorly;
radial spurs common. This specimen is in its fourth year. ( 'oloi' (in alcohol)
smoky-brown above lateral line, paler below; back blackish-giay; many small
round pale spots (red in life) scattered over sides and back, most of these al^out
half the diameter of the pupil, not visibh' arranged in I'ows; a few below larger; all
142 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEOIE MUSEUM.
fins unspotted; head, especially above, dark slaty; dorsal fin slaty, the first ray
palest; caudal fin slaty, uns])otted, margined above and especially below with
whitish; i)ect()rals, ventrals, and anal pale slaty, all bordered anteriorly with
rather wide, ])ale edging; pectorals and ventrals dai'ker above.
74. |120| Salvelinus leucomsenis (Pallas). (Plate VITT, fig. 13, scale.)
S/ilrcliinis kin/dscJid JoRDAN and ( iILBEUT and of otlicr authoi's, ])i-obal)ly not Stihiio
ku))(l.scli<i Pallas (fide Bei'g).
This trout, long known fi'om Kamchatka, is recorded l\v Jordan, Tanaka, and
Snyder from Nemuro and the Shiril:ieshi River, in the noithern Hokkaido. Also
from Ituriip Island of the Kuriles, and from Shinano. It is visibly known by its
lai-g(> i)ale spots, creamy in preserved examples, of uneciual size, some about as
large as the eye, none extending on the head.
According to Dr. Leo S. Berg, the early specific name Inindschd sliould not be
used for tliis sj^ecies, as the original of the name was probably Salveliuun alpinus,
a European species entering the Arctic seas. We, therefore, take the earlier name
of reasonably certain ai:)plication.
75. [126AJ Salvelinus imbrius Jordan and McGregor, sp. nov.
(Plate VII, fig. 3; Plate VIII, fig. 15, scale.)
Tliis sjiecies is based on an immature female, 9.25 inches long (W. No. 510)
("ar. Mus. Cat. Fishes, No. 7797, obtained from a stream near Hamada in Iwami
in tile southwestern part of Jai^in. It is very close to Salvelinus leueomcrnis, which
subarctic species it may represent southward.
Body moderately elongate, not much compressed, dorsal contour slightly
elevated l^ack of occipital region; caudal fin shallowly forked; head about 4 in
length; depth 4.5; depth of caudal peduncle 2.6 in head; eye 5.4; interorbital space
3.125; snout 4.33; maxillary 1.875; extending beyond eye a distance about equal
to diameter of pupil; dorsal rays 12; anal-rays 9; scales in lateral series (immediately
above latei-al line) 195. Vomer flush with roof of mouth, four teeth in a cluster on
anterior portion; roof of mouth longitudinally striated with pale and blackish
shades; distance from tip of teeth on vomer to tiji of snout one-third interorbital
space; about twelve palatine teeth on each side; tongue short, blunt, of a rusty
color, with two rows of about five teeth on each side; teeth essentially
as in Salvelinus pluvins and other species of Salvelinus. Branchiostegals
12-13; gill-rakers 5-h9=14; i^yloric coeca 17; vertebra^ 59 (53 + 0 + urostyle)
only the last two slightly up-turned; dorsal equaling anal, 1.6G in head; pectorals
JOHDAN AM) IirBBS: JAPANESE FISTIKS ('(1LLKCTED 1022.
Uii
1.5 ill head; ventrals fully two in head; veiiti'al ai)iM'ndn,ti;e alioiit four in the fi.'i;
caudal shallowly forked, the lolx's obtusely angled; its lcn.i!:lh 2.25 in head; jx'ri-
totuuun smoky, with pale strii)es along ribs and a few scatteicd stipples. Scale
under the niici'()scoi)e shows the outline usually wide rectangular-elliptic, with the
antero-posterioi- axis longest; focus central, circular; circuli neai'ly all continuous
entirely ai-ound. widely spaced, nowhei-e angli'd; blank area restricted to one or
two ])erii)heral cii'culi posteriorly, and occasionally also to axial i)ortion of circuli
four, five, and six; nucleus of about nine circuli, which are sjxiced increasingly widei-
toward focus; radial spurs present or absent (when i)i-esent scarce). Oui' speciiuen
is in its fourth year. Color in .spirits pale slaty-l)rown above, paler l)elow, but
back hardly darker than sides; numerous round pale s])ots e(iually distiibuted
over back, sides, and top of head, the largest larger than ])upil and some almost as
large as eye; toj) of head with about sixteen spots sm;dler than those on sides;
spots extending to below lateral line. Dorsal fin rathei' i)ale. a lioiizontal slaty
bar across middle of rays, a blackish bordei' on first lay; caudal somewhat dusky;
basal half of ventrals whitish; anal, veiiti'als, and pectorals jiale, the first rays of
each ])aler, jx'ctorals very slightly dusky above; lateral line consjiicuously whitish.
T.\KrL.VR St\tement iif An'.^tomk ai. C'h.\R-MTKhs <>v P.m ific SrE( iks of S.\lvei,i.ni';^.
Species.
Locality.
No. of ca'ca.
Gill-rakers.
Branchiostegals.
Head in length I"
end of veriobra'.
s.
speclahilis
Rattlesnake Cr..
Mdiit.
is
IS
12-13
3 . 6G
s.
malma
Unalaska
27
20
12-11
4.5
33
20
11-11
4.5
Pt. Hope, Ala
ska
24
24
23
12-12
10-11
4.5
4.25
s.
plurius
Chiusenji
• •
12-13
1 -13
1 : ! 1 1
14 15
3 S75
KaiiKijiri H
25
18
12-13
4
Rikuclni
23
20
12-12
4
Ohata
23
18
19
11-11
12-12
4 4
4.4
Sliinslni
21
15
1:3-13
3.S
s.
leucomcBnis
Nemiiro
20
18
13-13
4.25
PetropavloN
sk
22
20
13-13
4.125
s.
iiiil^'itif'
Hainada
17
14
12-13
4
144
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
For an account of the pyloric cooca and measurements of licad of examples of
Salvelinus spedabilis from near Seattle we are indebted to Professor John N. Cobb
of the University of Washington.
Length to Base Length of Head Length of head to' Length of Head
Caudal Ray to Nape Margin of Oi)ercle in Body
Number of
Pyloric Coeca
In.
Cm.
Cm.
In.
Cm.
Head to Head to
Nape Opercle
Sex
1.
25.5
64 . 77
4.0 10-16
6 . 5
16.51
6 . 37
3 . 92
25
Male
2
23.0
5S . 42
3 . 5 S . Si)
5 . 75
14 ()0
6 . 57
4.00
23
Male
3.
19.56
4'.1.6S
3.31 S.41
5 . 62
14.21)
5 . 0
3.48
23
Female
CH.\R.\rTERS OF Sc.\LES OF S.\LVELINUS.
(Best ap|>lical)lp to scales from l)et\veeii dorsal fin and lateral liiiel
A. All circuli extending entirely around scale; focus central; no true blank area.
B. Outline cuneate-ovate; radial spurs usually present (at times lacking); circuli interl)ranclung
considerably, es])ecially anteriorly, numbers one to four commonly anf;led iiostero-axially.
UncoDKrnis (Kamchatka).
BB. (Outline ovate; radial spurs nninially absent; circuli relatively little interbranched, inner ones
more ai)t to l)e angled anteriorly spedabilis (Seattle).
(Plate VIII, fig. 17)
A,\. .VU but two or three circuli extending entirely around scale; marginal blank area restricted to one
to three posterior peripheral circuli; a suiunarginal lilaidv area present on exjiosed area in most
species.
C. Circuli usually abrujitly bent on radii bounding exposed ai'ca; outline cuneate-ovate;
submarginal blank area restricted to axial portion of circidi Nos. 6 to S.
nialnui (Bering Sea).
(Plate VIII, fig. 16)
CC. Circuli not so bent.
I). Focus sub-central, often somewhat nearer the posterior end; outline oval, widest
posteriorly; circuli cfimnfonly angled on long axis; radial spurs present; sub-
marginal blank area restricted to axial |)ortion of circuli Nos. 5 to 7
lilui'ius (Chiusenji).
DD. Focus central; circuli not angled, widely spaced; outline elliptic to rectangular-
elliptic.
E. Submarginal blank area not present, several posterior circuli usually some-
what broken; radial spurs usually lacking; circuli relatively unljranched
(starved examples) jiluvius (Ohata).
EE. Submarginal blank area present.
F. Radial sjuirs conspicuous; submarginal blank area restricted to circuli
Nos. 9 to 12; circuli inclined to interbranch on anterior radius.
iduvius (Shinshu).
FF. Radial spurs few and inconsjiicuous; marginal blank area restricted to
axial portion of circuli Nos. 4 to 6 imhrius (Hamada).
AAA. Few to eight circuli extending all around scale.
G. Focus central; circuli not angled.
H. Focus usually well elongate; only two to four circuli extend-
ing all around scale; blank area comparatively large.
fontinalis (Maine).
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 145
HH. Focus only slishtly clonsute; six to cisUt circaili extending
entirely around; blank area relatively small, restricted to a
rather narrow trianitle at imsterior enil. . pbiriua ( Rikuclui).
CiC. Focus commonly somewhat nearer posterior end; first three or
four circuli usually angled ])osteriorly.
I. Focus sub-circular; six or seven circuli extendina; entirely
around; blank area large, its anterior margin almost a
vertical line; radial spurs present; circuli closely spaced;
outline rectangular-ovate, widest at a point one-third
distant from focus to anterior end. ..S. malma (Unalaska).
II. Focus elliptical; six to (>ight circuli extending all around;
blank area restricte<l t<i outer four circuli (No. 6 usually
interrujited postero-axially) ; no radial spurs seen; outline
rectangular-ellijjtic fontiitdUs.
(Swannanoa R.. Xoi'th Carolina).
From tlii.s table it will l)e seen that a close alliance is indicated between .S.
pluvius and .S. itnbrius. Our kejs based on scale-characters, brings these two
forms closely together. Salvelinus Jontinalis from Maine shows a rather close
relationship to <S'. malma from Unalaska, when the scales are the only features
considered. It also indicates a substantial difference in the number of coeca and
gill-rakers as between the Bering Sea and Unalaskan individuals thus far referred
to S. malma. These two are widely separated in the scale-key.
On the other hand the critical study of the scales tends to refute in two in-
stances the integrity of our tabulated analysis (See p. 140). First, the three collec-
tions of Salvelinus from Rikuchu, Ohata, and C'hiuzenji (R. Daiya) (all listed in
the Stanford Collection as S. pluvius), when subjected to the scale scrutiny fall.
two into one primary structural division and one into another, indicating a lack of
identity. Secondly, Salvelinus imbrius (from Hamada) has been placed, tenta-
tively, near S. leucomamis, chiefly on account of the possession in common of
body-spots larger than the pupil. On the contrary, it will be noted that the critical
scale characters are cjuite different in these two forms, which discrepancy is ac-
companied by a difference of four in the number of gill-rak(M-s. Finally, two
individuals from Montana (.S. spectabilis) when placed in oiu- table, exhibit rela-
tionship both with ,S. fontinalis from North Carolina and S. leucomcenis from
Nemuro. However, when subjected to the scale-te.st, this form from IMontana
shows no kinship with the eastern Brook-trout, Salvelinus fantiiKilis. whil(> the
alhance with leucomcvnis (Xemuro) is greatly emphasized.
76. [125] Hucho perryi(Brevoort). //o-(«ro = String-fi.sh. (Plate VIII, fig. 7, scale).
Sahno perryi Brevocjkt, Exped. Japan, 1856, 273, pi. IX, fig. 1, (Hakodate).
Salmo blackistoni Hilgendorf, Monatsber. Ges. Ost-asien, 1876, 25, (Hokkaido).
A specimen of this interesting trout-hke fish in the Stanford collection was
146 MEMOinS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
obtained l)y Professoi- Otaki at Naoetsu in Echigo. A larger example was examined
in the Lakeside laboi'atorj' of the University of Kyoto. It is not so slender as the
one figured by Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, and the spots, though similarly
l)Iaeed, are moi'e diffused, and not lunate.
This si)ecies is .smaller and slenderer than its congener, Hucho liuchu of the
Danube, but otherwise the two species have very much in common. This "Huchen"
is said to I'each a weight of sixty to one hundix'd pounds.
Hucho stands out as very distinct from the other SdhiKntidte, especially in its
dentition, its fewer vertebrne, and the gi'eat number of its i)yloric cceca. It is not
known to enter the .sea. It should apixu'(>ntly form a .separate subfamily, H uclxmince.
The following characters are shown by the example from Naoetsu: head 3.33
in length to end of last vertebra, depth 5; eye 6.75 in head; maxillary 2; snout 3.75;
dei)th of caudal ]ieduncle 2; height of dorsal 1.66; pectoral fin 1.75; dorsal rays 11,
anal rays 10, pectoial 1-4; gill-rakers rather short and stout, 8-1-12 = 20; branchio-
stegals 12-12; pyloric coeca 157, short, densely imbricated, the largest only 8 mm.
long by 1.5 thick. Scales 105; pores in lateral line 10!). Verteln-a> 57 (51-|-6 u])-
turned, lie.sides the urostyle). Body long and low, somewhat pike-like, not much
comi)re.ssed, the mouth large. Dentition j^eculiar; only vomer with a short trans-
ver.se .series of teeth, none on the shaft: the teeth continuous with the palatine
series of the two sides, the whole forming an unbroken and nearly uniform U-shaped
.series. In other Saliutitiidce, the palatine teeth ai'e interrupted by the presence of
the vomeiine element. Scales relatively large, the entire surface marked with
concenti'ic circuli. al)out one-seventh of those of the concealed .surface not continued
on exposed area, resulting in a slightly- A\ider s])acing on this part. First four or
five (central) circuli angulate at the i)osterioi' axis. The type of scale is thus inter-
mediate between Oncurhynchus and SalvcUnus. Caudal rather deeply formed,
with acute lobes: ventrals nearly under middle of doi'sal; adipose fin i-ather large.
Head and body rather profusely coveretl with small black sjwts, few of them
extending below latei'al line and most of them not larger than a scale; fins all
unsjiotted.
Comparison of Genera of Sai.mo.md.e and Plecoglossid.b.
Genera.
Coeca.
G
ill-rakers.
.Anal Rays.
Branch iostegals.
Scales.
Vertebrae.
Oiiciiiln/iitiiiif: ....
S/ilttiii
40-2:50
6.')
lS-40
20
12-16
9
10
11-17
11
11
120-21.5
120
120 1110
62-69
60
Triittd
40-60
58-60
Sah'ilitiw 17-21 14-20 S-12 12-1:3 lS.5-2.50 59-65
Hiirho 157 20 10 12-12 105 57
Plccoglossvs 368-425 3:^-39 0-17 .5-5 140-165 60-61
.TOHn.W AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l'.)22. 147
Family PLECOGL088ID.E.
(By David Stahu Jordan :ukI Ernest Alexander McGregor.)
77. [128] Plecoglossus altivelis Temmiiick and Sclilegel. Aiju;Ko(uju.
(Plate VIII. figs. 10 and 12, scales).
Common tlu-ougliout .Ia])an and Formosa, ascending cleai' sti'eams fi'om the
sea, spawning in the eaily fall. Also found land-locked and much dwaifed in
Lake Biwa. It is one of the very choicest of Japanese food-fishes.
In this genus the vertel)ral column ends sciuarely at the has(> of the caudal
fin, tlie tei-minal veitel)fir being neither reduced in size, nor turned upward (heteio-
cercal) as in the SdhiKinldir, a fact finely shown in X-ia.\' jjhotographs made hy
Mr. McGregor.
Our specimens are from Noo, Toyama, Himeji, Mikawa, (foui), and fiom
Lake Biwa at Otsu (dwarf examples),'-^ locally known as '^Koayii." Specimens of
Ayu from Formosa seem to be identical with the ordinary foi-m.
Gill-rakers 41; dorsal rays 11; anal rays 15. The scales are decidedly longei-
on the dorso-veiitial axis, at whicli line the cii-cuii bend sharply. Branchiostegals
typically 5-5 (larely 4-4); anal rays about 14; gill-i-akei-s about 30; jjyloric ca^-a
about 388; vertebia^ 6()-61; scales in linear series just above lateial line aljout Kil ;
scales comprising lateral line about 02. Scales structuially as follows: decidedly
broadest on transverse axis; fiist four or five circuli with segments lying nearly
straight and parallel behind the focus, which is comjiressed ellii)tical; balance of
circuli tangentially deflected i)osteriad; major poition of exposed area (wliich is
noi-mally ampler than concealed area) not bearing circuli (juvenile individuals
excepted); outline of scale concave laterad of focus. Mostly two and thi'ee yeais
old. The breeding males have the exposed surface of each scale usually bearing
three cone-shaped warty processes (pearl-organs).
The following table contains a summary of the more important anatomic-il
characters shown by our material:
Branch!..- . __^^^^, ^ Scales along cill-rakcrs. Pyloric coeca. Vertebra-,
stcgals. lateral line.
Range
4:4-5:5
9-17
149-165
3:3-40
36S-425
60-61
Mean
5:5
14.4
1 161.4
36
3S8 . 3 ^°
60.5
"^ These have siH-rakcrs :i.'), anal rays 14, and scales in lateral series 152. In the lot are sonic ripe
males between 2.75 and '.i inches long.
^" Only three counts as follows: 36S; 372; 425.
148
MKMOIKS OF THK CARNEGIIO MX'SKUM.
The l)i-('c(liiii;- ihmIcs of l'l(C(i(/los><us uiKlci't^o a vcfy marked iiui)tial transfor-
mation involving chiefly the dermal ai'mature and tlie fins. Wai'ty growths, called
"pearl-organs," or "nuptial tubercles," d(>velop on the scales and also overlie the
fin-rays, especially on the anal fin. This imi)arts to the fish a conspicuously
roughened a])pearance. Acc()m])anying this is a veiy noticeable enhancement of
the size of the fins. To I'eveal this we a])|)('nd the measurements of a vi\H' female,
of a ri])e male, and of an mu-ipe male of e(iual length.
Lengtli of
Pectoral.
LengLli of
Dor.-^al.
Length of
Ventral.
Length of
Anal.
Length ol
Anal Base.
Length of
Maxillary.
RipG Male
17.8"
20.5
17.2
11 ;?
18.0
11.7
Unripe Male
14.0
16.6
11.2
12.7
12.4
12.6
Ripe Female
14.8
17.6
11.0
12.8
14.4
12.1
The lengtli of tlie maxillary of tlie male, whicli with most of the Salmonid
fishes is augmented at maturity, would a])])ear to undergo a reverse process in
PlecoyloHsus as our nuptial males invariably possess the shoiiest maxillaries.
Another conspicuous nuptial development concerns the anal fin. The base of this
fin in the spawning male becomes lengthened by about half its original basal
length (although the radial length ai)pears actually to shorten slightly). At the
base of the first anal rays a doul>le series of enlargc^d, imbricated scales partially
conceals this portion of the fin. These peculiar scales in reality are free cuticular
outgrowths on the ex]:)osed surface of the underlying true scales. This nuptial
transformation may occur at different ages, as evidenced by a male two and three-
quarters of an inch long from Lake Biwa (one year old) and our No. 43 from Mikawa
Bay in its third year.
In an article ])ul)lislied in Jai)anese a few years ago by Professor T. Kagiya
the writer states that it is usual for the Ayii to mature, spawn, and die in its first
y(>ar. We liave made a careful study of scales from several of the aliove Ayu from
different localities in .Ia])an with reference to age. Our diagnosis was coi'roborated
by Mr. Hul)bs. For niii(> tyiiical fish the results were as follows: in th(> first
year, one; in second year, two; in third year, fiv(>; in fourth year, one. Nothing
resembling the spawning-mark of trout was seen in any of our scales. This sug-
gests the occurrence of but one si)awning for the Ayu, followed l)y the death of
the individual as in Oncorhynchus.
Following is a cond(>nsed translation jjy M. Kasawa, of Professor Kagiya's
account of the life-history of tlu> .1//;/, in Jai)an:
'ereeiitaiie of total leliiith of I'i.sli.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 149
''The Ayu is strictly a rivci-fisli. The sixiwnins, which covers a period of
about two months, takes place in August and September. The actual locations
chosen for spawninji ai'e cleai' i:)ools betw(>en one and two feet deep, with sandy
bottoms, near tlie l)ank of the stream. Tlie females average about o(),()()0 ova,
and these are deposited in the sand on the bottom, usually during late afternoon
or evening.
"Tlie eggs hatcli in about three weeks and the young fish migrate downstream
to bi-ackish water (al)()Ut late September and Octolx'r) where they remain about
two months. Following the feeding period in the estuary, by wliicli time they
have grown to about two or three inches, they again migi-ate fai- u]) to the head-
waters. Here in the cold clear tributaries they feed on diatoms, moss, and other
aquatic plants through the spring and summer; and grow to maturity. The ascend-
ing Ayu are called Nohori Ayu.
"With the advent of late summer the development, l)oth as to size and se.xual
maturity, is greatly hastened. Preparatory to spawning the mature fish undergo
a downstream migration to their spawning giouiids in tlie middle reaches of the
river. These mature migrating fish are called the Kiidddi Ayu or Descending Ayu.
The ripe fish take on a rusty color just before spawning time.
"Nearly all the adult fish die after spawning, but the writer believes that a
small number survive and persist another year. To these alleged survivors the
name Tomari Ayu (Ronaining Ayu) is applied.
"There is great mortality among the young Ayu, especially following hatch-
ing, due to the activity of predatory species of catfish, carp, and other dace.
"The Ayu occasionally reaches the length of a foot or moi'e and a weight of
one and one-fjuartcM- jiound. It does not occur in Hokkaido.
"In a recent season six jirovinces mai'keted Ayu witli an aggregate value of
167,000 yen." ($83,500).
It is a singular fact, that abundant as are the Coregonida' and ThyniuUidtv in
Eastern Siberia, no sjiecimen of either family has been found in Japan.
Family OSMERID.E.
78. [129] Osmerus dentex Steindachner. A' ////r/-»»v; = Cucumber-fish.
One specimen from Kushiro, Hokkaido. (Tanaka.)
79. [129A] Spirinchus lanceolatus (Ilikida).
Osmerus dentex Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, Su])i)l. 4, 1910, p. G, pi. 3,
fig. 5 (not of Steindachner), young, from Misaki.
Osmerus lanceolatus Hikida, Zool. Mag., XXV, 1913, p. 127, \)\.
150 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
We have not seen Hikida's description (which we quote from the Zoological
Record), but hnv(> a specimen labelled "Osmerus lanceoialm,'' a nuptial male,
134 mm. long to caudal fin, from Iburi, Hokkaido, presented to Dr. Jordan by
Dr. Tamiji Kawamura. Tt undoubtedly belongs to the genus Spirinchus Jordan
and Evermann. Five other specimens, representing both sexes in the Ijreeding
condition, were taken in Kushiro by Tanaka.
The characters of Spirinchus lanccolcUus are as follows: Dorsal rays, 2, 8
(2, 9 in one specimen); anal rays, 4, Ki (3 or 4, 15 or 16); pectorals, 11(11 or 12);
ventrals, 8 (constant); scales 7-62 to 65-8 to 10; length of head to end of opercular
membrane, 4.35 (4.4 to 4.6) in length to caudal base; dejith of body, 5.3 (to 5.4 in
males; 4.65 to 5.0 in lipe females); least depth of caudal peduncle, 3.0 in head (3.0
to 3.2); snout, 4.5 (4.4 to 4.6); upper jaw, 2.1 (2.0 to 2.15) not longer in male than
in femak'; mandible, 1.95 (1.8 to 2.0); orbit, 4.5 (4.2 to 4.6); eye 5.6 in breeding
male, larger in females; fleshy interorbital, 3.35 (male); bony interorbital, 4.6 (4.2
to 4.7). Body of bleeding male oblong, the greatest deyjth being almost evenly
maintained from tlie slioulders to the anal fin, l)ehind which point the ventral
contour rises rather sharply to the faii'ly slender caudal i)eduncle; females moi'e
trimly foi'med. In both sexes the head is rather massive, and blunt anteriorly;
ventral contour curved rather sharply upward to tip of the projecting mandible;
dorsal contour much flatter, weakly concave behind eyes, but a little convex on
snout. Tip of mandible on level of middle of eye, tip of premaxillaries somewhat
higher. Interorbital space weakly convex; suborbital narrower than the upper
jaw, which has a concave upper border and a ti]) more I'ounded dorsally than
venti'ally; maxillary extending to below posterioi' border of eye. Bi'anchiostegals
4-3; gill-i'akers, 11 + 26 = 37, the longest, l.() in orbit. Pyloric cceca four, of very
untHjual length. Teeth weak for a Smelt; tongue covered with strong, but rather
short, teeth, of whicli four or five around the tip are somewhat enlarged, scarcely
canine-like. Other teeth arranged in single file, those of premaxillary and mandible
of moderate size, rather close-set; those of maxillary very fine; those of vomer,
palatines, and j^terygoids very small canines; each side of the vomer and each
palatine bone with four or five of these teeth.
Breeding males are all very daik in color, dusky above the blackish
lateral stripe, which extends along and just above the lateral line; scale-margins
ventrally dark; to]) of head dai'k, becoming blackish on the snout, rest of heatl
heavily punctate with l)lack; dorsal fin dusky, l)lackish on the front edge; adipose
pale; caudal blackish throughout; anal black on basal half; ventrals dusky, with
dark specks medially; pectorals dark, blackisli on uppei' l)()rder. F(>males pale in
color, showing the same markings.
JORDAN AM) HUBBS: .lAPANF^SE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 151
111 the I)rc'edin}2; male \hv entire liead and body, and hotli sides of all the fins
except tlu' caudal and adipose' are thickly covered with small warty pearl-organs,
not represented in the females, even liy rudiments. The skin is everywhere turgitl,
the scales being i)articularly soft and thick. The lower fins are greatly expanded
and lengthened in the breeding male; the pectorals reaching to within less than the
length of the eye from the insertion of the ventral fins, which in turn extend to
(or nearly to) the origin of the anal, each fin being nearly as long as the head; the
anal, when de])ressetl, reaches to the root of the lower caudal rays, and its longest
rays are contained l.(i to 1.7 times in the head. The membranes of these lower
fins are widened and the rays thickenetl, so that the fins are spread in fan-like
fashion. In the females each of the lower fins falls short of the next fin by a dis-
tance about ('([Ual to the length of the eye, and the highest anal ray is only two-
fifths as long as the head. < )ur l)reeding males are 134 to 14S mm. long to caudal
fin; rii)e females 129 to 13{) mm.
(!enus Hypomesus CJill.
The g(>neric name/////>o///r.s7/.s ( lill under the ])resent rules shoukl be adopted
in preference to Mcsopus Ciill, given to the same group on tlu' preceding page, but
left as a tyjjogi'aphical error (failure to com])letely correct j^roof).
80. |13()| Hypomesus olidus (Pallas). Tr(//,7/.sv;f//= Pond-smelt.
Lake Kawaguchi, (Ma.sashi Ishikawa); Lake Yamaiiaka (neai' Fuji-san);
Nagano (Nakano); Lake Suwa (Ota); Lake Suwa (.Jordan); Lake Mikata; Fukui,
Akita, Aomori, (Be])pu); Iwate (Awaya); Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori).
It is not entirely clear that Sdlnii) iiHjhtKjIiKsch Walbaum can be identified
with this species, foi- which Pallas' name oliduti may appai'ently b(> retained.
Hi/ponicKus (ilidiis differs shar})ly from H)jj)<>mcf!iis prctio^us of California in
the smaller size of the scales (there Ix'ing fifty-four to sixty-two rather than about
seventy in the course of the lateral line); in the more anterioi' ])osition of the
ventral fins in refeix'iice to th(> dorsal, the ventral insertion being usually in advance
of, instead of a little beliind, the vertical from th(> origin of the dorsal; in the much
larger size of all the fins; in the darker color; and in the habit of spawning in fresh-
water ponds, rather than in the surf of the sea.
The other sjjecies known from ,]-A\rdn, IInpoDiesiis japdiiiciis [Osnirrits oln/iidan
Kner), differs from Il.dlidus and i-esembles H. pretiosus in all of the characters
listed above, with the exception of the size of the scales, which is intermediate,
and po.ssibly of the breeding habits, which have not been recorded for//, juponicus.
Hypomesus ulidus and H. pretiosus agree with one another and with the species
152 MKMOIUS OF THK CARNE(iIE MUSEUM.
of Osnicru^ and Pkcoglossus in liavino- the head, body, and fms in the breeding
male ahiiost completely rovcicd with minute wai'ty i)earl-organs, and the fins
thickened and enlarged.
//. olidus ranges from the lakes of central Ja])an northward thi-oiigh Kam-
chatka and southern Alaska to the Arctic shores of North America.
We have compared series fiom the different lakes of Japan, but fail to find
any consistent differences. The dorsal rays vary from 8 to 10, of which 2 or 3 are
simple; the anal rays from 15 to 18, 3 or 4 unbranched; the scales along lateral
line to caudal base, from 54 to G2. ( hiv lai'gest male is 12() nmi. long to the caudal
fin; the largest female, 113 mm. long. The specimens from the southerimiost
locality, Lake Suwa, are dwarfed, but not otherwise different.
We may note here that the records of Osmerus thaleichthya from the Xushagak
River, Alaska, which have several times appeared in reports^^' refer to the present
species, as we have determined by a re-examination of the material involved.
Spirinchus thakichthya is therefore to l)e ehminated fiom the lists of Alaskan fishes.
81. [131] Hypomesus japonicus (Brevoort).
We identify with this species two specimens taken by Tanaka at Kushiro,
Hokkaido.
Dorsal rays, 10 (two simple); anal, 14 or 15 (three unbi'anched) ; the last ray
counted as branched from base. Scales to caudal base, 66 to 68. Ventral fin
inserted a little behind the dorsal origin.
Hypomesus japonicus seems to be most closely related to H. prctiosus, with
which it is compared in the account of the preceding species. It is probably the
western representative of that form ranging from Jai:)an nortliward to Kamchatka.
Material from the latter region (collected at Petr()i)avlovsk) was erroneously iden-
tified l)y Jordan and Gilbert-'" with Mesopus oUdus.
Family ARGENTINID.E.
82. [133] Argentina semifasciata Kishinouye. A' u//.s(/ = Second Gisu.
Toyama; Xoo, (Xiigata).
Our seven specimens are all from the Sea of Ja])an.
•■'■'' (lilhert. Kept. U. S. Fish C'dinm., 1S93, (lS9,'i), p. 400.— Jonhin anil Kvermann, Bull. U. S, N.
M., XLVII, pt. 1, 1890, |). .V22.— .Ionian and Gilbert, Kept. Fur Seal Inves., Ill, 189S, p. 440.— Everniann
and tioldslK.rough, Bull. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906 (1907), p. 40 (not figure).
"' Kept. Fur Seal Invest., Ill, 1S9S, p. 440.
JORDAN" AXD Hl'BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l!t2'2. 153
Family SALAXGID.E.
83. [135] Salangichthys microdon (Bleeker)." *S7im(-(/(ro = White-fish.
Aomori (Beppu) ; Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori) ; Yamada (T.suchiga).
84. [136] Parasalanx ariakensis (Kishinom'e).
By re-examining the paratyjx' of this species we are able to confirm Osliima's'"
reference of this species to Pnrasalanx.
85. [Extraterr.] Hemisalanx prognathos Regan.
A breeding pair recei^'ed from Soo-chow, China (Gee).
Family GOXORHYXC^HID.E.
86. [137] Gonorhynchus abbreviatus Teniniiiiek and Schlegel.
Nezumi-gisu = Rat -Qjif^ii.
One specimen, Alikawa Bay (ISI. Ishikawa).
Head. 4.25 in length to caudal; depth. 8.7; pectoral fin, 5.7. Eye, 4.65 in head;
.snout, 2.45; intcrorhital, 4.25. Dorsal rays, 2.8; anal, 2.6; .scales, 21-166-16.
Family AULOPID.E.
*
87. [138] Hime japonica (Giuither). ///we = Princess.
Ten specimens from Misaki (Aoki).
The species, liitherto called Aulopus japonicus, differs from Aulopus in im-
portant respects, and is the type of the genus Hi»ic Starks. (Gopeia, ]\Iarch 29,
1924, p. 30.)
Family ASTROXESTHID.E.
88. [144] Astronesthes iijimai Tanaka. ro/L'«(/c-/»u/(;/L« = Xaked Lizard.
We have fourteen specimens of this deep-sea fi.sh, collected b}- Owston in the
Sagami Sea, and eleven taken by Aoki at Misaki.
The species needs to be compared with the Indian A. iiKuicnsi and tlie Hawaiian
A. lucifcr.
The i:)hotophores in our material of Astro7iesthes iiji/iiai vary as follows:
operculars 2; branchiostegals 18 to 21; juguhars S; upper tlioiacics (to ventral fin)
18 or 19; lower thoracics 22, the thhd and fourth opposite the j^ectoral bases;
upper ventrals, 21 or 22, a few overlapping the front of anal base; the lower ventrals
21 to 23, 4 (rarely 3) opposite or before ventral bases, the last 2 opposite anal base
(counted by Gilbert and Tanaka as the first two of the anal series) ; anals 7 or 8,
the last one to four variously elevated; caudals 4 or 5.
'^ We have not compared our material with the descriptions (in Japanese) of Sahuigirhthi/s kishi-
nouyei and >S. ishikaiva: Wakiya and Takahashi (Zool. Mag., XX\', liUS. pp. .").t1-.5.").")).
^* Ann. Car. Mus., XII, 1919, p. 174.
154 MEMOIRS OK TIllO CAKNECilE MUSEUM.
Family AIAUROTJCID.E.
89. |145] Maurolicus pennanti (Walbiuim).-'" A' //(//■/ = ('u('UiHl)('r.
Five si)t'cimens from Toyaina, Sea of Ja])aii, ( Yoshizawa).
\Vc find the following photo]ihoi'es present in these examples: one before and
one behind middle of eye; on(^ before and one behind preopercular angle; six in
branchiostegal series; one on chin (on each side); six on isthmns; nine of ii'regular
shape in the series from pectoral base to above anal oi'igin; twelve from isthmus
to venti-al fin; two behind ventral fin, and then a series of four from between these
to anal origin; one above anal origin over the gaj) between the venti-al and anal
series; fourt(>en to sixteen anals, tlie last nai'rowly sei)arated from first of the eight
or nine paiicd postanals; last postanal median.
Two specimens from the Mediteri-anean Sea at Messina agree exactly in the
numbei- and ari'angement of the pliotoi)hores.
Family SYXODONTID.E.
90. |lolA] Synodus fuscus Tanaka.
Tanaka has lately described thire new species of Synodus from Japan. "^
From a translation of his paper and a study of one specimen of S. fuscus we have
prepared the following:
Key to the .lArAXESE Species of .Sy.nodl's.
n. Srak's relatively small, al>iiut 05 in lateral line japonicua.
aa. Scales larsor, 4.5 to 55 in lateral line.
b. Eye niiK-h shorter than the sharp snout, about (i to 7 in head; ilorsal, 11 or 12: anal '.• or 10.
fuscus.
bb. Eye ahout as long as snout, 4 to 4.5 in liead.
f. Dor.=al rays, 12; anal, 1 1 ; scales, 52 macropit.
rr. Dorsal rays. 1:3; anal, 9; scales, 55 hoKhinoms.
The following is the substance of the original description of SyruicJus fuscus:
Head, 3.5; dc]ith, 7; eye, (3.25; intei-orbital width, 6; snout, 3.8; depth of caudal
peduncle, 0. Dor.sal rays, 11; anal rays, 10; pectoral, 12; ventral, 8. Scales 3.5-
53-5.5. Snout about half longer than the eye. Ventral fin inserted a little in ad-
vance of dorsal oi'igin; ti]) of pectoral reaching ventral inseition; caudal emarginate.
Color greenish, the lower side whitish, marked on the sitles with nine indistinct
blotches; dorsal also marked; jx'ctoral dark, ventral and anal white; maigin of
caudal dark. Tokyo market.
^' We do not have at hand the description of MaiiroUrus jdponirus Ishikawa (.Jour. Coll. .\jiric., VI,
1915, pp. lS.3-191, 2 pis.).
^" Zool. Mag., XXIX, No. 34U, 19UJ, pp. 37-38.
JORDAN AND HT'BBS: .JAPANESf: FISHKS rOLLECTED 1022. 1").")
Our single specimen of Si/nodu^i fuscits (collected by Mastislii Isliikawa in the
Bay of Mikawa) shows the following characters: Head, 3.8; depth, 7.4: eye. (i.fi;
interorbital, 8.5; snout, 4.0; (l('i)tli of caudiil jieduncle, ,").(). I^orsal, 12; anal. 0;
scales 4-52-6.
91. |148A] Saurida grandisquamis (Uhitiier.
Saini'da gi-andit^qiiann's CiDnthek, Cat. Fishes Bi'it. AIus., V, 18t)4, [). 400,
(Loui.siades, Cliinthei') Fische der Slidsee, IIF 1909, ]>. 377. — Webek and
DE Beaufort, Fi.shes Indo-Austral. Arch., II, 1913, p. 141. — Fowler and
Bean, Proc. U. S. X. INI., LXII, 1922, 3 (Sept.).
Saurida inacrolcpis Tanaka, Zool. Mag., XXIX, 1916, 39.
Tanaka's accovuit of Saurida tiiacrolcpis agrees .so well with the descriptions
of Saurida (/randis<iua)iiis noted above, that we accejit the two as i)i'ol)al)ly identical.
The specimens described by Fowler and Bean came from Formosa.
92. [149] Saurida argyrophanes (Ivichardson). Eso.
Mi.saki (Aoki); Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya): Tokyo and Kobe markets (.Jordan).
Scales 48 to 52 between gill-opening and end of last vertebi-a. Pectoral fin
reaching to abo\-e insertion of venti-al. Adijiose e>'elid not very wide or thick.
93. 1 150] Saurida eso Jordan and Herre. rf//,v/(/(w.s7; = Lizard-Eso.
Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan); ^Nlikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Toyama
(Yoshizawa); ]\Iiyazu, Xcjo. We have also examined a specimen of this species
collected by the late Professor W;dter Fong at Hong Kong, China.
Scales 5 or 6 — 61 to 63 (to caudal base) — 7.
Weber and de Beaufort"' refer both S. argi/rophaiK s and N. eso to the synonymy
of Saurida iumhil (Bloch). We are not i)i-epai'ed to identify eithei- of these ( 'hinese-
Japanese species with N. tuird)il. and are certain that they diffei- fi'om one another.
Saurida eso has the scales constantly smallei-; the pectoral fin shorter, not reaching
the ventral inseition; and the adipose eyelid wider and thickei'. It als() attains a
lai'ger size.
This important species is valued in the preparation of "k.amoboku."
94. [152] Trachinocephalus myops (Foi'ster). 0/,?'-r.vo = ( )ff-shore Eso.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan);
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Miyazu, Misaki (Aoki).
" The Fishes of the ludo-Australiaii Archiiiclago, II, 191:5, p. 142.
15(5 MEMOIRS OF THE f'ARXEGIE MUSEUM.
Family MYCTOPHID.E.
95. Diaphus latus Gilbert.
Diaphiis bitus Gilbert, Mem. Gar. Mu.s., VI, 1913, 95, pi. XIII. fij;-. 1.
This species may lirovisionally he i-ctaiiicd in the ^ciiu.s. Dinphus, \w\u\\w^ a
comparative study of the known species.
Three specimens were obtained at Misaki (Aoki).
The photoi)hores are like those of the type in all essential respects, the only
significant deviations affecting the anals. First anal as near as, or not much
farther from, the second than is the third, the interspace being decidedly less than
that between third and fifth organs of the series; last antero-anal but little elevated
on one side of one si)ecimen.
Genus Lami'rossa Joi'dan and Ilubbs gen. nov.
This genus agrees with Diaphus, as now restiieted, in all essential respects,
except the develoimient of light organs about the eye. These are well described
by Gilbert as follows:
"A well-develoi)ed supra-orbital luminous body, .... in the form of a narrow
streak along the upper border of the orbit, not extending behind the pupil; a small
sujx'rior pre-orl)ital, in its usual position above the nostril; a third luminous body
occu])ying the position of l)oth suborbital and inferior jireorbital, extending on
tlie inferior border of the eye to, oi' Ix'yond, the middle of the orbit, becoming
abruptly narrowed beneath front of eye and sending a narrow upward extension
nearly to level of the superior ]ire-orl)ital."
Type: Diaphus antcorbitalis Gilbert.
A Hawaiian species, Diaphus adcnamus Gilbert, aii]iroaclu>s Lamprossa in the
develojiment of orbital photophores, and may for the present be referred to this
genus.
96. [156B| Lamprossa anteorbitalis (CJilbert).
Diaphus anteorbitalis Gilbkrt, Mem. Gar. Mus., \T, 1913, p. 92, pi. XII, fig. 1.
Six specimens wei'e taken by Aoki at Misaki. They agree well with the types
in the disposition and number of the jihotojihores, the only point of deviation
being the height of the first antero-anal. This photophore may occupy any posi-
tion between the horizontals from the lower and the middle supei'o-anals.
Genus Pantopiios Jordan and liubbs, gen. nov.
We separate this genus from Diaphus, as the type species has glandular bodies
connected not only with the suprai)ectoral photophore, but also with nearly all
JOKDAX AND IllBBS: JArAXKSE FISHES COLLECTED lil22. 157
of the other Ught-organs on the side of the body. The antorbital photoi)hore is
confined to a cavity above* the nostril, and is directed forward, as in several species
of Diaplius, but there is also characteristically developed a large suborbital photo-
phore, located on the lower orbital margin.
The type s])ecies. Diaphn-s glandulifer (lilbert, alone is known.
97. [15(JC] Pantophos glandulifer (dilbeit.)
Diaphus ijhuuhdifcr Gilbert, Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 90, pi. XI, fig. 2.
One specimen from ]\Iisaki, (Aoki).
Dorsal rays, 15; anal, 16; pectoral, 11 or 12; ventral, 8; scales, 36; head .29 and
eye .08 of total length. Photophores arranged exactly as indicated liy Gilbert,
and of the same number, with the exception that there are six postero-anals on
one side.
98. [159A] Nyctimaster jordani (Gilbert).
Type from the east coast of the Hokkaido.
Family ARIID.E.
99. [162A] Netuma osakae Jordan and Kasawa, sp. nov.
(Plate IX. Fig. 1.)
Type, a specimen 37.5 cm. long to caudal fin, found by Jordan and Yania-
inoto in the fish-market at Osaka (Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes, No. 7S()8.)
This species differs widely from the common East Indian form, Xetuina
thalassina. the only species hitherto recognized in the genus, in having the top of
the head covered with smooth skin, the granular bony area being chiefly resti'icted
to the median jwrtion of the occipital process. The snout is more bluntly rounded,
when viewed fi'om alcove, in A\ osaka\ and the body is a little deeper, although
the caudal peduncle is slenderer; the fins are lower. The differences in i)i()iK)i-tion
are indicated by the following comparison of the type of .¥. osahc with a Pliilijiiiine
specimen of A', thalassina of comparable size.
Nfluma thalassina Xt-tuina osaka-
\Vidtli of granular area on occipital i)rocpss in length of process 1.4 ().0
Length of snout in head 2 . .5 2.7
Depth of body in length 4.G 4.0
Depth of caudal peduncle 4.0 4.6
Length of dorsal sjMne in head 1 . (i 1 . S
Length of longest dorsal ray in head 1 . 3.5 1.0
Length of longest anal ray 2.4 2 . S
Length of ventral fin in head 1 . .5 2.1
This is the first Sea-catfish to be definitely recorded from Ja])an, Thunberg's
type of Silurus maculatus {Arius maculatus) having perhaps come from China.
158 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Body rather robust, highest at front of dorsal fin, wedge-shaped anteriorly to
the snout, which is sharjjly point(Ml, when viewed from the side, but very broadly
rounded, when viewcnl fiom above; behind the deepest point the contours are
gently convex to the caudal j^eduncle, which is narrow medially, but aljruptly
expanded at base of caudal fin. Head 3.2 times in length to caudal; its width
about two-thirds its length and one-fourth greater than its extreme depth, and
much narrower than the l)ody is deep (in thalassina width of head and depth of
body about ecjual). Orbit 7 in head; greatest interorbital width 2.1. Top of head
covered with smooth skin; weak granulations appearing only in a small patch on
each side of occiput; occipital process granular medially, but its sides wholly
smooth; the gi-anulations become weak posteriorly toward the very small, smooth,
Ixisal plate at dorsal origin; interorbital space weakly arched, without the median
depression found in N. thalassina. Maxillary Ijarbels unequal, the left, when laid
straight back, not reaching far beyond the vertical from posterior border of eye,
right maxillary barbel extending a little beyond l)ony margin of opercles; outer
mental barbels a little longer than inner ones, about as long as maxillary; posterior
nostril with a pair of flaps along its hinder border, which are just covered by the
large semi-circular flap arising between the two nostrils. Teeth all villiform,
forming wide bands; premaxillary band arcuate and continuous; mandibular band
more curved, and interrupted at symphysis. Vomer with a broad band made of
two roundish subequal jxitches on each side; palatines with a longer posterior
patch fitting into a broad notch between the two members of the vomerine set, its
form triangular, prolonged backwards. Gill-membranes forming a wide fleshy
fold; gill-rakers i-ather stiff, cylindrical, 6-|-6 in number, the longest one-third as
long as eye. Dorsal spine rather obscurely granulate anteriorly (not granulate-
serrate as in thalassina); adipose fin rather large, free; located above middle of
anal base; anal fin falcate; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer and
the more sharply pointed; pectoral spine about as long as dorsal spine, obscurely
granulate on front margin, and weakly serrulate posteriorly.
Color rich brownish above, grayish white below; dorsal and anal fins pale
brown; caudal fin brown, with a greenish tinge on the lobes; paired fins brown on
upper surface, gray below.
Family PLOTOSID.E.
100. [1(33] Plotosus anguillaris (Forskal). L^mf-(//(/i = Sea Gigi.
Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay (M. Lshikawa) ; Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Toba
market (Jordan and Yamamoto).
This species is annoyingly common along the shore of Kyusyu.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 159
Family SILURID.E.
101. [164] Parasilurus asotus (Linnaeus). Xaninzu = Catiish.
Fresli water at Kumamoto (Wakiya) ; Ozu (Wakiya); Himeji (Abe); Nagano
(Xakano) ; Lake Suwa (Ota) ; Lakes Suwa and Hakone (Jordan) : Fukuoka (Hamada) ;
Hino River, Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori).
This species is generally abundant in the cjuiet parts of streams in the .southern
half of Japan. It reaches a larger size than the other Namazu (Cat-fishes) of the rivers.
Dorsal rays 4 to 6; anal rays 72 to 83. The coloration varies fi'om plain to
brightly mottled, tlie sharpest contrasts appearing in a specimen fr(jm Himeji.
The lateral lines are connected across the l)ack by vertical branches, as indicated
by Schlegel in his figure of Silurua japouicus.
Family BAGRID.E.
102. [165] Pelteobagrus* nudiceps (Sauvage). Hagc-yigi = Bald Gigi.
Lake Biwa (Wakiya) ; Lake Biwa (Jordan) ; Himeji (Abe) ; Okayama(Mikamo).
Anal rays, including rudiments, from 18 to 23 in number.
The young are very coarsely blotched or vertically ban-ed with i^ale areas,
while the adults are uniformly marked, or streaked with two lengthwise light areas.
Li well preserved specimens the bones of the head are entirely covered with skin.
103. [Extraterr.] Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson).
A specimen collected by Gee at Soo-chow, China, has been sent to the Museum
of Zoology, L^niversity of Michigan.
104. [166] Pseudobagrus aurantiacus (Tcmminck and Schlegel). Gjgi.
Fukuoka (Hamada).
Like Pelteobagrus niidiceps. this species may be either coarsely blotched, or
striped with light areas.
105. [167] Liobagrus reini Hilgcndorf. .4Ay/2'« = Red Cat-fish.
Himeji (Abe) ;.Toyama ( Yoshizawa ) : Lake Biwa (Jordan ) : Lake Kitagata, Fukui.
The variations in i:)roportions in this little Cat-fish are very wide, but are not
correlated with one another. We thus agree with Tanaka, that Liobagrus sugubrii
Regan^- cannot be recognized.
Interocular space, 2.45 to 3.0 in head; dorsal spine, 3.0 to 5.5; d('i)th of body,
5.0 to 7.3 in length to caudal; pectoral spine varying from much less to much more
than half the lengtli of that fin.
*Thp group callcil Fluvidrnco by .Jf)rclan and Fowler apparently cannot l)e sejiarated from Pelteo-
bagrus Bleeker, ba.sed on Silunix caloariun Basilewsky.
" Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. (8) I, 1908, p. 152; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 190S, p. 02,
1()() mp:moirs of the carnegie museum.
Family (^OBITID.E.
106. [108] Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor). 7)oJo = Loach.
Nagano (Nakano) ; fr(\sh water at Kumamoto (Wakiya) ; Himeji (Abe) ;
Toyama (S. Yoshizawa) ; Noo, (Awaya) ; Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori) ; Lake Biwa
at Otsu (Jordan and Kawamura) ; Lake Biiwa (Jordan); Soo-chow (Gee).
Extremely common in streams and lakes. One of the Lake Biwa specimens
has only nine barbels, there being but one on one side of the mandible.
107. [170] Hymenophysa curta (Temminck and Schlegel). L^?H2-r/rtjo = 8ea-loach.
Thre(> sjjecimens of this p(>culiar loach were collected in Lake Biwa at Otsu
by Jordan and Kawamura.
lOS. 1 172] Lefua echigonia Jordan and Richardson.
Ilotokc-ddjo = Buddlia-loach.
Lefua nikkonis Jordan and Fowler, Pi'oc. U. S. N. M., XXVL 1903, p. 768, fig. 1
(specimens from Shimotsuke, near Xikko, l)ut not the type from Chitose,
Hokkaido) .
Lefua eehignnia Jordan and Richardson, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXIII, 1907,
p. 264, fig. 1.— Tanaka, Annot. Zool. Jap., VII, 1909, 129.
With some doubt we refer to this species two specimens from tlie Hiki River
in Kishu, collected by H. Kuroiwa, and bearing the local name ''Hotoke-dojo."
They diffei' from tlie type in their plain coloration, the spots on the body and fins
being obsolescent, and in the slenderer build. The coloration is very variable,
however, as Tanaka has indicated, and as we find in examining the specimens
from Shimotsuke which Jordan and Fowler confused with their L. rukkonis. The
difference in form seems to be largely due to the lesser deposition of fat, for the
adipose folds on the caudal peduncle are not developed, and the whole texture is
firmer; furthermore this variation is paralleled in other loaches, as in the common
Misgurnus.
109. [174] Cobitis biwae Jordan and Snydei'. Shima-dojo = 'fitriped Loach.
Kumamoto (Wakiya); Himeji (Abe); Okayama (Mikama); Lake Kasumigaura
(Hattori); Xoo, Lake Biwa at Otsu (Jordan and Kawamura).
We have not reconsidered the validity of this abundant species, which scarcely
differs from Cobitis icFnia of Europe.
Genus Barbatula Linck.
The generic name Barbatula Linck, 1790, antedates and replaces Oreias
Sauvage, 1874, and Orthrias Jordan and Fowler, 1903.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 101
110. [173] Barbatula oreas (Jordan and Fowler). FwA-h-(/oJo = Secondary Loach.
This species is not i-epresented in tlie collections at hand.
Family CYFRIXID.F.
111. [175] Pseudoperilampus typus Bleeker. Zou'-tanngo = Genuhiv Chuh.
Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori); Lake Biwa (Jordan).
Genus HEMUiKAMMOCYPRis Fowler.
Honigrammncypris Fowler, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., LXIl, 1910, p. 483.
Type: Hcmigrnmmocypris rnsborella Fowler.
Brevigohio Tanaka, Dobutsu-gaku Zasshi, Tokyo, XXX'lIl, 1910, p. 102. Type:
Brevigobio kaivabaicc Tanaka, = H. rasborella Fowlei'.
"Xo barbels about mouth; pharyngeal teetli 3-rowed, 4. 4, 2-2, 4, 4; dorsal
fin inserted nearer to base of caudal than to tij) of snout; a sharj:) ventral keel
between anus and origin of venti'al; lateral line decurved, incomplete, running
along lower pai't of body, ending near last ray of anal." (Tanaka.)
This genus is in many ways similar to Rasbora, a genus now comjjrising many
species of southern Asia and the East Lidies, but differs from that genus in having
the abdomen sharply keeled, and in the normal structure of the lower jaw.
112. [170A] Hemigrammocypris rasborella Fowler. Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci., Phila.,
LXn, 1910. p. 483. (Japan.)
Brevigobio kawabatcc Tanaka, Dobutsu-gaku Zasshi, Tokj'o, XXVIH, 1910, p. 102
(Lake Biwa); Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XXIV, 1910, p. 420, pi. 115, figs. 339,
340 (Lake Biwa, pond near Tsu in Ise).
Genus Acheilognathus Bleeker.
We follow Jordan and Thompson" in our treatment of the fishes of this group.
113. [177] Acheilognathus rhombea (Temminck and Schlegel).
Kanehira = Flat-money.
Kumamoto (Wakiya); Fukuoka (Hamada).
The depth of the body in this minnow is highly variable, being contained
from 2.2 to 2.8 times in tlie length of body to caudal base, increasing very irregu-
larly with age. The branclied rays in the doi'sal fin vary from twelve to fourteen
in number.
" Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1014, 217-227.
1G2 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
114. [179] Acheilognathus limbata (Tomminck and Schlegel). Bote.
Kumamoto (Wakiya); Hamada (Wakiya); Himeji (Abe).
We identify our half-grown specimens (43 to 53 mm. long to caudal) with
this species. The body is less elevated than in adults, being contained 2.6 to 2.7
times in the standard length. Some of the specimens of similar size from Funayado
(reported by Jordan and Fowler) are as slender as these, while others are deeper.
The increase in depth with age is obviously irregular, as in .4. rhombea. In some
of the specimens the lateral line appears to be variously incomplete. Teeth 5-5,
.smooth, or with distinct traces of plications on one of the teeth. Scales about 33.
Anal fin sometimes black-margined.
115. 1 180] Acheilognathus lanceolata (Temminck and Schlegel).
Yari-tanago = Spear-cliub.
Eleven specimens from Kumamoto, collected by ^^'akiya, fully agree with
Jordan and Thompson's account of this species (l. c, p. 224). In fin-formula the
only variant has ten-branched anal rays. Thirteen others from Xoo near Xiigata
are essentially similai-. All have nine-branched anal rays, but three have nine-
branched dorsal rays.
Teeth, 5-5, with rather wide grinding surfaces, but with at most bare traces
of plications. Scales 34-37.
11(5. [ISOA] Acheilognathus intermedia (Temminck and Schlegel).
Bay of ]Mikawa (M. Ishikawa); Himeji (Abe); Lake INIikata, Lake Kasumi-
guara (Hattori) ; Lake Biwa, at Otsu (Jordan and Kawamura); tributary of the
Sumida River near Tokyo (Jordan).
We follow Jordan and Thompson (])]). 223-227) in the identification of this
species.
The barbel varies considerably in length, being usually more than two-thirds
as long as the snout ; it is contained 1.0 to 1.7 times in length of snout. The branched
fin-rays are: dorsal, 9 (8 to 10) ; anal, 10 (9 to 11). Scales to caudal base, 35 to 36.
Pharyngeal teeth, 5-5, with wide grinding surfaces, but no plications.
117. [181] Acheilognathus cyanostigma (Jordan and Fowler).
Lake Mikata near Fukui; Lake Biwa at Otsu (Jordan and Kawamura).
Branched rays of dorsal, 8; of anal, 7 to 9.
lis. [ISIA] Acheilognathus tabira (Jordan and Thompson). 7^«6/ra = Rice-chub.
Achcilognuthus limhata Ta\.\k.\. Annot. Zool. Jap., VII, 1909, p. 133 (not of
Temminck and Schlegel).
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 163
Acheilognatkus tabira Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mu.s.. VI, 1914, p. 220,
1)1. XXV, fig. 1.
Nagano (^Xakano); Fukuoka (Hamada) ; Lake Mikata, Lake Biwa at Otsu
(Jordan and Kawamura).
The branched dorsal rays varj' from 10 to 12; anal, 9 to 10.
119. [183A] Rhodeus kurumeus Jordan and Thompson.
Rhodeus kurumeus Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. ]\Ius., VL 1914, p. 229,
pi. XXVI, fig. 2.
Two small specimens of this species were collected by Wakiya at Kumamoto,
not far from the type-locality, Kurume.
Half-grown specimens show two dark blotches on the front of the dorsal fin,
one near the base, the other near its tip.
The depth of the type was given as 2.75, wliich appears to be a misprint
for 2.25.
This species needs to be compared with the Chinese Rhodeus ocellatus,.
Genus Gnathopogon Bleeker.
Jordan and Thompson"^ have given a very useful revision of the s])ecies of
this genus, of which Leucogobio Gunther, Squalidus Dybowsky, and Otakia Jordan
and Snyder are synonyms. We have a large amount of new material from Japan
and Korea, and find it necessary to go over the group again.
Key to the Known Species of G.nathopogo.n.
a. Anus not in advance of the normal position just before the anal fin. Eye small, usually less than
one-fourth length of head. Pectoral fin usually reaching less than two-thirds the distance to ventral
insertion.
b. Snout narrower; maxillary reaching nearly or quite to below front of orbit. Pharyngeals with 2 or
3 teeth in inner row.
c. Pharyngeal teeth smooth or obsolescently serrate on the grinding surface (character not definitely
described for the Asiatic species, group del) ; barbel about as long as, or longer than pupil.
d. Barbel much longer than pupil (L2 to 1.7 in eye). Origin of dorsal usually nearer base of
caudal than tip of snout. Scales in four to five rows above, and 34 to 39 rows along the
lateral line.
e. Body rather robust, its depth 3.4 to 4.3 in standard length; caudal peduncle less than twice
as long as deep, its depth 7.4 to 8.7 in body; width of body about 1.7.5 in its depth. Length
of pectoral fin 1.4 to 1.7 in distance between insertions of paired fins. Color lighter; less
spotted. Lake Biwa to K3'Qsyu elongatus.
ee. Body slenderer, its depth 4.0 to 4.7 in standard length; caudal peduncle about tw^ce as long
as deep, its depth 8.6 to 10 in body length; width of body about 1..5 in its depth. Length
of pectoral fin 1.6 to 1.9 in distance between origin of paired fins. Color darker; more
spotted. Lake Suwa and adjacent waters suwae.
" Mem. Car. Mus., VL 1914, pp. 214-217.
164 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
(III. Barbel scarcely as long as ])upil. Origin of dorsal equidistant between tip of snout and caudal
base. Caudal peduncle less than twice as long as deep. Asiatic mainland.
f. Scales in (i rows above and 40 along lateral line. Headwaters of the Yangtsekiang.
tieniatiia.*'
ff. Scales in (3 rows above and 3() along lateral line. Amur basin tieriiatus Berg.
(? not of Gunther.")
///. Scales in 4 or 5 rows above and 36 to 38 along lateral line. Korea strigntus."
cc. Pharyngeal teeth strongly dentate on grinding surface; barbel much shorter than pupil; body
slender; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal. Scales in 42 rows to caudal
base. Lake Biwa and Yodo River, Japan ca'rulescens.
bli. Snout broader and shorter; the maxillary only reaching to Ijelow middle of snout. Pharyngeals
with only one tooth in the inner row. Origin of dorsal nearer ti|) of snout than base of caudal.
China herzendeini.^^
au. Anus in advance of normal position just before anal fin. Eye usually large, more than one-fourth
length of head, except in large specimens of G. japonicus. Pectoral fin usually reaching more than
two-thirds distance to ventral insertion. (Jrigin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal.
g. Distance from anus to anal fin less than length of eye.
/). Scales above lateral line in 2.5 to 3.5 rows; scales more or less enlarged on mid-dorsal
line. Body with conspicuous dark spots; top of head spotted.
)'. Barbel minute, about one-sixth as long as pupil. Scales above lateral line in 3 or
3.5 rows; scales of mid-dorsal line little enlarged. Ping-yang River, Korea.
miijimiB.
ii. Barbel aljout two-thirds as long as eye. Scales above lateral line in 3.5 rows;
scales of mid-dorsal line moderately enlarged. Kyusyfi gracilis.
Hi. Barbel longer than eye, l>ut not reaching to below hind border of eye. Scales
above lateral line in 2.5 rows; scales of mid-dorsal line much enlarged. Head
3.45, eye, 3.4, scarcely shorter than snout, longer than interorbital, 1.4 in post-
orbital. Ping-yang River, northwestern Korea longifilis.
hh. Scales al)ove lateral line in 4 rows; (enlargement of scales on mid-dorsal line not
described). Body with dark spots; top of head spotted. Barbvl at least as long as
eye, reaching to below hind margin of eye. Head, 4.0; eye, 3.5 to 3.6, shorter than
snout, shorter than interorbital, about 1.5 in postorbital. River Sambu, southern
Korea coreanw.*^
fihh. Scales above lateral line in 4.5 or 5 rows; scales not enlarged along mid-dorsal line.
Body with dark spots, inconspicuous; top of head not spotted.
j. Barbel nearly as long as eye, but scarcely reaching to below hind border of
pupil. Head, 3.7. Eye large, 3.15 in head, as long as snout, longer than inter-
orbital, nearly as long as postorbital. River Ping-yang t.'^ul.^higw.
jj. Barbel short, not reaching to below middle of pupil, 0.3 to 0.6 as long as eye.
k. Eye 3.5 longer than snout or interorbital, 1.4 in iKistorV)ital. Scales 34 to 36.
Chanka Lake, Amur basin chankanensis.^"
kk. Eye about 4.0 shorter than snout, little more than half postorbital. Scales
35 to 37. Streams of southern Japan japonicus.
"= Giinther. Ann. Mus. Zool., Acad. Imp. Sci. Petersb., 1896, p. 214, pi. 2, fig. A.
" Berg, Ichth. Amur., 1907, p. 84.
■*' Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 59, Chong-ju, Chung-Chong Province. Korea.
^^ Giinther, I. c, p. 213, pi. 2, fig. B.
^" Berg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVIII, 1906, p. 394.
'■'" Dybowsky, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. XXII, 1872, p. 215; Berg, Ichth. Anmr., 1909, p. S3.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 11(22. 165
gg. Distance from anus to anal fin at least as lonK, usually longer, than diamotcr of the
large eye. Depth of body 4.5 to 6.0 in length.
/. Scales above lateral line in 4 rows, along lateral line in 33 rows. Head more than
one-fourth the standard length. Formosa iijiime.^'
II. Scales above lateral line in 5 rows, along lateral line in 30 rows. Head less than
one-fourth standard lenj^th. Lake Biwa. Ja])an hiiiuv}'
12U. [184 and 1S8J Gnathopogon elongatus (Teinniinck ;nul Schlcgel).
Moroko = Minnow. ■
(Utpotid cloiKjaln Temminck and i^chlegel, Fauna Jap., Pisces, 1846, p. 2U(),
pi. 100, fis. 1.
(in(i{li(ip()(j(ni el(in<j(itus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, p. 202 (as type of
Gnathopogon): Verli. Akad. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, p. 23. — Jordan and
Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIII, 1901, p. 343 (Lake Biwa); Annot. Zool.
Jap., Ill, 1901, p. 47 (Lake Biwa). — Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N.
M., XXVI, 1903, p. 822 (Lake Biwa). — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour.
Coll. Sci., Tokj'o, XXXIII, 1913, p. 66. — Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car.
Mus., VI, 1914, pp. 215, 217 (Lake Biwa; Nagoya; Yodo River).
Barbus homogenes Gunther, Cat. Fi.shes Brit. Mus., VII, 1868, p. 136 (after
Schlegel; the name elongatus pre-occvipied in Barbus).
Leucogobio gucnthcri Ishikawa, Annot. Zool. Jap., Ill, 1901, p. 161, pi. 3, fig. 1
(Matsubara on Lake Biwa). — Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. 8. N. M., XXVI,
1903, p. 826 (Lake Biwa; Nagoya; Hatata; Chikugo River). — Berg, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVIII, 1906, p. 395 (in key).^TANAKA, Annot. Zool.
Jap., VII, 1908, p. 6 (Lake Biwa); Zool. Mag., No. 237, 1908, p. 235 (Lake
Biwa).
Kachi River, at Nagoya (Jordan); Lake Biwa (Wakiya); Lake Kawaguchi,
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Himeji (Abe); Kumamoto (Wakiya); Ozu (Wakiya);
Nagasaki.
Counts and measurements of a considerable series from vtirious parts of
Japan follow: head, 3.4 to 4.0 in standard length; deptli of l)ody, 3.4 to 4.3; depth
of caudal peduncle, 7.4 to 8.7; eye, 4.2 to 5.0 in head, 1.2 to 1.7 times as long as
barbel; pectoral fin contained 1.4 to 1.7 times in interval between insertions of
paired fins; scales in lateral line to caudtd base, 34 to 39; gill-rakers, x plus 6;
teeth 5, 5-3, 5.
" Oshinia, Ann. Car. Mus., XII, 1919, 219, pi. LI, fig. 2, p. 12S (Tozeh River, Formosa); Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1920, p. 12,") (Rihikuton, Formosa).
*' Berg, /. c, 1909, i). ^4, footnote, indicates the existence in Lake C'hanka of a second antl unnamed
species, which he regards as related to G. biuni'.
166 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
121. Gnathopogon suwae Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Type, 72 mm. long to caudal base, collected by Jordan in Lake Suwa, at
Kamisuwa in Shinshu (Car. Mus. Cat. of Fishes No. 7814).
Eight paratypes were taken with the tyi)e; five other i^aratypes wvvq takiMi in
Lake Kisaki by T. Ota.
This species seems to be the local representative of Gnathopogon elongatus,
which is widely spread to the soutln\ard. It also bears a fairly close resemblance
to several species of the Asiatic mainland. It is compared with these and other
species in the key, which has been given.
Form moderately- trim, heaviest forward; the nape slightly elevated; width
of body about two-thirds the depth, \\liieh is contained 4.2 (4.0 to 4.7) times in
standard length; length of the rather slender caudal peduncle about twice its
least depth, which measures 9.4 (8.6 to 10.0) times in length to caudal.
Head symmetrical, rounded anteriorly; its length, with opercular membrane,
contained 3.8 (3.7 to 4.0) times in length to caudal; eye round and rather small,
being contained 4.7 (4.4 to 5.0) times in head; decidedly shorter than either the
snout or the convex interorbital, less than half the postorbital. Barbel well de-
veloped, but not long, reaching to below middle of eye; its length contained 1.4
(1.3 to 1.5) times in eye; upper jaw as long as snout, but being somewhat oblique,
does not quite reach to below front of orbit; tij) of premaxillaries on a level with
lower part of pupil. Six gill-rakers on lower limb of arch, not counting extreme
rudiments. Pharyngeal teeth more or less hooked, with grinding surfaces, which
are at most obsoletely serrate; 4 or 5 teeth in the outer and 2 or 3 in the inner
row. Peritoneum silvery, with clusters of black dots. Intestine shorter than
body. Anus not advanced in position. Scales 4.5 to 5.5 between origin of dorsal
fin and lateral line, 35 to 37 along lateral line to caudal base, 3 or 3.5 between
lateral line and anal oiigin, and 3 to 4 between lateral line and ventral insertion.
Dorsal rays, 2, 7 (rarely 6); anal, 2, 6; all fins short; pectoral extending much less
than two-thirds distance to ventral, its length 1.75 (1.6 to 1.9) times in interval
between origins of the two fins; ventral not reaching anus, extending only two-
thirds to origin of anal; anal, when depressed, falling short of lower caudal rays by
a distance longer than eye. Length of depressed dorsal contained 1.8 (1.6 to 1.8)
times in distance from its oi-igin to occiput. Origin of dorsal over ventral base, a
little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout (sometimes almost eciuidistant).
Color grayish brown above, pale below. A dark stripe extends fi-om the
origin of the lateral line to the caudal l)ase, becoming more distinct posteriorly,
and running largely above the slightly decurved lateral line anteriorly. Dark
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!)22. 167
spots of varying form and distinctness developed on the upjier half of the body;
most distinct in a jiaratype from Lake Kisaki.
122. [189, 198, and 203] Gnathopogon caerulescens (Sauvage).
Yanagi-mi)nik(i = Willow-minnow.
Squalius carulescens Sauvace, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883, p. 3 (Lake Biwa).
Leuciscus ccerulescens Jordan and Fowler, Proc. L'. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 845
(after Sauvage).
Otakia rashorinn Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X". AL, XXIII, 1900, p. 345,
pi. 9, fig. 3 (Lake Biwa); Annot. Zool. Jap. Ill, 1901, p. 46 (Lake Biwa).—
Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, ]). 842, fig. 6.— Tanaka,
Zool. Mag., Xo. 237, 1908, jx 235. — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Annot.
Zool. Jap., XXXIII, 1913, )). 70, fig. 44.
Leucogobio jordani Ishikawa, Annot. Zool. Jap., Ill, 1901, p. 163, pi. 3, fig. 2
(Lake Biwa).— Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 827
(after Ishikawa).— Bero, Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (7) XVIII, 1906, p. 395 (in
key).— Tanaka, Zool. Mag., Xo. 237, 1908, p. 235, (Lake Biwa); ibid., VII,
1908, p. 5 (Lake Biwa). — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci.,
Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 67 (after Ishikawa).
Gnathopogon jordani Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus., \1, 1914, p. 217
(in key).
Lake Biwa (Wakij'a, Jordan and Kawamura); Yodo River, outlet of Lake
Biwa, at Kyoto (Jordan). We also have a series collected in Lake Biwa by Jordan
and Snyder in 1900.
The species currently known as Gnathopogon (or Leucogobio) jordani fits the
description of Sqindius aeridescens Sauvage in all respects. Sauvage makes no
mention, howevei', of the minute barbel. l)ut lie obviously overlooked it. Otakia
rasborina seems also to hv the same, though tlie bai'bel is described as absent.
Jordan and Seale in 1906°^ recorded some minnow from Kawatana, near
Xagasaki, under the name of Leuciscus cierulescens. but we do not locate this
matei'ial.
123. Gnathopogon majimae Jordan and Ilubbs, sp. nov.
(Plate IX; fig. 2.)
Ty]ie 43 mm. long to ciiudal fin, collected by Yojiro \\'akiya in the Ping-yang
River, northwestern Korea; Car. Mus. Cat. of Fishes, Xo. 7816. The type is
unicjue.
" Proc. U. S. X. M., XXX, liHHi, p. 144.
l()cS MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Body rather heavy forwai-d, attenuate posteriorly; dorsal contour rising from
ti]) of premaxillaries, whicli are on the level of lower border of pupil, in a convex
cui've to above front of orbit, thence nearly straight to occiput, beyond which it is
considerably elevated. Greatest dej^th of body below the dorsal origin, more than
twice the least depth, and contained 4.0 times in standard length. Head rather
long and narrow, its dorsal contour more curved and more elevated than the
ventral; length of head 8.35 in standard length; eye slightly oval and large, longer
than snout or inteiorbital width, contained 1.3 times in postorbital, 3.0 times in
head; interorbital flat; l)aibel slendci- and veiy short, only about one-sixth as long
as the pupil, so short as to be hidden in the groove at angle of mouth, not reaching
to below fiont of orbit; length of ui)i)er jaw equal to distance from tip of snout to
the fold between nostrils; about seven rudimentaiy gill-rakers developed on lower
linil) of outer gill-arch; pharyngeal teeth 5-3, obscurely hooked, with entire
grinding surfaces; jieritoneum silvery, with black dots; intestine short; anus in
advance of anal fin a distance nearly eciual to length of eye. Scales large, 3 or 3.5
from oiigin of dorsal fin to lateral line; 2.5 fiom lateial line to insertion of ventral
or origin of anal; eleven scales somewhat, but not greatly, enlarged, from dorsal
fin to occii)ut ; only thirty along lateral line to caudal lia.se. Dorsal rays, 2.7;
anal, 2.6. Fins all long; pectoral extending just to insertion of ventral, slightly
more than two-thirds as long as head; ventral extending slightly beyond anus; the
depi'essed anal reaching within scarcely more than half length of eye from lower
caudal ra>'s; dorsal especially elevated, its height being equal to its distance from
occiput. Origin of dorsal slightly in advance of ventral insertion, a little nearer
tip of snout than l)ase of caudal.
Color i)ale, but with a deep brown band from fi-ont of snout to base of caudal,
extending everywhere along the nearly straiglit lateral line, most intense on the
snout, more or less interrupted at each scale margin. Toj) of head, and the back,
but not the sides of the body, with numerous brown spots somewhat smaller than
the pupil; the sjiots less distinct, as though more blurred, than in G. longifiUs.
Named U)v Toyoji Majima of the Imperial University of the Hokkaido.
124. 1 185] Gnathopogon gracilis (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ito-moruko = Slim Minnow
Capoeta gracilis Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1846, p. 201,
pi. 100, fig. 2 (Nagasaki).
Gnathopngan gracilis Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XVHI, 1879, p. 23 (after
Schlegel).— Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 823
(after Schlegel).
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l'.)22. 169
Barbus homozonus Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., VII, ISGS, p. 137 (after
Schlegel; the name gracilis pre-occupied in Barbus).
Leucogobio mayedce Jordan and Foavler, Proc. U. S. X. M., XX\'I, 1903, p. 828
(specimens from Chikugo River, and i):ut of material from Lake Biwa: not
Gobio niayedcp Jordan and Snyder). — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour.
Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 67 (in jxut ; after Joidan and Fowler).
Gnathopogon is/ul'a irtp Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus.. \l. 1914, j). 215,
pi. XXIV, fig. 4, (Chikugo River).
It appears almost certain to us that Gnathopogon ishikawcF Jordan and Thomp-
son, rather than Gobio biircv Jordan and Snyder, is identical with Capoeta gracilis
Temminck and Schlegel. The figure of C. gracilis indicates a fish differing from
G. biwce in the les.ser distance between anus and origin of anal fin; the deeper
body, more elevated anteriorly, in the larger .scales, etc. In tliese and other re-
spects, except the height of the anal fin, which we find variabli", the figure agrees
with that of G. ishikarro'. Moreover the type-localities of ('. gracilis and G.
ishikairce are in close proximity, while G. biwa- has only been taken in Lake Biwa,
far to the northward.
The present collection contains no specimens of G. ryrar/Z/.s-. ])ut we have
examined the type material of (!. ishikairfc.
125. [Extratei'r.] Gnathopogon longifilis .hirdan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Tj'pe, a fine specimen 49 mm. long to the caudal fin. collected by Yojiro
Wakiya in the Ping-yang River, northern Korea ; ( 'ar. INIus. Cat . of Fishes. Xo. 7819.
We have no paratypes.
The distinctive features of this form are incUcated in our key. This species
and G. majima' bear a strong superficial resemblance respectively to Xotropis caijuga
and Noiropis heterodon. which live together in weedy waters in the eastern United
States. The similarity probably has an ecological basis.
The body is even more attenuate posteriorly and le.ss elevated anteriorly,
than in Gnathopogon majimoe, the whole form being trimmer. Greatest depth,
considerabh' more tlian twice lea.st depth, contained 4.45 times in standard length;
nuchal elevation sUght; dorsal profile of head rather gently decur\-ed to tij) of
premaxillaries, which are scarcely higher than lower margin of eye. Head. 3.45;
eye, 3.4; scarcely shorter than snout, a httle longer than width of interorbital,
1.4 in postorbital; interorbital almost flat. Barbel long and slender, a little longer
than eye, but not quite reaching to below posterior margin of orbit; maxillary
reaching to below posterior nostril. Only five rudimentary gill-rakers developed
on lower hne. Pharjmgeal teeth 5-3, obscurely hooked; almost smooth on grinding
170 MEMOIRS OF 'IMIK CAUNKCIE MUSKUM.
surfaces. Peritoneum silvery, but ratlier densely punctate. Intestin(> short. Anus
in adv^ance of anal fin a distance contained 1.4 times in (he oihit. Scales large;
2. .5 from origin of doi-sal to lateral line; 2.5 from latei'al line to inseitioii of ventral
or origin of anal; 11 greatly widened from origin of dorsal to occiput; 34 along
lateral line to caudal base. Dorsal rays, 2.7; anal, 2.0; fins all long; pectoral
reaching almost to ventral, contained 1.3 times in liead; vcntrals slightly over-
lapping th(> anus; the anal when depressed, extends to within diameter of pupil
from lower caudal rays. Height of the ]X)inted dorsal fin a little greater than
distance from dorsal oi'igin to occiput; dorsal beginning considerably in advance of
ventral insertion, diameter of one orbit nearer tip of snout than base of caudal.
Back light brown, with numerous rich deep brown spots, which are also
tracealile on toi) of head. The spotted back is abruptly marked off from the sides
by a pale streak, which overlies the lateral stripe. The latter begins at the eye,
not being developed on the snout, as in G. tnajmuv, and extends along the straight
lateral line to the caudal base, being more or less interi'upted at the scale margins.
120. [Extraterr.l Gnathopogon tsuchigas Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Gnathopngon tsuchiga' is one of the thi'ee new species of the genus collected
by Yojiro Wakiya in the Ping-yang River, northern Korea. It is known only
from the type, a specimen 69 mm. long to the caudal fin (Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes,
No. 7818).
Body deepest slightly before the middle of its length, little elevated at either
the na]X' or the dorsal origin; dorsal contour gently curved from dorsal fin to
snout, where it is decurved almost to the horizontal from lower margin of orbit;
greatest depth of body below doi'sal oi-igin a little more than twice the least depth,
and contained 4.8 times in standard length; caudal peduncle twice as long as
deep. Head rather heavy and deej), its length 3.7 in body; eye large and roundish,
its upper edge almost flush with the flat surface of the interorbital, its length
equal to that of snout, exceeding the interorbital width, as long as the postorbital
exclusive of the opercular membrane and contained 3.15 times in head. Barbel
slendei', of moderate length, contained 1.3 times in the eye, l:)ut scarcely reaching
to below posterior margin of pupil; upper jaw somewhat projecting and extending
backward slightly behind vertical fi'om posterior nostril. Gill-rakers less rudi-
mentary than in related species, only five, liowever, below angle. Three teeth
in lesser row (those of the outer row appear abnormal in the type, two being very
broad, the third very slender and separated by a gap from one of the wider
ones). Peritoneum finely punctate; intestine short; anus in ad\'ance of anal fin a
distance nearly ecjual to length of the large eye. Scales moderate, 4.5 from origin
JORDAN' AND HIBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 171
of dorsal to lateral line, 2.5 from lateral line to ventral, 3 from lateral line to anal
origin; about 13, not at all enlarged, from occiput to dorsal fin, 36 along lateral
line to caudal ba.se. Dor.sal rays, 2.7: anal, 2, 6, as in related forms; pectoral fin
one diameter of pupil shorter than intc'r\-al between insertions of paired fins,
wliich is equal to length of head; ventrals extending beyond anus, but not to anal
fin. whifli. when depressed, reaches to within half of the diameter of orbit from
caudal; length of tlie depressed dor.sal scarcely shorter than occiput to dorsal;
third dorsal ray over insertion of venti-al. wliich is midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal.
Color pale, with clusters of dots forming faint roundish spots in a series
before dorsal fin. and in a series along the axial septum of the longitudinal muscles,
the latter forming a chord across the curve made by the considerably decurved
lateral line. Head without spots.
Named for Yasukei Tsuchiga. science-teacher at Yamada.
127. [190] Gnathopogon japonicus (Sauvage). Dcme-moruko = Fop-eye Alinnow.
Squalius japonicus Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 4, (Lake Biwa).
Leuciscus japonicus Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 845
(after Sauvage).
Gohio mayedce Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1900, p. 342, pi. 9,
fig. 2 (Lake Biwa); Annot. Zool. Jap. Ill, 1901, p. 46 (Lake Biwa).
Leucogobio mayedce Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 828,
fig. 3, (in part; see Jordan and Thompson, 1911). — Berg, Ann. Mag. Xat.
Hist., (7). XVIII, 1906, p. 395 (in key).— Tanaka, Annot. Zool. Jap., VII,
1908, p. 5 (Lake Biwa); Zool. Mag., Xo. 237. 1908, p. 235 (Lake Biwa).—
Snyder, Proc. U. S. X M., XLII, 1912, p. 404 (Yamaguchi).— Jordan,
Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 67, fig. 41
(in i)art).
Gnathopogon mayerfo? Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus.. VI, 1914, pp. 215,
217 (Lake Biwa).
Lake Biwa (Wakiya). Kachi River at X^'agoya (Jordan).
The species hitherto called Gnathopogon rtmyedw is doubtless the one described
by Sauvage as Squalius japonicus. As in the case of G. cieridescens, the small
barbel was overlooked by Sauvage, and the species has been lately listed as a
Leuciscus.
128. 1 191] Gnathopogon biwae (Jordan and Snyder).
Gobio biu-ce Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1900, p. 340, pi. 9,
fig. 1 (Lake Biwa); Annot. Zool. Jap. III. 1901, p. 46 (.Lake Biwa).
172 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Lcucogobio biircr Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1908, ]). 829,
fig. 4 (Lake Biwa).— Berg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XVIII, 19UG, p. 395
(in key).— Tanaka, Zool. Mag., No. 237, 1908, p. 235 (Lake Biwa).— Jordan,
Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1013, p. OS, fig. 42
(after Jordan and Snyder) .
(rnalhopogon gracilis Jordan antl Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus., \T, 1914, ])]). 214,
217, fig. 3 (Lake Biwa), not Capoeta gracilis Temminck and Schlegel.
This species is still known only from Lake Biwa. Jordan and Thompson
made an unsuccessful effort to identify it with Capoeta gracilis Temminck and
Schlegel, and in tlie same paper redescribed what appeai-s to be the true gracilis
as Gnathopogon ishikaira\
129. [ISO] Hemibarbus barbus (Tennninck and Schlegel). Sai; M/r/oi = Skin-carp.
Osaka and Tokyo mai'kets (Jordan); Lake Suwa (Jordan); Nagano (Nakano);
Hino River, Fukui; Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori).
Generally common southward in lakes and (juiet streams. . .
One young specimen from Nagano, otherwise typical, has the body and head
much darker than usual, and the spots on the body more numerous and darker.
The normal coloration at different ages has been well described by Tanaka."
We have not sufficient material fi'om outside Japan to test the alleged identity
of this species with Hemibarbus labeu of the Asiatic mainland.
Genus Belligobio Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Belligobio eristigma Jordan and Hubbs.
Belligobio is related to Hemibarbus, but differs in having the last simple ray
of the dorsal fin unossified, flexible, articulated, not a coarse bony spine, and in
having the snout moi'c ]irodiiced. Both genei'a are related to Gobio. having scales
of the same t.ype.
Body elongate; head long, the snout sharjily jii-oduced, longer than postorliital;
a rather conspicuous flap between the nostrils; mouth very low, horizontal, chiefly
lateral; upper lip normal, largely covered by the slightly projecting rostral fold;
lower lij) produced backward as a triangular median flap in contact with the gular
groove; lower jaw entirely included; posterior maxillary barbels present, rather
shoi't, arising fi-om lower edge of maxillary near its end; gill-rakers short but thick,
four on lower liml) of outer arch; pharyngeal teeth 5, 3, 1, the larger ones with a
broad and deeply excavated grinding surface; bones of snout exjianded, sub-
orbitals, preopercle. and mandible with highly developed mucous cavities; dorsal
'* Annot. ZoOl. .lap., VII, 1009, ]). 131.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 173
fin with 7, anal with (3 l)raiiehc(l rays; dorsal beginning a little before ventrals;
anal far l)ehin<l the dorsal; lateral line scai'cely decurved, running on caudal
peduncle a little below middle of depth.
130. [186A] Belligobio eristigma Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
(Plate IX; fig. 3.)
Type, an adult female, 118 mm. long to caudal, collected by Kumachichi
Mikamo near Okayama (C. M. Cat. Fishes No. 7820.)
One paratype was taken with the type; another was collected by Abe at
Himeji. Both of these localities are in the Inland Sea drainage of Hondo.
Head, 3.65 (3.45 in jiaratj^pes) in standard length; greatest depth of body,
4.9 (4.6 to 5.2). Least depth of caudal peduncle about 2.0 in its length, 3.15
(to 3.2) in head; snout, 2.3 (2.2); interorbital, 4.0 (to 3.8); postorbital, 2.55 (to
2.65) ; eye to end of fold of mouth, 4.0 (to 4.4) ; length of upper jaw, 4.3 (4.0 to 4.4).
Form rather slender, not particularly trim, the outhnes not being even
curves; body weakly compressed; snout much produced, considerably longer than
postorbital; interorbital flat, bony, with three longitudinal ridges, of which the
outer two diverge outwardly toward the nostrils. In preserved specimens a hori-
zontal groove extends forward horizontally from below each nostril, joining its
fellow in a wide curve, as viewed from above; antei'ior nostril with a raised I'im,
the posterior nostril with a fimbriate border; between the two there is a wide
rounded flap, large enough to cover either nostril when depressed; extreme tip of
snout abruptly decurved to form the rostral fold, which medially is on a level a
pupil's length below eye, and which partially overhangs upper jaw. The moder-
ately thick upper lip slightly overlaps the base of the barbel, which is inserted on
the lower edge of maxillary near its end; barbel about two-thirds eye, extending
slightl}' beyond vertical from hinder rim of jiosterior nostril; upj^er jaw a vei'v
little longer than eye, but not reaching to below the anterior nostril; gape largely
lateral, very little oblique; lower lip moderately' thick laterally, deflected backward
from the symphyseal region to the gular groove as a flap one-fifth as long as the
orbit, and having the shape of an isosceles triangle; gill-rakers rather large, but
short and fleshy, angular in form, 2-|-4 in number; pharyngeal teeth triserial, 5,3,
1, the larger ones with broad, deeply excavated grinding surfaces and little hooked
tips. Peritoneum silvery with brown spots; intestine shorter than body; aii--
bladder very large. Lateral Une complete, barely decurved anteriorly, running a
little below middle of dej^th on caudal peduncle. Scales moderate, 5.5 or 6 from
origin of dorsal to lateral line, 13 between dorsal fin and occiput, 40 (39 to 41)
174 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
along lateral line to caudal base, 3 (3 to 4) between lateral line and ventral inser-
tion, 4.5 between lateral line and anal oi'igin, 15 around narrowest part of caudal
peduncle. The individual scales are broadly semioval in outline, with basilateral
angles narrowly rounded; the basal margin truncate, with a broad median con-
vexity; the focus within the basal fourth of the length of the scale; the basal circuh
close-set and parallel with the basal margin, while the lateral circuli are moder-
ately spaced, about as in most American Cyprinidce, and flare outwardly to meet
the scale margin at an angle; the anterior field traversed only by rudimentary
circuli, but with the radii rather strong and numerous, extending from very near
the focus and from intermediate origins to points on the margin, between which
the scale is produced in narrow scallops; no lateral or basal radii. Dorsal rays,
2, 7; anal, 2, 6; dorsal fin inserted well forward, its fourth ray lying over ventral
insertion, its origin nearer by length of eye from tip of snout than caudal base;
origin of anal but little nearer end of dorsal base than caudal base; length of the
depressed dorsal contained 1.2 times in the dorso-occipital interval; pectoral
reaching to within less than one diameter of eye from ventral, which fails to reach
the anus by a somewhat greater distance; the depressed anal reaches about to
middle of caudal base; second dorsal ray a very little stiffened basally, but still
ciuite flexible; it remains thin and preserves the articulations, being essentially
like the corresponding anal ray, and barely showing an approach toward the bony
spine oiHemiharhus.
The most striking feature of the species is the coloration, correctly indicated
on Plate IX, Fig. 3.
131. [192] Pseudogobio esocinus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Kamatsuka = River Dodger.
Lake Biwa, Kachi River at Nagoya (Jordan); Kumamoto (Wakiya) ; Lake
Suwa (Jordan); Nagano (Nakano); Himeji (Abe); Okayama (Mikamo); Chikuma
River (Ota); River at Yamada (Tsuchiga).
A gudgeon of remarkable appearance, looking like the American genus
Hypentelium.
Genus Sarcocheilichthys Bleeker.
In Sarcocheilichthys the barbels are very variable. In *S'. variegatus, though
constantly short and slender in the young, they become shorter and thicker with
age, often becoming reduced to papillse, or are even entirely lost. The lower lip
is thick and fleshy on each side, but obsolete toward the hard and narrow symphy-
seal pi'ojection; the gape as viewed from below is strongly sigmoid on each side.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 175
The anus is advanced in jwsition, being almost as near the ventral insertion as
the anal origin. The oviduct is extended as a long white tube, which is retractile
within a large pocket, and which can-ies the rectum outward for some distance
along its front lioi'der.
In Pungtungia and Pseudorasbora the lower lip is also practically restricted
to the lateral lobes; in Pungtungia the mouth is also inferior, but the median ex-
tension of the mandible is broad and truncate, and the barbel is longer; in
Pseudorasbora the mouth is dorso-terminal and transverse, and the barbel wholly
lacking. In Biiciu the lower lip is continuous, but everywhere thin, the mouth
small and inferior, the gape a half-oval; in Abbottina the lower lip on each side is
heavy and divided into a lateral lobe and an anterior almost barbel-like process;
in Pseudogobio the greatly expanded lips, as well as the fleshy structure surrounded
by the lower lips, are all strongh' papillate.
132. [193] Sarcocheilichthys variegatus (Temminck and Schlegel).
//;'(/fn' = Red Dace; »Sa/,-«rf7-feae = Cherry-Dace.
Lake Biwa (Jordan and Kawamura) ; Kachi River at Nagoya (Jordan) ;
Kumamoto (Wakiya); Himeji (Abe); Lake 8uwa (Ota); Lake Alikata, Lake
Kasumigaura (Hattori).
A common species in Lake Biwa.
133. [Extraterr.] Sarcocheilichthys morii Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Type, a female 10(J mm. long to caudal fin, collected by Dr. Yojiro Wakiya in
the River Ping-yang, Korea, (C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7824).
Dorsal rays, 2, 7; anal, 2, 6; scale rows 4.5 or 5-39-5 (to anal origin) or 3.5
(to ventral insertion); pharyngeal teeth 5, l-I, 5, weakly and bluntly hooked,
with developed grinding surfaces; no barbels. Head, 4.2; depth of body, 3.8;
depth of caudal peduncle two-thirds its length, 1.75 in head; eye 4.5; snout, 2.65;
interorbital, 2.95. Mouth small, the upper jaw reaching to below nostril only;
lower jaw pointed, included; lower lip thick and pendant on sides, interrupted in
the middle. Fourth dorsal ray over insertion of ventral, and midway between
tip of snout and base of caudal; top of dorsal straight; the first branched ray
longest, 1.15 in head; caudal forked; pectoral rounded, its length 1.3 in head, or
1.3 in pectoral-ventral interspace; ventral fins reaching almost to anus, 1.45 in
head; anal fin with straight margin, its longest ray, l.G in head; anus distant from
anal fin, but nearer anal than ventral; rectum carried out for some distance along
front of produced oviduct; lateral line straight, complete.
176 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
General color pale, deepening on l)ack. and marked by irregularly disposed,
V'ertically elongate, deej) brown spots, antl by dark scale-edgings. Dorsal with
some red medially, with a subterminal blackish bar on the rays only, black streaks
distally on first two interradial membranes, and medially in last two membranes;
base of rays black, the fii-st branched ray for over one-third its length, those follow-
ing for a progressively lesser distance; caudal lobes, especially the lower one,
darkened mesially. Prof. JMori in his recently published "List of the Fresh-water
Fishes of Korea," simply records the names of this species. Two other species
have been described from the Yangtse-Kiang and one from tlie Amur Basin."
The Korean form appears to be related to Sarcocheilichthys ynaculatus (GUnther)/'
but differs in various counts and proportions.
We name this minnow for Professor Tamezo Mori, mammalogist of the Heijo
High School, Seoul, Korea, who is making a stud>' of Korean vertebrates. Pro-
fessor Mori, at Stanford University, wliile these lines are being written, has a
specimen of the same species (which we designate as a paratype), from the Han
River, Korea.
Genus Pungtungia Herzenstein.
Pungtungia Herzenstein, Bull. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Pet.. XIII, 1892, p. 231 {P.
herzi).
Zezera Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 837, (Z. hil-
gendorjl Ishikawa) .
We have been able to examine specimens of Pungtungia herzi (the typical
species of the genus) through the courtesy of Prof. Tamezo ]\Iuri, who collected
them in the Han River, Korea. This Korean species usually has the teeth 5-5,
as in P. herzensteini, and in fact differs but slightly from that species. The snout
is somewhat longer, a little longer than the postorbital.
The Japanese genus Zezera from Lake Biwa seems inseparable from
Pungtungia.
134. [195] Pungtungia hilgendorfi (Ishikawa).
Kumamoto, Hamada (Wakiya); Himeji (Abe); Yamaguchi' (Ishikawa).
Jordan and Fowler described this species on the basis of their own material,
although Ishikawa had already named it in manuscript. The specimen described
by Jordan and Fowler (Cat. No. 7722, Stanford Fish Collection) becomes the
type of the species, and Funayado on Kyusyu Island the type-localitj'.
" Leo Berg, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Totersb., (S), XXIV, 1909, 91.
'^ Pscvdogobio maculahis Giinther, Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), I, 18SS, pi. 432. — Steindachner;
Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LIX, 1S92, p. 370, fig. 4 (figure of oviduct).
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 177
135. [197] Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck ;uid Schlcgel). J/('n*A-o = Minnow.
Kaclii River, at Nagoya (Jordan) ; Kunuunoto (Wakiya) ; Lake Mikata,
Fukiu, Fukuoka, Lake Biwa at Otsu (Jordan and Kawannua).
Nui)tial males have the pearl-organs restricted to a single series along the
sides of the cheeks, and to a series on the lower side of the head, inside the curve
of the mouth. Air. George S. Myers has lately shown that the nominal species,
Fundulichthys viresccns Schlegel is based on a bad figure of Pseudorasbora parva.
AcAHARA Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Richardsonius semotilus Jordan and Starks.
Mori in his "List of Fresh-water Fishes of Korea" makes incid(>ntal reference
to the as yet unpublished generic name Acahara, Jordan and Hubbs, referring to
it Richardso7iius semotilus and Richardsonius brandti. As this was the first appear-
ance of this generic name in print, R. semotilus may be designated as the type of
the genus.
Of the Japanese minnows currently referred to Lcuciscus two, having lai'ge
scales, Ix'long in Gnathopogon {ccerulescens and japonicus) ; thi-ee, Judcdnensis,
phalacrocorax, and taczanoivskii, together witli Phoxinus septentrionalis, com]:)i-ise
a group which we here name Acahara; while other species jouyi and dorobce, to-
gether with Phoxinus steindachneri and Pseudaspius atrilatus, form another
natural series, which we call Moroco. Both Acahara and Moroco are also repre-
sented by species on the Asiatic mainland.
Neither of these groups seem to be congeneric with Cj/prinus lcuciscus Lin-
naeus, which through tautonymy is the type of the genus Lcuciscus Cuvier (1817).
That genus corresponds to Dabula Rafinesque (1S20) to Sfiu(dius Bonaparte (1837)
and to CepJudus Bonaparte (1845). At present Acahara cannot be sharply dif-
ferentiated from Telcstes {Telestes multicellus) , anothcn- Eui'o]X'an group, noi- fi-om
some of the American divisions of Leuciscus, such as Siboma and Tigovui. But
while awaiting a critical study of all the leuciscine types, we think it safer and more
natural to define and name the group Acahara than to refer it to any of the genera
mentioned. The genus Moroco is still more readily separated.
The provisional genus Acahara comprises large dace having the following
characters: body elongate, subterete; head bluntly subconic, with the mouth
slightly overhung by the rostral fold; gape slightly obli(iue, ai'ched; lower jaw
included; lips normal, the lower with a l)road frenum; gill-rakers short and slender,
9 to 12 in numbei' on lower limb of outer arch; pharyngeal teeth biserial, with
four oi- five hooked teeth in the outer row, and two teeth in the le.sser series ;dor.sal
178 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
fin insert (kI over ventral base a little behind middle of length of body; anal fin
inserted fai' behind dorsal: doi'sal with seven, anal with seven or eight branched
rays; scales rather small, 60 to 93 along lateral line; each scale oval in outline,
with the focus well basad of middle; lateral and apical radii strongly developed;
circuli subcontinuous, present on all fields, nearly parallel to scale-margin, and
moderately well spaced, as in American minnows in general; intestine short; peri-
toneum pale; color uniform, without specialized darkened scales. In breeding
males the pearl-organs are thickly scattered over the top of the head and body; of
these a few (about one to a scale on the back and a corresponding number on the
top of the head) may be somewhat enlarged, and white in color; minute hooks are
ranged in single file along the rays on both sides of the dorsal and anal fins, and
on the inner side of the paired fins.
Three species of Acahara may be recognized in Japanese waters, being distin-
guished by the size of the scales. In most of the rivers and adjacent coasts the
scales are about seventy-five in number, the extreme known range being from
sixty-five to eighty-three, the average varying with the locality from about .^eventy
to about eighty, without definite geographical correlation. The names hakonensis
(by error hukuensis) , taczanowskii, and septentrionalis belong with this seemingly
inseparable complex. In the streams tributary to Tokyo Bay and Lake Kasumi-
gaura there is a better defined race, with only 60 to 71 scales (average 66.2) in the
I'ow; this form, phalacrocorax, may be retained as a valid species. In Lake Jusan,
near x\omori, there is an equally distinct form, which we call jusanensis, known by
a single specimen having more than 90 scales along the lateral line.
The vernacular name, Akahara (Red-belly), currently applied to the species
of this genus, refers to a narrow stripe of Ijright red running straight from the head
to the tail in the adult male.
136. [201 and 202] Acahara hakonensis (GUnther).
Ugui = T)Sice; Aka-Jiara = Red-belly.
Leuciscus hakue7isis GIjnther, Challenger Reports, Shore-Fishes, 1880, p. 72,
pi. 31, fig. B. (adjudged by tlie International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature to be a slip from hakonensis, Lake Hakone being misread
"Hakoue" on the label).
Phoxinus scptentriomdis Jordan and Seale, Proc. U. S. N. M. XXX, 1906,
p. 143, fig. 1.
Tokyo market (Jordan) ; Hamada (Wakiya) ; Lake Kawaguchi (Wakiya and
Ishikawa); Lake Yamanaka (Wakiya and Ishikawa); Nagano (Nakano) ; Himeji
(Abe); Okayama (Mikamo) ; Akita, Hiki River, Kishu, (Kui'oiwa); Lake .Kisaki
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922.
179
(Ota); Aomori (Beppu) ; Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Xoo (Morioka), Awaya, Lake
Togo, Tottori (Inomata): Kaniishibi near Fukui, Lake Mikata, Fukui, Lake Suwa
(Jordan); Lake Biwa (Jordan); Lake Hakone (Jordan).
A very narrow straight bright orange stripe along lower part of body in inal(\s;
some orange on lower part of head.
The minnows of Japan referred by Jordan and Fowler" to Lcuciscushakucnsia,
L. phalacrocurax, and L. taczanoicskii appear to represent a group of local races,
between, none of which can any trenchant differences be discovered. Theii- L.
taczanowskii is composed of two forms, one with about 80 the othei- with al)()ut
90 scales in the lateral line; the former represents L. taczcoiuirskii pioix-r,
while the latter lies without the known limits of variation of the other Japanese
forms, and is here regarded as a new species, L. jusanensis. Our matei'ial
from tributaries of the Japanese Sea shows fewer scales on the average, not
more, as currently indicated, than is characteristic of true hakonensis (of which
we have topotypic material). We are in fact unable to distinguish nomen-
claturally between the majority of the local races. One race, however, that named
L. phalacrocorox by Jordan and Fowler, seems well enough differentiated to
warrant its retention as a valid species.
SCALE-VARI.iTION IN AcAH.^RA HAKONENSIS.
Scales along Lateral Line
TO Caud
AL Base
'Averages
65 66
1 • 1 ■ • . 1 1
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
Lake Kawaguchi ... 1 1 . . 1 -
1
1
2
2
2
4
1
2
1
1 ..
1 1
2
1
2
1
1
* •
1
1
1
1
1
1
70 3
Aomori, Morioka, and
Otaru
1
2
2
2
1
1 ' 2
1
72 3
Lake Yamanaka
Drainage of
Spa of .Tanan
• ■
1 .. 2
2 12
1
3
1
4
1
1
73 . 4
74 7
Ebi.su, Sado Island. . .
1
1
.. ..
. . 1. .
2
4
?
74 . .")
74 s
'
1
1 . .
1,.. !..
1 .
Drainage of Inland Sea
1
1 j 1
7tl.()
7S 0
Tokyo Market . .
2 .. .. i.
79.0
Totals ; 1 :.. .. 2 , 2 ! 2 i 9 : 8 j 6 1 4 il4
12 7
., , 4
4
1 .. : 1 74.5
Phoxinus septentrionalis Jordan and Seale, of which we have paratj^pes at
hand, is based on young specimens of Acahara hakonensis. The supposed incom-
pleteness of the lateral line is largely due to the accidental loss of scales.
" Proc. r. S. X. M. ,XXVI, 1903, pp. S44-S48.
180 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
137. [205] Acahara phalacrocorax (Jordan and Fowler). .<4AY/-/(ara = Red-belly.
Tama River, just below the original type-locality (Jordan); Lake Kasumi-
gaura (Hattori) ; Fiikui. Males with an orange lateral sti'eak, lowei- fins briglit red.
This species is merely the local form of the \\ide-spread Leiiciscus hakonensis,
representing that form in tlie waters tributary to Tokyo Bay and Lake Kasumi-
gaui'a just to the northward. It is distinguished by the larger size of its scales,
which numli(M- 13 to 16, most usually 14, from the origin of the dorsal fin to the
lateral line, and GU to 71 (average, 66.2) along the lateral line to the caudal base.
Li Leuciscus hakonensis there are 13 to 18, most frequently 15 scales from the
dorsal fin to the lateral line; and 05 to 83 along the latei'al line to the caudal fin,
the average ranging in diffei'ent I'aces from about 70 to al)out 80, and being for the
entire series as counted by us, 74.5. Further work, however, w ill jirobably show
still further intergradation between tlie two forms, and it may become impossible
to recognize L. plidUtrrocorax as distinct.
138. [206] Acahara jusanensis Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Leiiciscus taczanowskii Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. 8. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 848
(description, and Lake Jusan record only); (not of Steindachner).
The type is an adult specimen from Lake Jusan, near Aomori, Province of
Mutsu, presented to Dr. Jordan by Director Sotaro Saito of the Aomori Museum
in 1900; Cat. No. 7352, Stanford University collection (Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes,
No. 7828).
This species is sufficiently well descrilied by Jordan and Fow'ler. The scales
in the lateral line, 93 on one side, 90 on the other, are smaller than in related
species.^* According to Dr. Berg Leuciscus taczanowskii is identical with Leuciscus
hrandli (Dybowsky). This species is recorded b.y Jordan and Metz from Chin-
nampo and Gensan. A very distinct species of Acahara (A. semotilus Jordan and
Starks) has been described from Fusan in Korea. In ^4. brandti from Lake Chanka,
Siberia, the scales are 83, the back blackish.
Genus Moroco Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Pseudaspius bergi Jordan and Metz.
Moi-i in his "List of Fresh-water Fishes of Korea" has listed Moroco bergi
Jordan and Hubbs without explanation, liaving evidently taken the name fiom a
labelled specimen in the Stanford University Collection. This publication induces
us to make P. bergi the genotype of Moroco, as it is the first species to be published
undei' the new generic name, which we ai'e here proposing.
'^^ Sec Berg, Ichth. Amureiisis, 1909, pp. 10.5-lOS.
JORDAN AND HI-BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 181
Our reasons for separating this group from Leucisciis appear n the discussions
under tlu- head of the genus Acahara and in the following descrijjtion.
Body approaching the form of a Top-minnow {Gambusia). the anterodorsal
and ])osteroventral outlines being subhorizontal and parallel; snout pointed, some-
what overhanging the upper lip; lower jaw included, with its Hp rather thick, with
a broad frenum; gill-rakerg more or less rudimentary, onh" 3 to 6 on lower limb:
pharyngeal teeth biserial, with four or five teeth in the outer row. and two in tlie
lesser row; dorsal fin posteriorly located, its origin Ijeing behind the end of ventral
base; origin of anal under its last ray; dorsal and anal each with seven branched
raj's; scales small or minute; individual scales oval in outline, with the focus well
basad of middle; the radii strongly developed on all fields of scale; the eirculi
continuous, well-spaced and parallel with margin of scale; intestine short; pei'i-
toneum dark. Body marked with specialized darkened scales, as in certain
American genera {Rhinichthys, etc.). Nuptial males with the upper parts of the
head and body covered with minute pearl-organs.
Moroko is a vernacular name for small dace of this type.
In addition to the type-species we refer three other species to Moroco. Thej^
may be distinguished b}' means of the following key.
c. Caudal peduncle excessively deep in the adult, its least depth nearly two-thirds length of head.
.Scales in lateral line to caudal base fewer than 70. Tsushima jouyi.
cc. Caudal peduncle mf)derately deep in the adult, its least depth about half length of head. Dark
scales more conspicuous than the lateral stripe.
d. Scales in the lateral line 70 to SO. Eye in adult only half length of snout. Southern Japan.
i^leindachneri.
dd. Scales in the lateral line al)out 100. Korea bergi.'^
ccc. Caudal iieduncle slender in the adult, its least depth about one-third length of head. Dark
lateral stripe more consi)ieuous than the darkened scales. Scales in lateral line about 80. Lake
^ anianaka yamamotis.
139. [2()()| Moroco steindachneri (Sauvage).
Abura-hai = Fat minnow; Dorobae = Alud-minnow.
Phoxinus steindachneri Sauvage, Bull. 8oc. Philom., Paris, 1883, p. 5. — Jordan
and Fowler. Proc. U. S. X. M.. XXVI, 1903, p. 850 (after Sauvage).
Hemitremia steindachneri Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo,
XXXIII, 1913, p. 71 (after Sauvage).
°' Pseiiddx/yius bergi Jordan and Metz, Mem. Car. :Mus., VI, 191.3, p. 22, pi. Ill, fig. 2 (scale-count
apparently too high). F^eudaainu^ mode.stus Jordan and Metz, I. c, p. 23, ])1. Ill, fig. 3 (scale-count too
low). We have examined the paratypes of these nominal species, and fintl the scale-counts in essential
agreement.
1<S2 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Leuciscus jouyi Jordan and Fowler, /. c, p. 849 (Kaminutani River, record
only); — Tanaka, Annot. Zool. Jaix, VII, 1909, p. 134. Not Lenciscus jouyi
Joidaii and Snyder.
Leuciscus dorobw Ishikawa, Proc. Dept. Nat. Hist., Tokyo Ini]). Univ., I, 1904,
p. 6, pi. 3, fis- 2.
Pseudaspiiis atrilatus Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1914, 231,
pi. XXVI, fig. 3 (paratypes seen).
Kumamoto, Hamada (Wakiya) ; Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Kinano River, Kishu
(Kuroiwa): Kamishibi, Fukui, Nagano (Nakano); Yamanashi (Imperial Museum
1900).
It has not heretofore been suspected that the three names listed in the
synonymy really refer to the same fish, but we are cjuite sui'e that this is the case.
The species is extremely close to Moroco jouyi, which appears to be a local form
confined to the island of Tsushima, and differing from both the Japanese M.
steindachncri and the Korean species, M. bergi. These forms are contrasted in
the key given above.
Nuptial males have the uj^per parts of the head and body covered with minute
pearl-organs.
140. [200AJ Moroco yamamotis Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Type 110 mm. long to caudal base, collected by Masashi Ishikawa in Lake
Yamanaka on the East side of Fuji-San in Koshu, Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes, No. 7829.
Two paratypes, 96 and 63 mm. long, were obtained with the tyi:)e.
This species bears a fairly close resemblance to Leuciscus hakonensis (of
which we have specimens taken in the same lake), but it differs trenchantly in
having the gill-rakers reduced to three to five fleshy projections, in place of the
nine to twelve well develojied slender i-akers of A. hakonensis; in having the dorsal
fin inserted more posteriorly, nearer base of caudal than the middle of eye (rather
than the rever.se); in the thicker, heavier lips; in the reduction in the size of the
scales on the l)ack, there being about 50 instead of about 35 rows before the dorsal
fin: in coloration, etc. In most of these respects it agrees with Moroco jouyi and
M. stci)id(tchncri, of which it may well be the local representative. In general
ajjpeai'ance it is cjuite unlike M .jouyi, the body being slenderer, the caudal peduncle
attenuate, rather than greatly deepened, in the adult about one-third, instead of
two-tliirds, as long as the head. In general the coloration is much paler, the
JORDAN AND IIUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 183
darkened scales being only indistinctly developed, although the lateral band is
more conspicuous; moreover the scales are smaller than in M. jouiji. In the form
of the caudal peduncle it is less sharply separated from M. steindachneri, but
the same color differences hold; the eye is larger than in M. steindachneri.
These differences are given in tabular form in our key.
Body foi'med as in Moroco jouyi, the anterodorsal outline being horizontally
flattened, the tail bent downward, but much slenderer and especially attenuate
posteriorly. Greatest depth of body, 4.65 (to 4.8) in standard length; least depth
of caudal peduncle from anal base to center of caudal base, 3.1 (2.9 to 3.2) in length
of head. To]3 of head flattened, not very convex either transversely or longi-
tudinally only genth' decurved anteriorly to the edge of the rostral fold, which
is well developed, and partially covers and overhangs the upper lip, and lies on
level of lowei- boi'der of pupil; lips full laterally, the lower with a broad median
frenum; the mouth slightly curved and somewhat obliciue; gape largely lateral;
upper jaw as long as snout, extending to below front of eye. Head with membrane,
3.5 in standard length. Eye 1.6 (to 1.0 in young) in snout, 4.8 (to 3.8) in head;
snout, 3.1 (to 3.6); fleshy interorbital, 3.6 (to 3.65). Gill-rakers 3 to 5 below
angle on outer arch, all soft and very weak. Pharyngeal teeth 4, 2-2, 5, hooked,
but without developed grinding surfaces. Peritontium dark. Intestine short; diet
carnivorous. Scales smaller than in other species of Moroco except M. bergi, 21
or 22 from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 78 (77 to 83) in lateral line; 53 from origin
of dorsal to occiput; 8 to 11 from lateral hne to ventral; as seen under microscope
oval, with focus well basad of middle; circuli rather coarse, well separated, running
parallel with margins of scales, radii strongly developed on all fields, including the
basal. Lateral line very weakly decurved anteriorly; running a little below middle
of depth posteriorly. The dorsal fin, when depressed, not quite half as long (except
in young) as distance from its origin to occiput; pectoral contained 1.7 (to 1.5)
times in interval lietween bases of paired fins; ventral fin reaching anus; anal not
reaching much more than half-waj- to caudal.
Color pale, becoming darker above, particularly on snout; specialized darkened
scales present, but not conspicuous; a dark lateral band follows the axial septum
of the body muscles, indistinct anteriorly, where it curves upward well above the
lateral line, but blackish posteriorly, where it follows the lateral line; all fins with
some pigment, l)ut the anal and ventrals ciuite pale.
The species is named for Dr. Senzi Yamamoto of the Imperial University of
Kyoto.
184 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Genus Zacco Jordan and Fowler.
The species of this genus have been considerably confused by various authors.
We offer a brief synopsis of them, as far as they are known.
a. locales relatively large, S (usually) (ir II from origin of (lor.><al to lateral line, 39 to 4.5 along lateral line
to caudal base. Mouth of moderate size, the upper jaw much less than half length of head; body
marked with vertical dark bars; anal fin of l)reeding male extended far beyond caudal base.
(). Pectoral fins of moderate length, in females and immature males not nearly reaching vertical from
ventral fin, in breeding males barely reaching that point; nuptial tubercles on cheek fused at
base. Japan and Korea platypus.
bb. Pectoral fins elongate, in females and immature males about reaching vertical from ventral fin,
in breeding males much longer; nuptial tubercles on cheek separate. Formosa evolans.
an. Scales smaller, 9 (rarely) to 15 from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line, 46 to 62 along lateral line to
caudal base.
f. Mouth of moderate size, the upper jaw scarcely more than one-third length of head; rostral fold
large, nearly concealing the premaxillaries,
d. Nuptial tul:>ercles of head smaller and separate; side with a dark longitudinal streak, but
without cross-bars. Japan and Korea lemmincki.
(Id. Nuptial tubercles on side of snout and on cheek hugely developed, and arising in each case
from a broad horny common base ; male at least with vertical cross-bars. China . acanlhogeiiys.
cr. Mouth very large, the upper jaw almost half as long as the head; rostral fold not expanded, and
not concealing the premaxillaries; nuptial tubercles of head separate; vertical cross-bars often
developed. Formosa : pachijcephalus.
141. [211] Zacco platypus (Temminck and Schlegel). //a;/« = Minnow.
Leuciscus platypus (Temminck and Schlegel) Richardson, Rept. Brit. Assoc.
Adv. 8ci., for 1845 (1846), p. 300 (on proof-sheets of Schlegel's later account.
— Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1846, p. 210, pi. 101,
fig. 3. (Xaga.saki).
Opsariichthys platypus Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. AIus., YII, 1868, p. 296 (Formosa
records excepted). — Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 5.
Barilius platypus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, p. 23. — Jordan
and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIII, 1901. p. 344; Annot. Zool. Jap., Ill,
1901, p. 47. — Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 59 (Korean record).
Zacco platypus Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 851.—
Smith and Pope, ibid., XXXI, 1906, p. 462.— Tanaka, Zool. IMag., Xo. 237,
1908, p. 235; Annot. Zool. Jap., VII, 1908, p. 7, ibid., VII, 1909, p. 133.—
Cockerell, Zool. Anz., XXXVIII, 1911, p. 85. — Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Jap.,
IV, 1911. pi. 200, figs. 72-74; ibid., V, 1912, p. 83.— Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M.,
XLII, 1912, p. 404. — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo,
XXXIII, 1913, p. 75.— Jord.\n and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1914,
p. 232. — OsHiMA, Ann. Car. Mus., X, 1919, p. 237 (Japanese specimens only).
^^ Opsariicldhys aciinthogeiii/s Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1901, ]i. 269, pi. 24, fig. 1. The
University of Michigan has material of this species from Foo-chow, China.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 185
Leuciscus minor (Temmlnck and Schlegel) Richardson, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Ad.
Sci., 1845 (1846), p. 300. — Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces,
1846, p. 210. pi. 101. fig. 3.
Barilius minor Bleeker, Verb. Akad. Amsterdam, (2) III, 1867, p. 248; Verb.
Akad. Amsterdam. XVIII, 1879, p. 23.
Leuciscus mncropus Tkmmixck and Schlegel. Fauna Jaiionica, Pisces, 1846, p. 209,
pi. 101, fig. 2.
Barilius macropus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XMII, 1879, p. 23.
Lake Biwa at Otsu (Jordan and Kawamura) ; Kumamoto (Wakiya) ; Himeji
(Abe); Okayama (Mikamo); Lake Suwa (Jordan); Fukuoka (Hamada); Lake
Mikata, Fukui, Kacbi River at Xagoya (Jordan); Lake Kasumigaui-a (Hattori).
Generally common soutlnvards.
Barilius acutipinnis Bleeker, from tbe Yang-tse-Kiang of C'bina, is ])erhaps
identical with Zacco platypus. Tbe relation of Zacco to Barilius is in need of
definition.
Zacco platypus bas erroneously been identified witb a Formosan species, Z.
evolans, by Osbima, and witb a Cbinese species, Opsariichthys bidcns, by Boulenger.
Tbe pharyngeal teetb may be 4 or 5 in tbe outer row. Tbe scales do not vary
widely in number, tbere being usually 8, occasionally 9 from tbe origin of tbe
dorsal to tbe lateral line, and from 39 to 45, usually 41 to 43, along tbe lateral line
to tbe caudal base. In fully developed males, tbe anal fin is extended (by tbe
gi-owtb of the rays, not by adipose extentions, as bas been suggested) far beyond
the caudal base, (much farther than in Z. tcmmincki): the nuptial tubercles on
tbe cheeks are united basally to form a i)late approaching that of Z. acanthogenys
(a condition not noted in Z. temmincki), but tbe pearl-organs on tbe lower side of
tbe caudal peduncle are very small, several to a scale (in Z. tcmmincki these organs
are enlarged and only one is developed on each scale).
142. [Extraterr.] Zacco evolans Jordan and Evermann.
Opsariichthys platypus GtJNXHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. ]\Ius., YII, 1868, p. 296 (For-
mosan record only).
Zacco platypus Oshima, Ann. Car. ]Mus., X, 1919, p. 235 (most of .synonymy and
note on "cotype" of Z. evolans excepted); Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., 1920,
p. 130 mot of Ricbard.son).
Zacco evolans Jordan and Evermann, Proc. V. S. X. M., XXV, 1902, p. 322,
fig. 5 (type, but not "cotype"). — Jordan and Richardson, Mem. Car. ]\Ius.,
IV, 1909. p. 170. fig. 6.
186 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Zacco temmincki Oshima, Ann. Car. Mus., X, 1919, p. 240 (.spceiinciis fioni Daito
River only).
We have examined the type of this Forniosan species (th(> i^aratype is referable
rather to Zacco pachycephalus) , part of the material called Z. platypus by Oshima,
and two sjiecimens from Daito River, wi'ongly refei'i'ed l)v Oshima to Zacco
tetmjiincki.
143. [212] Zacco temmincki ( Temminck and Schlegel). Kairaniut^u = River-mutsu.
Leuciscus temmincki (Temminck and Schlegel) Richardson, Rept. Brit. A.ssoc.
Adv. Sci. for 1845 (184G), p. 3U0 (scales erroneously counted, but identifica-
tion fixed by note on color; account prior to that by Schlegel, who is quoted
as unpublished). — Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1846,
p. 210, pi. 101, fig. 4.
Opsariichthys temyninckii Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. ^lus., VII, 1868, p. 295. —
Matsubara, Jap. Intern. Fisch.-Au.sst., Berlin, 1880, p. 17. — Xamiye, Class.
Cat. Spec. Vert., 1881, p. 107.— Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883. p. 5.—
IsHiKAWA, Zool. Mag., VII, 1895, p. 121. — Ishikawa and Matsumura, Prel.
Cat., 1897, p. 11.
Barilius temmincki Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, p. 23. —
.loRDAN and Snyder, Annot. Zool. Jap., Ill, 1901, p. 47.
Zacco temmincki Jordan and Fowxer, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 852. —
Tanaka, Zool. Mag., Xo. 237, 1908, p. 235.— Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M.,
XLII, 1912, p. 404.— (?) Jordan and Metz, Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 21
(Korean record). — Jordan and Thompson, ibid., VI, 1914, p. 232. — Oshima,
Ann. Car. ISIus., X, 1919, p. 238 (most of synonymy only). — Tanaka, Annot.
Zool. Jap., VII, 1909, p. 134. — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci.
Tokyo, XXXIII, 1913, p. 75.— Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Jap.. XVII, 1914,
pi. 81, fig. 275; ibid., XVIII, 1914, p. 296.
Leuciscus sieboldi Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Jajxmica, Pisces, 1846, p. 211,
pi. 101, fig. 5.
Opsariichthys sieboldi Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. ]Mus., ATI, 1868, p. 295. —
Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1883, p. 5.
Barilius sieboldi Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, p. 23. — Jordan
and Snyder, Annot. Zool. Ja])., Ill, 1901, p. 47.
Zacco sieboldi Jordan and Foavler, Proc. U. S. X. M.. XXVI, 1903, p. 854. —
Tanaka, Annot. Zool. Jap., VII, 1908, p. 6; Zool. Mag., Xo. 237, 1908, p. 235.
— Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus., VI, 1914, p. 232.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED H»22.
187
Zacco mi(.'<uk-urii Ishikawa, Proc. Dcpt. Nat. Hist., Tokyo Univ., I, 1904, p. 4,
pi. l.fis. 1.
Zacco mitsukurii. var. a, Ishikawa, ibid., p. 5, pi. 2, fi^- 2.
Hamada, Kumainoto, Ozu, Island of Shikoku, Lake Biwa (Wakiya) ; Mikawa
Bay (Ishikawa); Himeji (Abe); Okayama (Mikamo); Fukuoka (Hamada);
Yamaguchi.
The number of scale-rows in this species varies widely, but we are unable to
find evidence indicating the existence of two species, Z. temmincki and Z. sieboldi,
differing in the number of scales, and ranging side by side through southwestern
Japan. The variations seem rather to be of a purely local character. Our counts
ma3' be tabulated as follows:
ZACCO TEIVOIIXCKI.
Number of Trans
VERSE Rows
OF
Scales
Localities 46 ' 47 ' 48 49 5° 5i 52 S3 ' 54 1 55 56 57 58 59 60
Aver.«-,es
Shikoku Island, Drainage of
Inland Sea 1 1
46
Mikawa Bay (East of Inland Sea). . .
1
^
48
Hondo Drainage of Inland Sea. ... 1
2
7
1
2
3
3
1
1
3
52
Hamada, Drainage of Sea of Japan . .
1
2
4
2
1
52
Kyusyu (South of Inland Sea)
1
1
2
1
54
Lake Biwa (mitsukurii)
1
2
4
3
6
3
1
57
1 '
Scales from Dors.\l Fin to L
\TERAL
Line
Localities ; 9 1 10
II 1 12 13 ' 14 15 Averages
Shikoku Island, Drainage of Inland Sea
Mikawa Bay (East of Inland Sea)
1
12
1
4 '' 2
8 1 4
..1
3
1
5
3
3
11.0
11 0
Hondo, (Drainage of Inland Sea)
Hamada (Drainage of Sea of Japan)
Kvusvu, (South of Inland Sea)
1
11.1
11.3
13.4
Lake Biwa {mitsukurii) ■
12 3
13.9
The variations in the number of scales seem to show no \'ery definite geo-
graphical correlation. The most noteworthy feature is the high average number
in the specimens from Lake Biwa.
144. [E.xtraterr.J Zacco pachycephalus ((Uinther).
Opsariichthys pachycephalus Guxthek, Cat. Fislies Bi'it. AIu.'^., VII, 1808, j). 296
(Formo.sa).
188 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Zacco -pachycephalus Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXV, 1902,
p. 322. — Jordan and Richardson, Mem. Car. AIus., IV, 1909, p. 170. —
Cockerell, Zool. Anz., XXXVIII, 1911, i). 87. — Oshima, Ann. Car. Mus.,
XII, 1919, p. 240; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1920, \^. VM). ■
Zacco platycephahis Fowler and Bean, Proc. U. 8. X. ]M., LXIV, 1922, Art. 2,
p. 7 (lapsus for pachycephalus).
Zacco evolans Jordan and Evermann, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXV, 1902, p. 322
("cotype," not type).
Zacco platypus Oshima, Ann. Car. Mus., XII, 1919, j). 236 (note on "cotype" of
Z. evolans only).
Zacco temmincki Oshima, /. c, 1919, p. 238 (most of synonymy and specimens from
Daito River excepted).— Fowler and Bean, Proc. U. S. X. M., LXIV, 1922,
Art. 2, p. 6.
Zacco temminckii Oshima, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Pliila., 1920, p. 130. (Not Leuciscus
temmincki Richardson) .
Oshima and Fowler and Bean have both referred the finer-scaled Formosan
species of Zacco to two sjiecies, pachycephalus and temmincki. But temmincki is a
trenchantly different form, as the key wc have prepared indicates. We have
examined most of the material discussed by Oshima, iiut fail to find more than the
one species represented. One of Oshima's lots, that from the Daito River, should
have been referred to Zacco evolans.
The "cotype" of Zacco evolans is a male specimen of Z. pachycephalus.
145. [213] Opsariichthys uncirostris (Temminck and Schlegel). Hasu.
Lake Biwa, at Ot.su (Jordan and Kawamura) ; Hachi, P\ikui. It is abundant
in Lake Biwa, reaching a length of a foot or more, and is much valued as food, its
flesh being rich and delicate.
Nuptial males have coarse, broadly conic pearl-organs thickly set on the
mandibles, the suborbital region, and the preopercle, occurring also at the tip of
the lower jaw, and even on the lower and ui;)per li]is laterally, also between the
nostrils, and on the cheeks, and interopercle. Other pearl-organs are scattered
over the sides of the tail, usually several on a scale; they are strongest near the
anal fin, becoming smaller dorsally and obsolete toward the back and toward
the caudal fin; on the lower surface of the caudal, as also along the anal rays, they
are in contrast much sti'engthened, and only one is located on each scale.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 189
146. lExtratcrr.] Opsariichthys bidens CiUnther.
Opsariichtlnjs hidens Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.. (4) XII., 1873, p. 249.
Two specimens of this species were collected l)y T)v. Wakiyn in the Ping-yang
River, Korea. The Opsariichthys of the Asiatic mainland (China, Korea, and the
Amur drainage) differs from the Japanese species in having somewhat larger
scales: 44 to 48 along the lateral line, rather than 47 to 53; 9 from the dorsal fin
to the lateral line, not 10 to 12; 3.5 rather than 4.5 or 5 from the lateral line to the
anal origin. In our two specimens the scales are 9-45 or 46-3.5. Berg, who gives
a good sjaionymy in his Ichthyologia Amurensis (1909), fails to separate these two
species. To Berg's synonymy for bidcvs should be added: Opsariichthys ]>latypus
Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, Part I, p. 24, pi. 24, fig. 2 (not of
Richardson) .
147. [176] Ishikauia steenackeri (Sauvage). TTof/aA-a; r»?rt-»(/'o = Horse-fish.
Lake Biwa, at Otsu (Jordan and Kawamura). It is abundant in the lake,
reaching a length of nearly two feet and is a food-fish of importance. The flesh
is, however, far inferior to that of the excellent Hasu, with which it is associated.
Genus Hemigrammocypris Fowler.
( Brevigobio Tanaka.)
"No barbels about mouth; jiharyngeal teeth 3-rowed, 4, 4, 2-2, 4. 4; dorsal
fin inserted nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout; a sharp ventral keel
between anus and origin of ventral; lateral line decui'ved, incomplete, running
along lower part of body, ending near last ray of anal" (Tanaka).
This genus in many ways is similar to Rasbora, a genus comprising many
species from southern Asia and the East Indies, Init it differs from that genus in
having the abdomen sharply keeled, and in tlie normal structure of the lower jaw.
148. [176A] Hemigrammocypris rasborella Fowler.
Hemigrammocypris rasborcUa Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiila., LXII, 1910,
483, Lake Biwa.
Brevigobio kairabata; Tanaka, Zool. Mag., XXVIII, 191(), p. 102 (Lake Biwa);
Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XXIV, 1916, p. 420, pi. 115, figs. 339, 340 (Lake
Biwa; pond near Tsu in Lse).
Kachi River at Nagoya (Jordan) ; Lake Biwa at Otsu (Joixlan and Kawamui'a) ;
Lake Biwa (Jordan).
190 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Our specimens from the Kaclii River are i)ale in color (like other fishes from
the same place), almost lacking the longitudinal band. In this species the fine
black streak which follows the axial septum is characteristically intei'iuptefl to
form a series of dashes.
149. 1214] Cyprinus carpio Linnseus. Koi.
Lake Kawaguchi, Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Ozu, Shikoku Id. (Wakiya) ;
Nagano (Nakano) ; Himeji (Abe) ; Lakes Hakone and Suwa (Jordan) ; Lake Kasumi-
gaura (Hattori).
The specimen from Lake Hakone is strikingly l)lotched with orange and l)lack,
as are many Koi domesticated in ponds.
150. [215] Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). Funa\Hiu'ara = 'Red-he\\y.
Very abundant as a native fish, the Funa is domesticated everywhere and
greatly modified in ponds, where it receives various names.
Lake Kawaguchi; Lake Yamanaka; Mikawa Bay; Kachi River; Kumamoto;
Nagano; Himeji; Okayama; Akita, Sakurai; Yamaguchi; Toyama; Lake Hakone;
Lake 8uwa; Fukuoka; Noo, Morioka; Lake Kozan; Lake Togo (Inomata); Lake
Kasumigaura (Hattori). We also have material from Soo-chow, China (Gee).
Most of the specimens are of the ordinary "wild type" of Gold-fish, only a
few of these obtained showing the increased depth, elongated or fantastic fins, or
orange color characteristic of many of the "domestic races."
The dorsal rays are fewer than indicated in most descriptions, being II, 12 to
II, 16 in the specimens counted.
Family FLUTID^.
Genus Fluta Bloch and Schneider.
The name Fluta Bloch and Schneider (1801) is prior to Monopterus (Lacepede),
which until 1806 appeared only as "les Monopteres." Monopteros Volta (1796) is
a genus of fossil fishes {= Platinx Agassiz) and is prior to Monopterus Lacepede.
151. [216] Fluta alba iZuieuw). rai//ia(/;' = Rice-field Eel.
Ponds near Kyoto (Kawamura); Formosa (Kawamura).
Family ANGUILLID.E.
152. [217] Anguilla japonica Temminck and Schlegel.
Unayi = Eel ; Ounagi = Great Eel.
Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Himeji (Abe); Lake Suwa (Ota); Lakes Suwa and
Hakone (Jordan); Fukuoka (Hamada) ; Lake Togo (Inomata); Lakes Mikata
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 191
and Kasumigaura (Hattori). We also have a specimen from Soo-chow. China.
Everj^'here abundant and highly valued as food. One of the specimens from
Lake Kasumigaura belongs to the black-speckled type, which Jordan and Snyder
and Ishikawa have regarded as a variant of the common six'cies of .Taiwanese eel.
Family SYXAPHOBRANCHID.E.
153. [220] Synaphobranchus affinis Clunther. Hora-anago = Caye-ee\.
Stjnnphobranchus takdw Tanaka, Zool. Mag., XXVIII, 1917, p. 257 (text in
Japanese).
Kushiro (Tanaka); Shizuoka (Jordan); INIisaki (Aoki).
The position of the dorsal origin varies considerably-, in oui- material being
over, or rarely (as in the type of .S. taketce) a little before the anus, or as much as
one-fourth length of head behind vertical from anus.
154. [222] Synaphobranchus jenkinsi Jordan and Snyder.
One of the eels taken by Aoki at 2^Iisaki agrees with the description of the
type of this species in all respects, except that the eye is contained 2.5 times in the
snout, the pectoral fin two times in the head.
Family COXGRID.^.
In jirevious descriptions of the Congers of Japan little or no attention has
been paid to the dentition or the structure of the snout. A more careful examina-
tion of the several species has brought out characters apparently of generic signifi-
cance, as the following key will show.
Key to the Genera of Congers of Japan and Formosa.
a. Premaxillary teeth entirely within the closed mouth (rarely slightly expo.sed in Aiuign); teeth hiserial
on jaws, those of the inner series very much tlie smaller. Tail blunt. Snout not uotalily pniduced
beyond the mouth. Anterior nostrils low. Teeth all small, scarcely canine-like.
b. Teeth of jaws conic, not in contact basally, and not forming a common cutting edge. Mouth small,
the gape reaching only to below middle of eye. Tip of snout smooth. Dorsal fin beginning over,
or very slightly behind, pectoral base -4 nago.
bb. Teeth of jaws incisor-like, compressed, and in contact basally, forming a common cutting edge
(the tips more or less separate in Congriscus). Mouth larger, the gape subtending all or mo.st of
eye. Tip of snout more or less distinctly tricarinate. Dorsal fin beginning well behind [lectora! base.
c. Teeth of jaws less truncate, with the tips largely free, not forming a very well defined cutting
edge. Dorsal fin beginning a little in advance of middle of jjectoral Congriscus.
cc. Teeth of jaws evenly and abruptly truncate, the tips forming a well defined common cutting
edge. Dorsal fin beginning over or behind middle of pectoral.
d. Pores not surrounded l)y pigmented free areas, confined on body to lateral line and sparsely
developed on head Conger.
192 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
dd. Pores surrounded hy conspicuous piiinieiited free areas, forming a series helow the dorsal fin,
as well as along the lateral line, and densely developed on top of head anteriorly. . Astrocotiger.
an. Preniaxillary teeth largely or entirely in front of the mouth on the lower surface of the projecting
snout. Teeth in jaws in a hand (jr in two series of similar size. Tail more attenuate.
e. Anterior nostrils on lower surface of snout, lieside premaxiilary band of teeth, just within
anterior end of upper lip, far helow the anterior rostral pits. Upper \\\> separated from
maxillary teeth by a wide flat ridge. Teeth all small, none canine-like, in a patch on the
vomer; premaxiilary teeth not entirely in advance of mouth, the posterior edge being
covered when the mouth is closed. Gape short, extending oidy to below middle of eye.
Gill-oiienings directed downward and backward.
/. Snout short, barely projecting beyond premaxiilary teeth (and without jiocket or keel on
midline). Teeth fewer and larger, those on jaws mostly in rows, those on vomer liluntly
conic, forming an elongate-triangular l)and (which separates the maxillary rows).
Alloconger.
//. Snout long, its fleshy tip projecting shar])ly beyond the premaxiilary teeth. Teeth fine
and close-set, those of jaws forming narrow bands, those on the vomer largely molar-
like, forming a broad patch.
g. Premaxiilary patch of teeth much smaller than the vomerine patch, and separated from
it by the widely confluent anterior ends of the maxillary bands. Anteroventral line
of snout occupied by a deep pocket. No enlarged pores between the nostrils. Posterior
nostril a horizontal slit, with entire rim Rhynchoajmba.
gg. Premaxiilary patch of teeth larger than the vomerine patch, and in full contact with
it, the anterior ends of the maxillary bands thus being widely separated. Antero-
ventral line of snout occupied by a fleshy keel ending posteriorly in a small free
process. A pair of enlarged pores between the nostrils. Posterior nostril widely open,
with fimbriate border Rhynchoconger.
ee. Anterior nostrils on lateral face of snout, well above premaxiilary teeth, far in advance of,
and alxjve, upper lip just behind the anterior rostral pits. Upper lip separated from
maxillary teeth by a ridge, which is not flattened. Teeth largely canines, none molar-
like; those on vomer not forming a patch; the premaxiilary band entirely in advance of
mouth, its posterior edge composed of large canines shutting outside the lower jaw. Gape
relatively wide, extending almost to below hinder border of eye. Gill-openings directed
downward and forward. A pair of enlarged pores just before premaxiilary teeth. Posterior
nostrils more or less slit-like, with entire rims.
h. Premaxiilary patch of teeth not separated from the vomerine teeth by the maxillary
series, which are widely separated anteriorly; teeth on sides of jaws in two even
rows; vomerine teeth numerous, in a very long even file behind the canine. Ridge
between maxillary teeth and upper lip with entire edge. Snout shorter, its fleshy
tip scarcely projecting beyond the premaxiilary teeth, and without ridge or keel on
mid-ventral line Uroconger.
hh. Premaxiilary patch of teeth separated from the vomerine teeth liy the widely con-
fluent maxillary bands; teeth on sides of jaws in narrow bands; vomerine teeth
rather few and arranged as an A-shaped figure behind the large canine. Ridge
between maxillary teeth and upper lip with the border finely fimbriate. Snout
long, its fleshy tip projecting sharply beyond the [jremaxillary teeth, and with a
ventro-anterior keel Congrina.
.TORDAX AXD HI'BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 193
AxAGo Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Conger anago Temniinck and Schlcgel.
This genus is vvvy close to Conger, witli which it is connected through Cem-
griscus, but the teeth, though simihirly disposed, are very different in shape, and
the mouth is smaller, the dorsal fin inserted farther forward. From Ariosorna
{balearica) and AUoeonger (flavirostris, etc.), it differs in the arrangement of the
teeth, and from Gnnthophis in having all the teeth sharp.
loo. [233] Anago anago (Temminck and Schlegel). Anago = Conger.
Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Toba (Jordan and Yamanioto);
Tokyo market (Jordan). Generallj' common.
The three characteristic dark dashes on the side of the head are evident in a
young specimen 15 cm. long, but not in one 12 cm. long.
CoNGRiscus Jordan and Hubbs. gen. nov.
Type: Congromuroena megastoma Giinthei'.
This genus, which we define and compare with related typea in the key, seems
to stand directly between Anago and Conger in its technical characters.
156. [234] Congriscus megastomus (GUnther). OA'z'-ano^o = Off-shore Conger.
Misaki.
Genus Conger (Cuvier) Oken.
(Leptocephalus (Gronow) Scopoli; name assigned to larval forms.)
Two species of the Indo-Asiatic fauna may be retained in the typical genus
Conger. One of these, C. japonicus, is interpreted by us as the representative of
the Atlantic species, C. conger, while the other, C. ciucrcus. differs considerably
in the point of origin of the dorsal fin.
157. Conger cinereus Riippell.
Conger cinereus Weber and de Beaufort, Fi.shes Indo-Austral. Arch., Ill, 1916,
p. 258, figs. 107, 108 (with entire synonymy excepting Leptocephalus nystromi
Jordan and Snyder).
Leptocephalus riukiuanus Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1901,
p. 852, fig. 4. (Okinawa).
This species, which has the dorsal fin inserted farther forward than in Conger
japonicus or Conger conger, has been recorded from Japan proper by Gunther and
by Xystrom as Conger marginatus, and a young specimen has been described as
1 94 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Leptocephalus n'likiuaitus, from the Riu Kiu Islands. A comparison of tliis speci-
men witli a lai'ge one fi'om Samoa (called indnjiudtus) reveals no evident differences.
158. [224, 228, and 231 J Conger japonicus Bleeker. //owa-anaf/o = Beach-conger.
Conger vulgaris Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Jap., Pisces, 1846, p. 259. —
Bleeker, Atl. Ichth., IV, 1864. p. 26, pi. 149, fig. 2 — Gijnther, Cat. Fishes
Brit. jSIus., VIII, 1870, p. 70 (in part). (Not of European authors.)
Conger japonicus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, p. 32, pi. 2,
fig. 2.
Lrptocephahis j(tj)()nicus Jordan and S.xyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1901,
p. 851.
Leptoceplialus erebennus Jordan and Snyder, ibid., p. 849, fig. 3. (Misaki).
Leptocephalus kiusiuanus Jordan and Snyder, ibid., p. 851. Nagasaki. — Snyder,
Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912. p. 406.
Conger conger Weber and de Beaufort, FLshes Indo-Austral. Arch., Ill, 1916,
p. 259.
Tliree s]iecimens from Misaki (Aoki).
Conger japonicus Bleeker is doubtless based on the young of the conger later
described as L. erebennus and L. kiusiuanus by Jordan antl Snyder. On re-
examining the types of the two nominal species we fail to find any wide difference
in the length of the tiunk.
This is apparently also the species referred by Schlegel, Bleeker, and Weber
to the Atlantic Conger conger. Indeed on comparison of material we find no
constant differences in jiroportions, coloration, or dentition. There appears,
however, to be a difference in the number of pores in the lateral line on the trunk
(and the pores correspond in number to the body segments). Between the verticals
from the origin of the pectoral and the anus we count 33 to 35 pores in six Japanese
specimens: 36 to 37 in one from Beaufort, North Carolina, and 40 in another
from the same locality: 39 to 41 in two fi-om the Canary Islands, and 39 to 40 in
three from Naples.
Astroconger Jordan and Hubbs, gen .nov.
Type: Anguilla nnjriaster Brevoort.
This common Japanese conger, known currently as Leptocephalus myriaster,
must be taken as the type of a genus distinct from Conger, on account of the very
extensive development of sensory pores. The series of i)ores along the back is, so
far as we know, not developed in any other eel.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 195
159. [227] Astroconger myriaster (Brevoort). Ma-anago = TruQ-conger.
Misaki (Aoki); Fukuoka (Hamada); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Tokyo, Yoko-
hama, and Osaka markets (.Jonlan): Fukui (Xonaka). Generally common every-
where in the markets.
Alloconger Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type : Leptocephalus flavirostris Snyder.
This genus seems similar to Ariosoma Swainson*', but it at least differs in
having the premaxillary teeth largely exposed. It is compared with the other
Japanese genera of conger-eels in the preceding key, and the remarks there given
will serve as its definition.
16U. [230] Alloconger flavirostris (Snyder).
Leptocephalus flavirostris Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXXV, 1908. p. 93; ibid.,
XLII, 1912, p. 405, pi. 51, fig. 1 (Misaki).
Alloconger flavirostris is very close to the East Indian species, .4. anagoides
(Bleeker), of which we ha\"e examined the Formosan material recorded by Jordan
and Richardson in 1909*^', and to the Hawaiian .species, .4. boirersi (Jenkins), which
we also have at hand. It seems to differ fiom both species in liaving the teeth
smaller and more numerous.
In the paratype of .4. flavirostris there are about fifty pores before the anus.
Rhynchocymba Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
T>'i)e: Leptocephalus nystromi Jordan and Sn^'der.
The definition and comparisons of Rhijnchocymha may be found in uui' generic
analysis given above.
161. [226] Rhynchocymba nystromi (Jordan and Snyder).
In working out the generic diagnosis of Rhynchocymba we have used the
typical material of this species. In describing Leptocephalus nystroryii Jordan and
Snyder compared it only with the very distantly related Leptocephalus marginatus
= Conger cinereus, and referred Glint her's and Xystrom's Japanese records of
^' The group of conger-eels typified by Murana balearica De la Roche of the Mediterranean Sea
has successively received the names Ariosoma Swainson, Ophisoma Swainson, Congermurwna Kaup, and
Congrellus Ogilby. The first restriction of Ophisoma by Bleeker, 1864, to 0. acuta Swainson ( = balearica)
carries its synonym Ariosoma with it. To the Congers with blunt teeth of the type of Conger habenala,
the name Giiathophis Kaup, based on Myrophis heterognathus Bleeker from Nagasaki is apparently
applicable.
^- Mem. Car. Mus., IV, 1919, p. 171
196 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Conger margiiKilu.s to their new species, making no reference to the dentition. This
circumstance has led Weber and de Beaufort (1910) to refer nyatromi ini])ropei-ly
to the synonymy of Conger cinereus.
The species is doubtless different from Myrophis heterognathos Bleeker, type
of Gnathophis Bleeker, whatever the latter may be, though the last version gives it
the blunt teeth of Conger habenatus.
Rhynchoconger Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Lcptocephalus cctenurus Jordan and R. E. Richardson.
This genus with Rhgnchocymba and Congrina have many characters in common
with Conger murivno uasica Alcock, the type of Bathycongrus Ogilt)y, l)ut all seem
to differ generically. Unfortunately we have no specimens of Alcock's species.
162. [Extraterr.] Rhynchoconger ectenurus (Jordan and Richardson).
Leptoeepholus eetenurus Jordan and R. E. Richardson, Mem. Car. Mus., IV, 1909,
p. 171, p. LVI, lower figure.
We have studied the t^'pe of this Formosan species.
Genus Uroconger Kaup.
This genus has long been separated from Conger or Leptocephalus, but it is no
more distinct than most of the genera we have just characterized.
163. [226A] Uroconger lepturus (Richardson).
Leptocephalus retrotinctus Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. ]\I., XLII, 1912, p. 405 (Kago-
shima). (Not of Jordan and Snyder.)
Failure to consider the dentition has led Snyder to refer specimens of Uroconger
lepturus, a well known Chinese and East Indian eel from Kagoshima, to Leptoce-
phalus retrotinctus Jordan and Snyder {= Congrina retrotincta) . We have re-
examined this material. One specimen has the tail unusually short (only 1.4 times
the head and trunk), and the caudal fin is extremely large and ba.se broad. These
facts would seem to indicate that the extremely attenuate tail noi-mally developed
in this species is subject to injuiy, but that after loss it regenerates a pseudo-caudal
fin. as in the macrouroid fishes.
Congrina Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Congermurama a;quorea Gilbert and Cramer.
This genus is defined in our generic analysis given above.
.lORDAX AXD IirBBS: .lAPAXESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 197
1()4. |22!)| Congrina retrotincta (Joi-dan aiul Siiyd(>r).
Leptovephdlu^ rctrntiiictu^ Jordax and Snydek, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1901,
p. 853, fig. () (Tokyo jMarket).
A specimen 4G1 nnn. long to caudal was taken l:)y Aoki at Misaki.
Snyder's record of Lvptavcphalui^ irtrutituius fi-om Kagoshinia refers to Uro-
conger lepturus.
Congrivn rctrotiiictd is extremely close to Congrind arpuircd. the type-species
of the new genus Congrina. On comparison it seems to differ in having the head
shorter and the teeth ]icrha]is a little stronger and fewer. In all the characters
given in tlie key the two si)ecies are alike.
The ty])e of L. rctratinctus was described as having the snout blunt, which is
true of that specimen, but the l>luntness is due, we now find, to tlie fact that the
protruding fleshy tij) liad l)een broken off or toi'n away. As the tyi)e was not only
injured, but young, w(> liave jjrepared tlie following descri])tion of oui' adult
specimen :
Body faiil.\' I'obust. about as wide as deep antei'iorly, but postei'iorly becoming
compressed, tapering to a very slender tail. Post orbital region tumid. The
bluntly conic snout projects well beyond mouth, its i)rt'oral length being nearly
equal to orbital length. (Jreatest depth of body 2.45 in liead, 17.7 in total length
to caudal. Head, 7.75 in total length, 1.7 in trunk, 4.4 in tail. Distance from
dorsal fin to occiput 2.S in head; highest dor.sal ray, 3.15; length of caudal, 7.4;
length of pectoral, 3.65; snout, 3.55; eye, 6.65; interorbital width (fleshy), 6.15;
gape, 3.2; width of head, 2.7. Head and trunk togethei- 1.S5 in tail. Origin of
dorsal fin a little behind base of pectoral; pectoral fin rounded. Teeth of jaws
coarse ami iiregular, in nari'ow bands; vomerine teeth few, one greatly enlarged,
conic, sharp, somewhat curv(>d l^ackward, ]ireceded by two in line, much smaller,
the first scarcely canine-like; followed \)\ a group of three teeth forming an isosceles
triangle with the ape.x ]iointing backward; premaxillary teeth about thirteen in
number, enlarged, canine-like i)osteriorly along fi-ont of gape. Tip of snout with
a large deep pit on each side just in front of the anterior nosti'ils, which o])en in a
shoit tube; a series of five longitudinal slits runs from just b(>hind the anterior
nostril to below middle of eye; the posterior no.stril is a horizontal slit with scarcely
elevated rims, located just before and a little above the horizontal through middle
of pui)il. Oth(M- jiores occur near tip of chin and a pair on the lower surface of the
snout just in fi'ont of the premaxillary cluster of teeth and on each side of a fleshy
keel; lips rather full laterally; the upper narrow, separated by a fringed fold from
maxillary l^and of teeth; lower lip thicker and more pendant; gill-openings extending
198 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
downward and forward from the middle of the pectoral base to within tli(>ir own
length apart. Lateral line a rather wide ridge, originating abruptly at side of
nape, running a little above midline of sides on anterior half of body, a little below
the mid-line posteriorly; seventh pore above pectoral base; eighth and ninth on
each side of the vertical from dorsal origin, thirty-ninth above the anus.
Color dusky above, rather abruptly pale below; pectoral fin whitish, with a
dusky blot ell above its centei-; vertical fins pale anteriorly wdth a dusky base,
which soon widens, especially on the dorsal fin to exclude the pale color from all
but the margin.
Family MUR^NESOCID^.
165. [235] Muraenesox cinereus (Forskal). Hanio.
Tokyo, Kyoto, and Kobe markets (Jordan). Not rare in the markets and
reaching a considerable size.
Outer mandibular teeth not directed outwartl; vomerine teeth broad, with
strong l)asal lobes.
Family OPHK 'HTHYID.F:.
166. [243] Pisobdonophis zophistius Jordan and Snyder.
One adult and two young, Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa) ; two, Misaki (Aoki).
On comparison of material we find that P. zophistius differs from the East
Indian P. cancrivorus in having the dorsal much higher and more darkly colored
anteriorly, in the much smaller size of the two barbels on the upper jaw, and in
the smaller eye, which is two-fifths instead of half as long as the snout. The
pores of the head, however, are alike in the two species.
167. [254] Ophisurus macrorhynchus Bleeker. L'//a'-/;t'fcf = Off-sliore Snake.
Mikawa Bay (Ishikawaj.
Family MUR^NID^E.
168. [258] Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch. Utenbo = Moray.
IMisaki (Aoki). None of the other Morays, numerous about Kytisyu, were
obtained in 1922.
Family CYPRINODOXTID.F.
Genus 0ryzi.\s Jordan and Snyder.
Regan" and Weber have identified Oryzias Jordan and Snyder with Aplocheilus
(usually, but not at first, written Haplochilus). Gunther, in referring the types
of Aplocheilus and Panchax to the same species, was certainly in error.
"^ Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (S) VII, 1911, p. 324.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 199
The sii-cni)), (';i11(hI Onjzias Jordan and Snyder, is the Indian genus Aplocheilus
AlcC'lelland, as first restricted by Bleel^ei- to Aplocheilus melastiyinus McCleHand.
In a recent jiaper upon these fishes Dr. Ernst Alil"" recognizes Oryzjas as a distinct
genus, as it lacks enlarged teeth on the sides of the premaxillary, these being
characteristic of Aplocheilus. The teeth in Oryzias are very small and slender.
169. [268] Oryzias latipes (Temminck and Schlegel). Medaka = High-eyes.
Kachi River at Xagoya (Jordan) ; brook at Yamawa near Kagoshima (Wakiya) ;
Aomori (Bepj)u); Lake Biwa (Jordan); Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori).
A little inhabitant of ditches in the rice-fields.
170. [269] Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel).
The genus Furtdulichthys Bleeker has been shown l)y Air. George S. Myers to
have no real existence, its type-species Fundulus virescens Temminck and Schlegel,
being founded on a bad figure of Pseudorasbora parva.
Family XOTACANTHID.E.
171. [270] Polyacanthonotus challengeri ( Vaillant).
The names Polyacanthonotus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amst., (2) VIII, 1874, p. 368
(type Xotacanthus rissoanus De Filippi and Verany) and Zanotocanthus Gill,
Johnson's Cyclopedia, III, 1876, p. 883 (the same type) have priority over Mac-
donaldia Goode and Bean.
Family SYNGNATHID.E.
172. [274] Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup. ro//-i/(r(> = Tooth-pick fLsh.
Bay of IMikawa (C. Ishikawa) ; Misaki (Aoki).
173. [287] Hippocampus japonicus Kaup. Kitano-unui-unn = y,ovi\\eYi\ Sea-horse.
Enoshima (Jordan).
174. [288] Hippocampus coronatus Temminck and Schlegel.
Uma-umi = Sea-horse ; Tatsu = Dragon.
Enoshima (Jordan) .
Family AULORHYNCHID.E.
175. [291] Aulichthys japonicus Brevoort. iiuda-?/a^ara = Pipe- Yagara.
Misaki (Aoki).
"^ AhL Zool. Anz., May 1924, p. .-)().
200 MEMOIKS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family FISTULARIID.E.
176. [292] Fistularia petimba Lacepede. .4A-a-?/a(/am = Red Yagara.
Shizuoka mai'ket (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kagoshima
Bay (Wakiya).
177. [293] Fistularia serrata ( 'uvier. .4o-//«yar« = Green Yagara.
Osaka market (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Misaki
(Aoki); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa).
Family MACRORHAMPHOSID^.
178. [295] Macrorhamphosus sagifue Jordan and Starks. »S'a(/?yue = Egret-piper.
Ten specimens from Misaki (Aoki).
Depth, 3.75 to 4.1. Dorsal spine serrated, inserted well befoi-e anus, when
depressed reaching beyond base of caudal. Regan"^ has lately well reviewed the
species of this genus.
Family GASTEROSTEID^.
Genus Gasterosteus Linnaeus.
The three-spined Sticklebacks have long been known to be among the most
variable of all fishes, and they have been referred to a large number of nominal
species. We have examined many series representing localities in all the northern
continents.
The marine form of northern Europe, G. aculeatus = G. trachurus of Green-
land and the northern Pacific on both sides, G. loricatus, G. cataphractus = obnlarius
= insculptus, seem not to be separable into local species or subspecies. This form
is characterized by the large size attained, by the complete development of lateral
plates and caudal keel, the long, strong pubic plate, the long falcate pectoral fin,
the serrate ventral spine, and the high average number of dorsal and anal rays.
Up the streams and southward this circumarctic form, G. aculeatus, varies
through a most complex and irregular, though complete, intergradation toward
and into a very different type, both in Europe and on both sides of the North
Pacific. The change involves a reduction in the adult size, a loss of lateral arma-
ture, a shoi'tening of the pubic plate, a shortening and rounding off of the pectoral
fin, and a reduction in the number of dorsal and anal fin-rays. The change, how-
ever, is not fully identical in the two oceans, for in Europe the loss of plates on
the average is brought about more abruptly and from a more posterior point, so
"Ami. Mag. Xat. Hist., (S) XIII, 1914, p. 17.
JORDAN AND TIUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 201
that intermediate types freciuciitly have the plates irregularly absent in advance
of the caudal keel which still ])crsists: while in the Pacific the posterior plates
become gradually shortened and eliminated together, so that the caudal keel is
rarely evident, except in fully plated individuals. Moreo^•er, the Euroi^ean
stream-type. G. leiurus, has on the average stronger serrulations on tlie fin-spin(>s
than does the analogous Pacific form G. microcephahis.
Toward the southern end of the range of Gasterosteus in both Eiu'oi^e and
California a few especially distinct, almost wholly unarmed, races have been pro-
duced, as Regan has indicated. ^^
Of these the race inhabiting the Santa Ana system of streams of Southern
California, G. u-illiamsoni Girard = santa-anna' Regan''* is particularly extreme,
and has the fin-spines extremely short and posteriorly inserted. It is connected
with G. jnicrocephalus by a wholly intermediate type, occurring in neighboring
waters both to the northward (Santa Clara Rivei-) and southward. It is closely
analogous to algeriensis of northern Africa.
The occurrence of extensive and complete intergradation seems to call for the
trinomial distinction of these forms. In the Pacific region we may recognize there-
fore three subspecies:
Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Linnaeus
Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus (Girard)
Gasterosteus aculeatus uilliamsoni (Girard).
The fully armed form of the western Atlantic (biaculeatus) and its partially
plated fresh-water derivative {cuvieri) have not been thoroughly studied in the
present connection, but the examples we have seen seem quite distinct from any
of the forms of G. aculeatus. The junior author is accumulating material for a
more exhaustive study of all the Sticklebacks.
Our Japanese specimens should be i-eferred to two subspecies.
179. [297] Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus (Linnteus). //(//•/-«h-o = Needle-fish.
Nineteen specimens from Kushiro, Hokkaido (Tanaka) represent a race ^nth
the body slenderer and the body-plates smoother than usual. Largest specimen
58 mm. long to caudal; plates and keel comj^lete, l^ut the posterior plates abruptly
shortened; pubic plate long; pectoral long, narrow, and falcate; dorsal soft rays
" Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist., (S) IV, 1909. pp. 4.3.5-4.37.
^* The exact type-locality of Gasterosteus wilHamsoni is perhaps still in doubt, although Lieutenant
Williamson is known to have crossed the Sierra Madre range at the head of the Santa Ana River, near
Banning, California. Nevertheless the description leaves little doubt in regard to its identity with the
form lately named santa-an'nce by Regan. The number of vertebra> used by Regan is not constant, but
may prove to be an average character of some value.
202 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
12 to 14, anal soft rays 9 to 11 (counting last ray as only partly dixidcdj. Depth
of body, 4.2 to 4.8 in length to caudal.
180. |207A] Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus ((iirard).
Hanu'ko = Little Needle.
Fifteen sjiecimens from Lake Biwa represent the partly plated Japanese form
of Gasterosteus aculeatus. They seem wholly inseparable from specimens referred
to G. rmcrocephalus from California and the Aleutian Islands. Dorsal soft rays,
11 or 12; anal soft rays, 8 or 9; plates, 4 to 7.
Franz has named and figured Japanese specimens of this subspecies as Gas-
terosteus inlliamsoni japonicus. If the Japanese race should prove sufficiently
distinct to be separated nomenclaturally, it will, however, reriuire a new name, as
both Houttuyn and Steindachner have used the combination Gasterosteus japonicus.
There can be little doubt that these naked Sticklebacks of the rivers, however
similar, have diverged independently from the marine form. As "ontogenetic
species" they need not enter systematic lists.
Genus PuNoiTius Coste.
Pungitius Coste, 1846, replaces Pygosteus Gill, 1861."
In the present connection we follow Berg's review'"** of the species of Pungitius
in all respects but one. We refer the partially naked species of northern Japan to
P. brevispinosus rather than to P. pungitius.
181. [298] Pungitius sinensis (Guichenot). //ansafea = Needle-mackerel.
Three specimens from Noo, Niigata-Ken, on the westeiui side of Japan, have
small plates along the entire course of the lateral line, and for this i-eason alone are
referred to P. sinensis. As used by Berg, P. sinensis seems to us to be a complex
of more oi- less unrelated races, which have developed plates along the lateral line
anteriorly. Our specimens differ from those described by Jordan and Starks as
Pygosteus steindachneri, and by Tanaka as Pygosteus kaibara', in having only one
instead of two soft rays in the ventral fin (except on one side of one specimen).
In P. brevispinosus and in specimens from Kamchatka referred to Pungitius, two
rays are only occasionally evident in the ventral."^
" See Jordan, Stanford Univ. I'ubl. (Hiol.), Ill, 1923, p. 174.
'" Proc. U. S. N. M. XXXII, 11)07, pp. 4.51-454.
^' We liave examined large series of the Pacific forms of Gafterosleus aculeatus, liut fail to find a
single variant in the number of ventral rays (I, 1). In three paratypes of (!. gladiunnihix Kendall from
Maine, however, we find two soft ventral rays on both sides of two specimens and on one side of the
third. This well marked species is now regarded by Kendall as tlie original G. bispinusus Walbaum.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES C()LLE("rED li)22. 20;^
The six types of Pygostcus undcritixdis { = Pinujitius (jiniensis:) at haiul liave
no soft ventral rays at all, and one specimen lacks even the veiitial spines. As Berg
has remarked, Day has described and figured a local race of rutKjitiiis from Ireland,
which is closely compai'able with P. tymensis.
The specimens from Noo have 8 or 9 dorsal spines.
182. [300 and 301 1 Pungitius brevispinosus (Otaki). Ini-Unniyo.
We refer to this si)ecies the specimens without anterior armature refened by
Jordan and Starks to Pygosteus steindachneri, the Hokkaido sp(>cimens referred by
Berg to Pygosteus pungitius and the material in the jiresent collection, consisting
of three specimens from Aomori (Beppu) and a series frf)m Sai)poi-o (T. Kawamura).
This form, wliich will probably prove to grade into P. pungitius, differs in
having fewer dorsal spines, as the following table shows. In P. pungitius iiroper
the number varies fi-om 7 (ahnormally as few as 2) to 12, 10 least fretiuently
occurring.
Number of dorsal spines VII VIII IX X
Number of specimens 2 1.5 22 1
Specimens from Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, seem to ha\'e the spines in about
the usual number for P. pungitius.
Number of spines IX X XI XII
Number of specimens 4 28 9 1
Family EXOCCETID^.
Genus Exoccetus Linnaeus.
The name Exocaius of Linnaeus, included his species E. voliluns (1758) and
E. evolans (1766) both of which belong to the Halocypselus-type, having short
ventrals not used for flight.
183. [303] Exoccetus volitans Linnaeus. /c?a;cn-^>r/ = Swift bird.
One adult specimen, 6.5 inches long, was taken by Dr. .Jordan at sea, about
three hundred and fifty miles east of Yokahama.
It is evident that Exocaetus volitans of the Tenth Edition of the SystemaNatune
and Exocoetus evolans of the Twelfth Edition are both based on species with the
ventral fins short, the group called Hahcypselus by Weinland. Probably both
names belong to the same species. But to what extent the species is cosmopolitan,
and whether all forms of this type the world over belong to one si)ecies is pi'ob-
lematical. The oldest name assigned to a Pacific member of this group seems to
be Exocoetus spleridens Abel, "Journ. China, 1818, 4."
204 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
The specimen noted above sliows the follow iiii;' chai'aetei's: Mouth unusuallx
small; jaws and jialate tootliless; snout slioi't, slioi'ter than eye; scales 44; I). I'A
A. 14; iK'cioral fin (extending to last I'ay of doi-sal; vential twice in head, reacliinj;
half-way to anal; jiectofal with the first ray long, not blanched, i-eachinLi; nearl>
to tij) of fin; second ray slenderer, forked; dorsal fin low, anal a shade higher
upper caudal lobe unusually long, more than two-thirds lengtli of lower. Color in
life, plain dark blue above, center of scales a little darker; i)ectoral i)lain dusky,
its l)asal half translucent, its edge narrowly white; dorsal i)lain olive; caudal plain
dusky, and pure white; ventral white, its edge slightly dusky; length 6.5 inches.
This description discloses no differences on which an Exocmlus splendens
could be differentiated as the Pacific ie})resentativc of E. volitans.
184. [304, 306| Cypselurus agoo (Temminck and Schlegel).
T'o6-mo-MH'o = Bird-fish; Ayu.
Cy})seluru.'i hirundo Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M.,XXVI, 1903, p. 542
(not Exocoetus hirundo Steindachner).
We provisionally identify as the young of this common Japanese Flying-fish
eight specimens, 53 to 65 mm. long to the caudal fin, collected by Aoki at Misaki.
They differ from the adult, as do the young of other species of the genus, in having
the pectoral fins somewhat shorter, and in having a barbel at the tip of the chin.
This barbel is short, constricted at its base but liroadly expanded into a sub-
triangular black fla]), having the lower edge uneven; the flap is about half as wide
as the eye. The coloration is also wholly unlike that of the adult, and corresponds
with the description given by Jordan and Starks in the account ([uoted above.
Oui' specimens agree entiicly with the young identified by Jordan and Starks
as Ctipsclurus hirundo. It is certain, however, that they are specifically different
from Steindachner's fish, also described from a young sjjecimen. The young of
Cypselurus hirundo differs widely in coloration and in the character of the barbels:
"Die Unterlipi^e ist verdickt und endigt jederseits in einige zarte Tentakeln von
geringer Lange."
185. [307] Exonautes brachycephalus (Glinther).
A young flying fish, 74 mm. long to the caudal, obtained by Aoki at Misaki,
Japan, iM-obal)ly Ix'longs to this species. At least it apjiears to be identical with
the Japanese specimen 107 mm. long i-efei-i'cnl l)y Jordan and Starks^" to Cypselurus
brachycephalus.
'"' T'v,
Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1003, p. 5:i9, fig. 2.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED lil22. 205
Head, 4.;^; clci)tli, iy.'.i; dorsal, 10; anal, 11; the two fins conuneiicing at the
same vertical (the type has two more rays in each fin, l:)iit the specimen described
by Jordan and Stai'ks is intermediate). Snout short and not produced, only two-
thirds as long as the orbit, which is contained nearly three times in head; inter-
orbital gently elevated toward orbital margins. Scales about 50 in lateral line,
about 33 from occiput to dorsal fin, 7 between dorsal fin and lateral line; lidge of
lateral line not more than usuall}^ conspicuous. Pectoral fin extending to ()))posite
tips of last dorsal antl anal rays, when depressed; ventral fin extending a little
farther, but not (juite to caudal base; the structure of the rays of the ]3aired fins
is as described by Jordan and Starks. Thei-e is no ti'ace of a barbel.
Body clear light brown al)ove, darkest on snout and caudal base, hght below.
Dorsal with a large and conspicuous l)lack spot; anal fin clear; lower mai-gin of
upper caudal lobe and greater portion of lower lobe darkened, as also in the lai-gei'
Japanese specimen; ventrals mostly black, pale around the margin; ix'ctoral light
in the rays, but dee]) brown on the membranes, except along the lower edge of
the fin, on a large oblong area near middle of fin and on a large triangle between
the oblong and the ti];) of the fin; these specified areas without pigment.
Family HEMIRAMPHID.E.
186. [310] Hyporhamphus sajori (Temminck and Schlegel). Sayori.
Sapporo market (Majima) ; Otaru market (Takayasu) ; Tokyo, Osaka, and
Nagoya markets (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; To3'ama, Miyazu, Misaki
(Aoki). Generally common throughout Japan.
This species reaches a length of at least 26 cm. (measured from tij) of jii'e-
maxillaries to caudal bas(>).
187. [312] Hyporhamphus kurumeus (Jordan and Starks).
Kachi River at Nagoya (Jordan); Lake Kasumigaura, north of Tokyo
(Hattori). These are the first records of the species from Hondo, the main island
of Japan, the types having been obtained in Chikugo River, KyusyQ, and no
specimens ha\'ing been subsecjuently reported.
Dorsal rays, 15; anal, 17; scales, about 80 to 90 (deciduous, very difficult to
count, given as about 70 in the description of the type, but we may count more
than 80 in the types) ; origin of anal a little in advance of that of dorsal.
206 MEMOIRS OF THP: CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
FuTiiily S( 'OMBRESOCID.E.
18S. 1315] Cololabis saira (Brevoort). Sitnutut; Sairn.
Tokyo market, Nagoya market (Jordan); Kusliiro (Takaya.su); Alisaki (Aoki).
Very abundant everywhere and much valued as food.
Ml'. Hubhs" has lately indicated that the Californian form, C. brevirostris, is
not tangibly different from the Japanese saira, which was first named.
Family BELONID.E.
189. [316] Tylosurus anastomella (C'uvier and Valenciennes). 7)f/<.stt = Gar-fish.
Miyazu; Fukuoka (Hamada).
190. [317] Tylosurus schismatorhynchus (Bleeker). //«ma-f/r)/.s'» = Shore Gar-fish.
Kobe market (Jordan); Toyama, Sea of Japan (S. Yoshizawa). Not rare. .
Family SPHYR.ENID.^.
191. [32f)] Sphyrsena japonica Guvier and Valenciennes. /vamasu = Barracuda.
Wv have one adult specimen of the large Barracuda fi'om the Tokyo market
(Jordan) and seven young from Misaki (Aoki). Jordan and Snyder in 1900 took
the species at Nagasaki.
Head, 2.8 to 3.3; depth, 7.2 to 8.2; depth of caudal peduncle, 4.6 to 5.7 in
head; eye, 4.9 to 5.9; snout, 2.2 to 2.4; interorbital, 5.1 to 5.7; upper jaw, 2.2 to
2.4. Dorsal, V-T 9; anal, II, 8; scales, 12-111 to 125-14. Ventral inserted under
origin of first dorsal, a little behind tip of pectoral, or at a distance from anal
origin contained 3.6 times in the length to caudal. Preopercular margin squarish.
Golor dark; the mouth parts largely black.
192. [322] Sphyraena pinguis (Gunther). Kamnsu = Good Salmon (Barracuda).
Kyoto and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Mikawa Bay (AI. Ishikawa) ; Toyama
(Yoshizawa); Miyazu, Fukuoka (Hamada).
This small Barracuda is generally common in the markets and much valued
as a pan-fish.
Records of Sphyraena obtusata fi-om Japan probably refer to this species,
which seems different from true .S. obtusata.
Head, 3.1 to 3.4; depth, 6.2 to 7.5; depth of caudal peduncle, 4.0 to 4.5 in
head; eye, 4.6 to 5.6; snout, 2.2 to 2.4; interorbital, 5.1 to 6.0; upper jaw, 2.4 to 2.6.
Dorsal, V-I, 9; anal, II, 8; scales 8 to 10—80 to 90—11 to 12. Ventral inserted
" I'ubl. ZuOl. Univ. Cal., XVI, 11)16, p. 1.^)7.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1'.I22. 207
under middle of jjectoral: i)ect()ral not (luite reaching vertical fiom dorsal orij;in;
distance between insertion of venti'al antl orijiin of anal one-third the lenj2;tli to
caudal. Preopercular margin squarish, somewhat produced back\\ard at angle.
Family 08PHR0NEMID.E.
193. [E.xtraterr.] Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus).
Three specimens obtained from Professor Yosiro Manalie, taken at ( )kinawa,
Ryvlkyu Islands.
Dorsal rays XIII or XR", 8; anal XX, 14 or 15. Soft dorsal and anal lobes
considerably produced and sharp; caudal lobes not at all, or only slightly, produced;
soft dorsal rays branched, anal rays unbranched. \'ertical fins ensheathed by
scales at their bases.
Material of this species from Soo-chow, China, has been sent to the Museum
of Zoology, University of Michigan, by Dr. Cora B. Reeves.
Family OPHICEPHALID.E.
194. [Extrateri-.] Ophicephalus argus Cantor.
Specimens of this common Chinese fish were obtained by Professor Gee at
Soo-chow, China.
Family ATHERIXID.E.
195. [323] Atherina bleekeri Gunther.
Bay of Kagoshima (Wakiya).
196. [325] Atherina tsurugae Jordan and Starks.
G//;-/.so-/»'«.b7(/ = Silvery Surf-sardine.
Two silver-sides referable to Atherina tsiirw/te wei'e given to Dr. Jordan by
]\Ir. Mikimoto, who obtained them at his pearl-plantation on Tatoku Island.
Family MUGILIDiE.
197. [328] Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. 5ora = ^Mullet.
Tokj'o, Nagoya, and Osaka markets (Jordan); Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya);
Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Fukuoka (Hamada) ; Lake Ka.sumigaura (Hattorij ;
Misaki (Aoki). Everywhere excessively common in the markets.
The length of the gajx' is contained 1.15 to 1.3 times in the width of the month.
Young, as small as 51 mm. to caudal, have three anal spines like the adult.
208 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
We are wtill unable to follow Gunther and Oshinia'' in separating the common
Striped Mullets into more than one species the world over. We find no specific
differences in the form of the mouth in diffei'cnt regions, and such differences as
may exist in the number of scale-rows are slight and overhipping. In our material
we count the transverse rows as follows: Naples, 39 to 43; Florida, 39; Texas, 38
to 40; Peru, 38 to 41; mouth of Colorado River, 38 to 41; Hawaii, 38 or 39; China,
38 to 41 ; Japan 36 (rarely) to 41. In Formosan material, which he referred to two
different s]:)ecies, Oshima counted 38 to 42 scale-rows.
Genus Liza Jordan and Swain.
Three species of Liza occui' in Jaiian. They have lately been differentiated
by Tanaka in a pai)er ]iublished in Japanese." From a translation of this paper
made by Mr. Kasawa, and an examination of two of the si)ecies (no specimens of
Liza akarue are in the collection), we have pi'ej^ared the following key.
Key to .Japanese Species of Liza.
a. Tip of pectoral not reaching vertical from origin of first dorsal.
b. Back broad, depressed, not carinate; snout and eye only two-thirds as long as rest of head. Scales
smaller, .37 or 41 in lateral series; depth of body about ono-fiftli of length to caudal menada.
hb. Back narrower, compressed to a weak keel along mid-line; snout and eye nearly as long as rest of
head. Scales larger, .3.5 or 36 in lateral series; depth of i)od}', 3.S.5 to 4.5 hwmalncheila.
an. Tiji of pectoral reaching vertical from front of first tlorsal. Scales larger, 34 in lateral series; body
very deep (the greatest depth 3. .5 in length to cautlal (after Tanaka) akame .
198. Liza menada Tanaka.
Liza hwmatochila Tanaka, Fig. Desc. FLshes Japan, VIII, 1912, p. 137, pi. 37-39
(not Mugil hcematocheilus Temminck and Schlegel).
Liza menada Tanaka, Zool. Mag., No. 336, Oct. 15, 1917.
One specimen of this species, well figured by Tanaka as "Liza hsematochila,"
is in the present collection. It was secured in the Nagoya market. Jordan and
Snyder in 1900 took the species at Osaka, Wakanoura, Hiroshima, Hakodate, and
the Ishikari River.
199. [329] Liza haematocheila (Temminck and Schlegel). Menada.
Three specimens are in the present collection, all from the Bay of Mikawa
(C. Ishikawa). Seen in the markets of Yokohama and Osaka.
Jordan and Snyder took specimens in 1900 at Katase, Enoshima, and
Wakanoura.
Not rare in markets, reaching a large size.
" Ann. Car. Mus., XII, 1919, p. 2GS; XIII, 1922, p. 240.
" Zool. Mag., No. 33(), Oct. 1.5, 1917.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 209
Family BERYCID.E.
200. [332] Beryx splendens Lowe. Kimmedui = Golden-eyQ Porgy.
Tokyo and Yokohama markets (Jordan).
Dorsal rays, IV, 13 to 15; anal, IV, 26 to 28; depth of body, 2.8 to 2.9 in length
to caudal base; head, 2.7; scales with s])inules arranged in (luineunx oi'der on each
side of a central spineless groove, 9-67 or 68-19 in number; mouth bright red
within.
We have no Atlantic material at hand for comparison.
201. [333] Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya).
Family HOLOCENTRID.E.
202. [336] Holocentrus spinosissimus Temminck and Schlegel.
/itoda/ = Head Porgy.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto).
203. [340] Ostichthys japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Ebisu-dai = Ebisu-porgy ; Fish-god.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Kochi, Miyazu (Wakiya).
Family POLYMIXIID.E.
204. [343] Polymixia japonica GUnther. Ginme = Silver-eye.
Polymixia japonica Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XX, 1877, p. 436.
— Steindachner and Doderlein, Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wein, XLVII, 1883,
p. 261, pi. 4, fig. 2.— Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1902, p. 18.
Shizuoka market (Jordan).
This species by oversight is currently credited to "Steindachner."
Family MONOCENTRID.E.
205. [344] Monocentris japonicus (Houttuyn). MaisuA:am-wu'o = Pine-cone-fish.
Misaki (Aoki). Commoner southward.
Family SCOMBRID.E.
This family, as now restricted, contains species of rather small size, with the
spinous dorsal short, remote from the soft dorsal; the corselet indistinct; the
vertebrae 31; the posterior without the "trellis-like" structure, produced by the
210 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
union of lurmal i)rocessess; interspinal bones weakand slender; mouth large, with
minute teeth. We recognize three genera, only one of them found in Jai)an proper.
a. SrotubriiKV. (iill-rakers moderate, alxiut 2fl; hody fusifdnn; vomer and palatines toothed; vertebra' .'il.
b. Air-liladder wanting. Atlantic Scomber.
bb. Air-bladder well-developed Pneumaiophoruti.
aa. Ra^trelligerina. (!ill-rakers very long and numerous, feathery, about 57, filling the mouth; body
compressed; no teeth on vomer or jialatines. South Seas Rastrelliger.
In arranging the species of Mackerels and Tunnies of our collections in Japan,
we have rather closely followed the determinations given in tlie elaborate and
painstaking monograph of Di-. Kamakichi Ki.shinouye, entitled "Contributions to
the Comparative Study of the So-called Scombroid Fishes," .Journ. Agri., Imp.
Univ. Tokyo, March, 1923.
Dr. Kishinouye divides the old family Scombridcp, on the basis of skeletal and
muscular characters into four, which seem to be well-defined and are certainly
natural groups. He also adds certain new genera, as given below.
Genus Pneumatoph(^rus Jordan and Gilbert.
Pneumatoplwrus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M., \, 18S3, ]). 593 (as
subgenu.s). — Starks, Science, LIV, 1921, p. 222 (elevated to generic rank).
The Chub-mackerels have until latc>ly t)een usually regarded as comprising a
single cosmopolitan species, called Scomber colias or Scomber japonicus, the latter
name being the earliest. Evermann and Kendall'^ found certain differences in
their material and consequently recognized two species, colias and japonicus. In
1922 Starks" further compared specimens from California and Massachusetts.
In the meantime, however, Tanaka'^ had recognized the existence of two distinct
species in Jai)an, distinguishing Scomber tapeinocephalus Bleeker from the commoner
species S. jojHnticus.
A moi-e extended comparison of these mackerel from various parts of the
world has oln'ioiisly been needed. We have with the aid of Masunosuke Kasawa,
a student from Saj^poro, examined all of the specimens at our disposal. This
material seems to comprise seven species, of which two are represented in Japan,
and so far as we know, confined to the waters of that country. They are P.
tapeinocephalus and P. japonicus. Besides these we have specimens from Aus-
tralia, Hawaii, and Socorro Island, off the Coast of Mexico, which seem to belong
to a Polynesian species, which may be provisionally known by the old name
'" Proc. U. S. X. M., XXXVIII, UUO, p. .327.
'''" Copeia, Xo. 103, 1922. p. 9.
76
Zool. Mag.. XXIX, 1917, p. 347.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 211
australasicus of Cuvier and \'alenciennes. The otlier species are nearer japoniciis.
Each of them occupies a special faunal area: P. colias European; /-". yrex \^'estcr^
Atlantic; P. pcruanus, sp. nov., Peru; and P. dieyo California. Seven species are
contrasted in the following key.
Key to the Species of Pneumatophokus.
a. Dorsal .spines 11 or 12; scales fewer than 200 in tlic lateral line, (lill-rakers 2.5 to 27 on lower linil> of
outer arch.
h. Scales lietween occiput and first dorsal fin, 3.5 to 45; scales between orifiiin of second dorsal fin and
lateral line, 19 to 23; length of head .28.5 to .295 of length to caudal base; distance frcun tiji of
snout to first dorsal, .365 to .3S; distance from tip of mandible to ventral fin, .345 to .35.5.
bb. Scales between occiput and first dorsal fin, 24 to 32; between second dorsal and lateral line, 15 to
19; length of head, .275 to .2.s5 of length to caudal; snout to dorsal, .355 to .36; mandifile to
ventral, .33 lapeinorephalus.
aa. Dorsal sjiines 9 or 10; scales more than 200 in the lateral line (1.S6 to 209 in P. grex).
c. Gill-rakers 29 to 32 on lower limb of outer arch. Scales along lateral line. 200 to 229; scales fr<im
occiput to dorsal fin, 39 to 50; scales from origin of second dorsal fin to lateral line, 20.
Measurements in hundredths of length from tip of snout to base of caudal; length of head, .28
to .295; snout, .09 to .09.5; upper jaw, .105 to .115; snout to dorsal, .37 to .3S5; mandible to
ventral, .335 to .38 ro/i'a.s."
cc. Gill-rakers 23 to 28 on lower limb of outer arch.
d. Scales in lateral line, 186 to 209; before first dorsal fin, 34 to 41; from origin of second dorsal
to lateral line, 19 to 21. Gill-rakers, 23 to 27. ^Measurements in hundretlths of length to
caudal fin: length of head, .27 to .28; snout, .085 to .09; upper jaw. .10 to .105; snout to
dorsal, .36 to .37; mandible to ventral, .325 to .34 jrcr''*
dfl. Scales in lateral line, 205 to 231; before first dorsal fin, 40 to 60. Gill-rakers, 26 to 29.
e. Measurements in hundredths of length to caudal base: head, .275 to .29; snout, .09 to .095;
upper jaw, .10 to 115; snout to dorsal ,.355 to .375; mandible to ventral, .325 to .35.
/. Scales between the second dorsal fin and lateral line 19 to 26, usually fewer than 23.
jnponicuff.
ff. Scales between the second dorsal fin and lateral line 22 to 27, usually more than 23.
diego.'"
ee. Measurements in hundre<lths of length to caudal base: head, .29 to .32; snout, .095 to .105;
upi)cr jaw, .115 to .135; snout to dorsal, .38 to .405; mandible to ventral, .365 to .375.
'' Specimens from off Morcton Bay, Queensland; Lord Howe Islands (near Australia); Hawaii;
Socorro Island, off the west coast of Mexico.
'* Diagnosis based on a specimen from Naples, and one of three from the Canary Islands.
^' Diagnosis based on a series of adults from Woods Hole.
"' Diagnosis based on series of adults from California.
*' Pneiimalopliorus ix'ruanuK .Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov. Type-specimen 201 mm. long to the
caudal fin, from the Bay of Callao, Peru; collected by the late Admiral L. A. Beardslee; Cat. No. 6218,
Stanford University Collection, C M. Cat. Fishes No. 7847. Paratypes are from the same locality and
from the Galapagos Islands.
212 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
206. [345, in part] Pneumatophorus tapeinocephalus (Bleeker).
Marusaba = Hound Mackerel.
Scomber tapeinocephalus BLEE.KER, Nat. Tydsk. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 407 (Nagasaki).
Tatoku Island (Mikimoto). Joidaii and Snyder (in 1900) took this species
at Hakodate, Tateyama, Kobe, and Alatsushima, though not distinguishing it at
the time from the common mackerel or Saba. It is nowhere al)undant.
207. [345] Pneumatophorus japonicus (Houttuyn).
(Saba = Mackerel ; i/m/s«i»o = Broad Mackerel; G(>m(isaba = Oil Mackerel.
Sapporo, Takashima, Tokyo, and Shizuoka markets (Jordan); Kushiro;
Misaki; Miyazu; Yokohoma; Kobe; Yamada; Hakodate; Nagasaki; Same; Mat-
sushima. This is the common mackerel of Japan, found daily in abundance at
every port.
In the markets, according to Kishinouye, there are three distinct forms of
mackerel, which he regards as not definable as subspecies.
The usual shore-form, Gomasaba = ()i\ Mackerel, Scomber pneumatophorus
minor Schlegel, has gray spots below the lateral line, and the dark markings of the
back do not cross the line which is marked by a row of round spots. The Hirasaba,
or Flat Mackerel (variety major) of Schlegel has but nine dorsal spines, while the
Marusaba, or Round Mackerel (Scomber tapeinocephalus Bleeker) has eleven or
twelve. In the Hirasaba, the dark streaks on the back cross the lateral line, and
the caudal is yellowish.
The "Marusaba'' is the s])ecies named Scomber tapeinocephalus by Bleeker.
The others correspond respectively to the Scomber pneumatophorus major and
minor of Schlegel, Scomber saba, and Scomber janesaba of Bleeker. The marusaba
is no doul)t a distinct species, and the others may prove to be so.
The scanty descriptions of Scomber japonicus and Scomber auratus in the
original paper of Houttuyn are identifiable only on the supposition that but one
species of mackerel with eiglit or nine s])ines occurs at Nagasaki.
Family CYBIID.E.
This family compiises the alhes of the Spanish Mackerel of America, the
Seer-fishes, or Sawara of Jajxin. It is visibly characterized by the many-rayed
first dorsal, which extends nearly to the fiont of the second. Bod}' compressed;
moutli large; teeth strong, in one row, usually more or less compressed; lateral
line sinuous, often branched oi- dujilicated; vertebrse 31 to 64, usually more than
40; interhffmels well developed, usually long and numerous; gill-rakers small and
JOUDAX AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 213
few, sometimes wantin";, not more tluui 13 in number. Be.sides the living genera,
numerous others are characteristic of the [Miocene of CaUfornia. The following
are recognized: Ocydiafi, Thyrsocles, Turio, Thyrsion, Zaphleges, Auxides, Zestias.
This group is pi-ohaijly the most primitive of the Mackerels.
Key to the .Iapaxese Genera of Cybiid.e.
a. ArnntJiocjjbiitKf. Lamella' of the gills reticulated, as in the Sword-fish; gill-raker.s none; intermuscular
bones inserted on the ribs; body elongate; teeth verj- strong, trenchant; vomer with teeth. Size
very large Acanthocijhium.
aa. Lamella' of gills not reticulated; gill-rakers present; intermuscular hones inserted on verteliru'.
b. Cybiina. Body elongate; teeth in jaws trenchant; teeth on vomer.
c. Lateral line single; teeth compressed.
(/. Air-bladder jiresent; lateral line siini)le.
e. Gill-rakers three only Cijbium
ee. Gill-rakers 11 to 13 Scomberoinoriis.
(Id. Air-bladder wanting; lateral line with numerous short branches at right angles Sawara.
bb. Sardina;. Body plump; teeth not trenchant, their edges rounded, no teeth on vomer; lateral line
simple; corselet at shoulder more or less di.stinct.
/. Body scaly; tongue toothless; dorsal spines IS to 22 Snrda.
ff. Body naked outside of corselet; tongue and palatines with \illifiirm teeth; dorsal
siiines 14 (ii/innosarda.
ACANTHOCYBIUM Gill.
This genus contains giant mackerels, differing considerably from the smaller
forms, especially in tlie pecuUar netted structure of the gills, as in the Sword-fish,
Xiphias. There are no gill-rakers and the broad triangular serrated teeth resemble
those of a shark. It might well be made type of a distinct family.
208. [355] Acanthocybium sara (Lay and Bennett).
Osdwara, great Sawara oi- Seer-fish; OA-f.saw'ara = Off-shore Sawara.
A valued food-fish, but from its huge size, eight to twelve feet in length,
seldom pi-eserved in collections. Teeth 5^ to % on each side. The Hawaiian species,
Acanthocyhium .solandri (C'uvier and Valenciennes) has much smaller teeth §^ to ^
on each side.
Cybium Cuvier.
This genus, of which the type is Scomber commersoni Lacepede, may perhaps
be retained as distinct from Scomheromorus Lacepede, on account of the reduction
in the number of its gill-rakers (l-|-2 = 3). The teeth are triangular and minutely
serrated.
214 MEMOIRS OF TllK CAHNEGIE MUSEUM.
209. Cybium commersoni (Laeepede). Ushis(itrar(i = (\)\y-si\.\ydV'd.
This species, abundant in Formosa and southwai-d is recorded from Japan
l)roper by Kishinouj'e fi'om a specimen taken at Yamaguchi. It was not seen
b}' us.
Cyhium cotumcr.soui may be separable fi'om Scomberomorus by the few fiill-
rakers and serrulate teeth, as already indicated. Sierrd Fowler iau'dlld) has but
eight gill-rakers, very strong teeth, and fifteen, instead of seventeen, dorsal spines;
Ap(i(}oiilis R(>nnett (immunis) and Chriometra Lockington (concolor) have the
teeth subconical and more numerous. These may represent one or two distinct
genera. Grammatorycnus Gill ihilineatus) has two lateral lines and Lepidocybium
Gill ifldVdhnouK'um) lias the lower teeth much enlarged, the dorsal spines but 12,
and the finlets reduced to 4 or 5.
Scomberomorus Laeepede.
The name Scomberojnorus of Laeepede cannot be set aside to be replaced by
Cybiion for the reasons assigned by Kishinouye. Thei'e seems to be no question
that Lacepede's Scomberomorus plumieri, based on a rather poor copy of the
painting of Plumiei-, w hich Inul previously been the basis of Scomber regalis Bloch,
belongs to the species now called Scomberomorus regalis.
210. [354| Scomberomorus sinensis (Laeepede). //a.sa-sau'ora = Toothed Sawara;
Inusaward = Dog-sawara ; Ushi-sawara = Cow-sawara.
This species is not. rare in southern Japan, though less abundant than the
common "Sawai'a." The original form of the specific name, sinensis, must replace
chinensis.
Genus Sawara Joixlan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Tj'pe: Cybium nipiionium Guvier and \'alenciennes.
This genus differs from Scomberomorus in lacking the air-bladder, and in the
presence of sharp branch canals placed at right angles along the course of the
lateral line.
211. [353] Sawara niphonia (Guvier and \'alenciennes). Sawara.
Kobe market (Joi'dan).
The "Sawai-a" is an excellent food-fish, common evei-ywhere soutliward, and
valued for its I'ich and delicate flesh.
Sarda Guvier.
Pelamys Gmier and Valenciennes, name preoccupied.
JOHDAX AND IllBBs: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 215
212. [352] Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel).
Hagatsuwo = Toothed All)icore.
Not uncommon in the markets.
The species needs furtlier comparison witli Sdrdd chilennis of Chile and Sarda
lineolata of California.
Genus Gymnosarda Gill.
213. [347] Gymnosarda nuda (Gunther). Isomaguro = '>\\v{-X\xm\\.
Tokyo market (Jordan), one specimen, 29 cm. in length. It agrees well with
the descrijjtions of Gunther and Klunzinger. and has never before been noticed
in Japan proper, although found in Formosa.
Dorsal XIV-12 + \T; anal III-10 + VI: eye 5.1 in head: pectoral 6.8. Scales
present only on the corselet and along the lateral line, very tliick and deeply
imbedded. The last dorsal spine, which is almost imbedded in the skin, lies about
midway between the preceding spine and the front of the second dorsal fin. Teeth
uniserial in jaws, stronger below than above; lacking on the vomer, in a fine band
on the palatines. Haemal processes normal, showing no trace of the specialized
structure seen in Euthynnus, Katsuwonus, and Au.ris.
Body bluish black above, shading into silveiy below, and showing no trace of
dark stripes; cheeks silv(M-y: opercles blackish; dorsal fins blackish, .soft fin and
finlets entirely white; pectoral dai'k; ventral lilack, except on the jiroximal half
of the soft rays, which are white.
Family THUXXID.E.
This family, separated from the Scombridcc through the researches of Di-.
Kishinouye, is thus characterized by him: "Cutaneous vascular .system connected
with a vascular plexus developed as sheets in the lateral line. Poi-tions of the
lateral muscle surrounding these sheets, situated on botli sides of the vertebral
column, dark red almost black in color. Another pecuHar vascular plexus developed
on the inner side of the liver or in the haemal canal. Circulation of blood in the
liver especially" well developed."
For the Tunnies and Albacores, Kishinouye proposes a separate order,
Plecostei, defined as "lia\-ing a cutaneous vascular system, connected with the
vascular plexus developed as sheets in the lateral muscle. Another pecuUar vascular
plexus is developed in the inner side of the liver or in the haemal canal." These
derivatives of the Cyhiidce, are regarded by Kishinouye as among the most
specialized of fishes.
216 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Tlie Plecostei, as thus defined, contain two families, Thunnidce and Katsu-
wonidce. The first of these is thus described: "Body whollj' covered \vith scales;
second dorsal and anal with the anterior rays elevated; vertebrae 18 + 21=39;
transverse process present; first vertebra short, anchylosed to the skull; ali-
sphenoids meeting on the ventral median line; air-bladder present (excejit in one
genus)."
Key to Japanese Genera of Thunnid.e.
a. Cutaneous blood-vessels jiassins thrcjugh the luyutoiue of the fifth vertebra; surface of liver striated
with fine venules.
Ii. Teetoral fin short, al)out half head, not reaeliinj!; fr(int of second dorsal; dorsal and anal lobes low.
Thunnux.
hh. Pectoral fin very long, ribl)on-like, reaching to the anterior dorsal and anal finlets, dorsal and
anterior lobes moderate Germo.
iKi. Cutaneous bliKul-vessels passing tlu'ough the myotome of the seventh vertebra; surface of liver not
striated with venules.
c. Posterior cardinal vein not contiguous with the Cuvierian ducts. Vascular plexus on the inner
side of the liver; pectorals long, reaching to near end of second dorsal, dorsal and anal lobes
moderate, aijout half head Parathunnus.
cc. Posterior cardinal vein contiguous with the Cuvierian ducts; vasc'ular plexus in the ha-mal canal.
(/. Air-l)ladder well devehiiied, long and narrow: i)ectorals long, extending beyond middle of
second dorsal; dorsal and anal lobes much elevated, as long as head; gill-rakers about .30.
Neothunnus.
(Id. Air-l)ladder wanting; gill-rakers aliout 26; pectoral fin shorter, reaching to near end of spinous
dorsal; heatl shorter; mouth smaller Ki^hinoella.
Thunnus South.
{Thy7inufi Cuviei', preoccupied; Orcijnus Cuvier, preoccupied; Albacora Jordan.)
Pectoral fins very short, about two-thirds length of head; dorsal and anal
lobes low.
214. [351] Thunnus orientalis Temminck and Schlegel. M eg uro = Tunny: Yoko.
Orcynus schlegeli Steindachner, Fische Japans, 1885, 178, taf. fig. 1 (Tokyo).
Kobe market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Misaki, young (Aoki).
This species, the young of which is locally known as Yoko, is rather common
in the markets southward. It is said to reach a very large size. It needs comparison
with its Californian cognate.
Dorsal finlets bluish ; those of the anal dull yellowish ; no yellow on fins ; Ijody
plump, with nai-row l:)ars of silvery, the bars moi'e or less broken into lines of dots,
and especially conspicuous in the young. Dorsal XIII to XV 14, VIII or IX.
Anal 13 to 15, VII to VIII. Gill-rakers 12+13 = 25.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 217
This tunny is certainly T. orioitali.'i of Sclilegel, and we fail to note any char-
acters by which T. schleyeli can be separated from it. Kishinouye takes the same
view.
A stuffed specimen about six feet long, with the dorsal and anal lobes about
half of head, is in the Fisheries Institute in Tokyo. The species may be identical
with the Tunny of the Atlantic or the Tuna of the islands of Cahfornia, but only
comparison of material can decide. This and other species of Maguro (Tunnies)
and Shibi (Albacores) are so large as to forbid preservation by ordinary collectors.
They can best be studied in the field, in Japan and in Hawaii, where hundreds of
specimens, ranging from five to ten feet in length are now daily brought into the
markets. This condition has been well utilized in the recent studies of Dr. Kish-
inouye.
Germo .Jordan.
This genus, or subgenus, differs from Thtoutus in the elongate, moi-e or less
ribbon-like pectoral fin, which is much longer than head, reaching at least to the
second anal finlet. Internally Germo differs little from Thunnus.
Kishinouye does not accept the genus Germo, remarking: "many systematists
put too much weight on the length of the pectorals, but it has little value in the
classification."
The species of Germo are imperfectly known, the size of market examples
making preservation difficult.
215. [349] Germo germo (Lacepede). Tombo-shihi.
A large Albacore was seen by Dr. Jordan at Shizuoka. It has the finlets
black, edged with paler; dorsal lobe dusky, no yellow: dorsal black, its lobe
one-third of head; body plump; snout rather long, longer than eye; pectorals very
long, reaching second anal finlet. We follow Kisliinouye in provisionally identi-
fying the Japanese Albacore with Germo germo and Thijnnus pacificus of the South
Seas. But with the latter author we see no final certainty to be secured, except
through comparison of material from Japan, Europe, California, and the South
Seas. The Hawaiian Albacore, recorded provisionally by Jordan and Jordan as
Germo alalunga is probably this species.
According to Fowler, the form Scomber germon, was earlier used by Lacepede.
Parathunnus Kishinouye.
This genus is distinguished by internal characters, as already stated. The
single recognized species has the pectoral fin elongate, though shorter than in
218 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Gcrmo; the lobes of the dorsal and anal moderate, al)out lialf leniith of head: free
dorsal finlets eight only, the first being coalescent with the fin; l)ody relatively
robust.
216. [348 part] Parathunnus sibi (Temminck and Sehlogel). SJn'hi; M(h(trlii =
Was])-eye: I )(i ni ma-Sli ibi = C\nmky->^hi\n.
Thynnus sibi Temminck and Sciile(;I':l, Fauna Japoiiiea, p. !)7, ]il. L. Common
about Nagasaki.
Germo sibi Jordan and Jordan, Fishes of Hawaii, Mem. Car. Mus., X, 1922, 33.
Thunnus mebachi Kishinouye, Sui. Gak. I, 1915, 19; pi. I, f. IIL
Parathunnus mebachi Kishinouye, Study of Scombroid Fishes, 442, 1923, figs.
Tokyo, Yokohama, Yamada, Kol)e, O.saka; common in the markets.
With Air. Kitahara we identify this species with the Thynnus sibi of Tem-
minck and Schlegel. Kishinouye rejects this decision, as only the deeji body (the
depth about efiual to length of head) and long pectorals form tangil)le points of
resemblance. But he leaves T. sibi unidentified, while this common species would
seem to have been unnoticed by previous authors. Besides the two points, admitted
by Kishinouye, we may add another noted l)y Schlegel. The first dorsal finlet is
joined to the last ray, leaving but eight which are free.
There is some discrepancy in the description of the color of the dorsal finlets.
We found them dull yellow, each cros.sed by a rather broad, shai-])ly defined,
angular band of black, the edgings jiale; dorsal lobes dull yellow: head with a
marked brassy luster. Schlegel figures the finlets as dull yellow, descriliing them
with the second dorsal and caudal as passing "vers leur extremite au fond olivatre."
Kishinouye merelj' says "finlets yellow," but figures them as having a faint dark
mai'gin. It may be that two species of this genus exist in Jajian, distinguishable
by the color of the finlets.
The generic name Pelamys, resurrected from Klein and Walbaum by Fowler,
cannot be substituted for Katsxiwonus, as Walbaum simiily quotes from Klein,
without indicating acceptance of the pre-Linnsean name. (See Opinion No. 5,
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature.)
Neothunnus Kishinouye.
Neothunnus Kishinouye, Studies, etc. 1923, p. 445. {macropterus) .
This genus is characterized by anatomical features, as already indicated. Its
type species is distinguished by the very high lobes of the dorsal and anal, the
height of each being two-thiixls as long as head; pectoral very long, almost as
ribbon-like as in Gernio. In the known species the finlets are bright yellow.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l'.t22. 219
217. [350] Neothunnus macropterus (T(>inniiiick and Sclil('oel). Kiinida; Kiliatd.
Tlic Yc'llow-fiu Albacorc, fouiul also in Hawaii and in Califoi'iiia, is known at
once by tlie clear lemon-yellow finlets, not edged with l)lack, and by the very high
lobes of the dorsal and anal, w liich aie largely yellow.
It is the most abundant of the Jajianese Albacores; generally common in the
larger markets.
KisniNOELLA Jordan and Hubl)s, gen. nov.
Type: Thunnns nirus Kishinouye.
This genus differs from Neothunnu>< in the absence of the air-l)ladd('r. In the
type species, the pectoral fin is of moderate length, scarcely as long as the head;
dorsal and anal lobes moderate; body fusiform: mouth small; finlets nine above;
gill-rakers about 21.
The single sj^ecies is the smallest of the group of Albacores.
218. Kishinoella rara (Kishinouye). Kosiiimuiit.
Rarely taken off .southern Japan, and not seen by us. Finlets yellowish, with
a greyish margin; tip of .second donsal and anal washed with yellow.
Family KATSUWOXID.E, Kishinouye.
This family comjirises small tunnies in which the lu^mal l:)ones posteriorly
are united below, forming what LUtken calls a "trellice-like" structure; air-bladder
wanting; teeth weak, one-rowed; pectorals short; soft dorsal and anal low, elevated
in front. 'N'arious internal characters are noted by Kishinouye, who divides the
group into three genera.
Key to (;ener.\ of Katsiwonid.e.
a. First dorsal long, reaching Ijase of second; a pair of foramina on the dorsal surface of the skull; inferior
foramen of vertobrse well developed, forming a well-marked trcllice.
6. Hypaxial as well as epa.xial blood-vessels under the skin well develojjed; teeth in jaws oidy: verte-
br;e 41 Knt>:itwonu^.
bh. Hypaxial blood-vessels atrophied; teeth on jaws, palatines, and sometimes on vomer; vertebra' 40.
Euthijnnu^.
aa. Fir.st dorsal short, well separated from the second; hyjjaxial blood-vessels atrophied; lower foramen
of vertebra- little developed; teeth in jaws only; vertebra- 49; ejjiha'mal sjiines well developed. .4!(.ris.
219. [347] Katsuwonus vagans (Le.sson).
Katsmvo = Victor-fish ; Magatsiuro = True Katsuwo.
Generally common southward. Kishinouye and autliors genei'ally api)ly to
this species the name of the "Oceanic Bonito" of the Atlantic, which also occa-
sionally is taken on the coast of southern California. It needs comparison with
220 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Mediterranean examples of Kalsuwonus pcUtniis (Lesson). In our record of the
fishes of Hawaii (p. 31) we have called this fish, the "Aku" of Hawaii, Eulhijnnus
pelamis, but its generic separation from Euthynnus seems justified.
EuTHYNNus LUtken.
In addition to tlie superficial characters already named, Kishinouyc finds
internal features, which differentiate Katsuiromts from Euthynnus. Gymnosardn,
witli which genus Euthynnus has been confounded, proves to Ywwv {\\\\\v a different
anatomy and finds its place next to Surda.
220. 1347] Euthynnus yaito Kishinouyc. Y(tit(i = 'Sloxa-scur.
One specimen from (/hoshi (Ishikawa).
This species is frequently taken along the shore in southern Japan. What
seems to be the same species, locally known as "Kawakawa," is very abundant in
Hawaii, whence it is recorded by Jordan and Jordan as Euthynnus allcteratus.
But Kishinouye regards it as distinct from that Atlantic species, as well as from
Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) of the Malayan region. It is the Thynnus tunnina of
Schlegel, but that name belongs to the European alleteratus. The round dark
spots, three to five in number, undei' the pectorals, are characteristic of the Yaito
at all ages. In a Mexican species, Euthxjnnus Uneatus, lately described by Kishi-
nouye from Manzanillo, Mexico, these spots are replaced by short dusky bands.
Auxis Cuvier.
In this genus, the sjiinous dorsal is short, as in Scomber, but there is little
agreement in other regards, and, as Kishinouye justly observes, the two genera
belong at opposite ends of the series.
All the species of "Frigate Mackerels" have been provisionall,y referred to
Auxis thoznrd from the South Seas. The Atlantic form is Auxis rnchei (Risso)
or Auxis bisus (Rafinesque). As Kishinouye finds two well-mai'ked species in
Japan, we cannot identify either with Auxis thazard without comparison of
specimens.
221. [346] Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker. Medika, Maru-medik(t = Round Mvdika.
Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXVI, 98, tab. 7, fig. 1, 1854.
(Nagasaki).
Auxis maru Kishinouye, Sui. Gak. Ho., I, 1915, 24, p\. I.
JORDAN' AM) IllBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 11122. 221
This species is comnioti in the markets soutliwaixl. It runs in schools. \\'e
have examples from Tokyo. Kyoto, Misaki, and Toyama. Ki.shinouye considers it
a species distinct from .4. tapeinosoma. which is described as otherwise similar, I)ut
with nine, instead of eight, dorsal finlets. Clill-rakers 30: D. IX oi' X-12-S: A.
13 + MI. But as Bleeker's type came from Nagasaki it is prol)ably the .same.
222. Auxis hira Kishinouye. H ira-uialikd = ByoiK\ Medika.
This species, not recognized by us, is said to be aljundant in .southern Japan.
The fin-rays are the .same as in the preceding si^ecies, the gill-rakei-s 39, the botly
deeper and more compressed, the depth about equal to length of head.
ii
Family GE.MPYLID.E.
223. [357] Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvici- antl \'alenciennes).
Kurd-sltibi-kuniasu = Black Tunny Barracuda.
Tokyo market (Jordan). This needs comi)arison with its Atlantic cognate,
originally described from St. Helena.
224. [358] Ruvettus tydemani \Aobei'.
Ruvettua preiiosus Jordan, Tanaka, and Sxyder, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, XXXIII,
1913. p. 123, and other authors (not of Cocco).
Ruvettus tydemani Weber, Fische Siboga-Expedition, 1913, p. 401.
Ruvettus pacificus J OB.U Ay and Jordan, Mem. Car. ^lus., X, 1922. p. 34. (Honolulu).
Weber and Jordan and Jordan, independently noticing that in the Pacific Ocean
Ruvettus has fewer fin-rays than in the Atlantic, have each given a new name to
the Pacific form. Welder's name has priority.
This species has been recorded from Japan, but is not represented in the
present collection.
225. [359] Nealotus tripes Johnson.
A .single siH'cimen of this rare fish was collected by Aoki at Alisaki.
Dorsal, XX-3, 15, II: anal I-I, 1, 15 + 11; scales between origin of dorsal and
lateral hne, and nine scales between end of spinous dorsal and lateral line.
We have no Atlantic material for compaiison.
222 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family TRICHIURID.E.
22(). [363] Trichiurus japonicus (Temminck and Srlilogel).
Tachino-uwo = Sword-fish.
Tokyo market, Toyama, Fukuoka, Noo.
This excellent food-fish is very common in all markets.
The key given by Klunzinger, (Fi.sche d. Rot hen IMeeres, 1884, 120) is useful
in distinguishing species of Tn'chiinnia.
Family ISTIOPHORID^.
227. [367] Tetrapturus mitsukurii Jordan and Snyder.
Makitjiki = True Spear-fish.
Connnon in the markets, reaching a length of twelve to fifteen feet, or more.
Two other .species of this genus. T. mazaru Jordan and Snyder, and T. (tiKjusti-
rustris Tanaka, have been described from Japan, Init in the rush of tin- market
they could not be discriminated.
228. [365] Istiophorus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel).
Bashokaijiki = Bantmix Spear-fish.
Mr. Manabe presented Dr. Jordan with a young specimen of tliis species,
taken by him at Kobe. It is also represented in the Museum at Yamada. The
species is seldom seen in the markets.
Family CARANGID.E.
229. [369] Scomberoides orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ike-katsuwo = Pond Victor-fish.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya).
Dorsal rays, I-\T-I. 20; anal. III, 18 or 19.
230. [371] Seriola aureovittata Temminck and Schlegel.
Buri; Fukiiniji = V\\unp Aji, or Caranx.
Otaru market (Takaya.su); Sapporo market (Majima); O.saka market (.Jordan).
231. [371 A] Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck and Schlegel.
With the preceding and quite as abundant.
Dorsal rays V or \T (the sixth becoming buried in the skin with age) — I. 30
to 33; anal, II I, 18 to 20; pectoral 17; caudal, 17, of which 15 branched; gill-
rakers on lower limb of first arch, 21 to 23. Everywhere common southward in
the markets.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 223
232. [372] Seriola purpurascens Tcnimiiick and Sclilcticl.
II iramasu = 'Br(rdd Salmon; Aka-buri = Rvd Amber-fish.
Tokyo and Osaka markets (Jordan); Toyama (8. Yoshizawa) ; Xoo. Rather
common in the markets.
Gill-rakers on lower limb. 13 or 14 and 2 rudiments.
233. [373] Seriolina intermedia (Temmiuck and Schlegelj.
Ai-buri = Blue Amber-fish.
This small species, known generically l)y its rudimentary, tubercle-hke gill-
rakers, was very abundant one morning in the Xara mark(>t. (coming from Kobe)
(Jordan) but no specimens were taken at the time, and none were seen afterwards.
Body plump, shorter, and deeper than in Scriuki. No yellow stripe on .side.
234. [375] Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck and Schlegel.
Ao-aji= Green Aji; J/«/7/-«J/ = Round Aji.
Toba market (Jordan and Yoshizawa); Fukui (Xonaka); Misaki (Aoki);
Kobe market (Jordan); Aliyazu. Common.
235. [376] Decapterus muroadsi (Temminck and Schlegel).
Muro-aji = Bone-aji.
Tokyo and Osaka markets (Jordan); Tol)a market (Jordan and Yamamoto);
Kagoshima Bay (Wakij-a); Toyama (Yoshizawa); Misaki (Aoki). Generally
common.
236. [378] Trachurus japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel). M a-aji = Tiuv Aji.
Mi.saki (Aoki); Tokyo, Shizuoka, and Kobe markets (Jordan); Kushiro
(Tanaka); Tatoku Island (Mikimoto); Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Mikawa Bay
(M. Isliikawa) ; Toyama (S. Yoshizawa) ; Fukui (Xonaka) ; Miyazu, Xoo. Very
common in markets.
237. [379] Trachurops mauritiana ((^uoy and Gaimard). Mc-aji = Big-eye Aji.
Tokyo and Shizuoka markets (Jordan); \^'akanoura (Yoshigawa); Alisaki
(Aoki).
We have compared Ja])ane.se specimens with otliei's from various parts of the
world, but are unable to ai)])reciate any differences in pro])ortions. In scale-counts
slight average differences ai-e suggested, but these are not sliai-p enough to wari'ant
the divi.sion of the species. We count the scales along tlie lateral line to caudal
224 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
base as 87 to 94 in Japan ; S7 to 94, Pliili])])iiu' Islands; S() and 90 in two tVoin tlic
Hawaiian Islands; 88 to 94 in Samoa; 83 to 93 in the region of Panama; 85 to 87
in Jamaica; 84 to 89 in Cuba; 90 in one from Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
The gill-rakers viwy fi-oni 9 to 11+27 to 30, without apparent geographical
correlation. The two isolated anal spines seem to grow relatively longer with
age. Tlu" name Schir must by our rules supersede Atulc not Tnichurops.
238. [380] Carangoides equula (Temminck and Schlegelj. ////7/-a_//= Bi'oad Agi.
Shizuoka and Osaka markets (Jordan) ; Tol)a market (Joi'dan and Yamamoto) ;
Kochi (Wakiya); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Misaki (Aoki).
Rather common. Body everywhere suffused with brassy; fins light yi>llow.
239. [381] Longirostrum delicatissimum (Doderlein)**-.
.S7(////rr-(/_// = St rilled Aji.
Osaka and Tokyo markets (Jordan).
240. [383] Caranx bixanthopterus Ruppell.
This common food-fish of the Middle and Western Pacific, widely known as
Ulua, was not obtained in 1922, unless represented among the numerous young
examples from Misaki, Tokyo, Toba, and Kagoshima. These specimens have
been placed in the American Must>um to be studied by Mr. John T. Nichols.
The name Caranx forsteri Cuvier and Valenciennes, cannot possibly belong to
this species. Caranx melaminjgus Cuvier and Valenciennes, wrongly identified
with Caranx stellatus Quoy and Ciaimard. has the same long dorsal and anal fins
(D. 23, A. 19), the anterior rays of both fins much elevated and black at tip. But
Dr. Wakiya finds a species of this type in Ryiikyu with these lobes proportionately
still higher. This species he calls Caranx melampygus. The oldest name certainly
applicable to the Ubta or Kasiani-aji is bixanthopterus, an ai)propriate term as
the pectoral fins are bright yellow in life.
241. [387] Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). //o///A-/-r/a/ = Silk-thread Porgy.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki). Young
specimens with long filaments on the fins.
^'' 111 this account of the ('fira/iyi(l(c we have ch)scly followed the iioiiienclature of Dr. Wakiya in
his ])ai)er entitled "The Carangoid Fishes (}f .Japan," recently issuetl in the Annals of the Carnegie Museum,
Vol. XV, ])p. 1.39-292.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 225
I'aniily RACHYCENTRID.E.
242. [389] Rachycentron canadum (Liniurus). Suji.
Osaka market (Jordan). Rare. This form, wliich is R. pondurrriinunii of
("uvicr aiul \alciiciciiii('s, rcciuii-es comparison with Atlantic specimens of R.
canadum.
Family LEIOGNATHID.E.
243. [390] Leiognathus nuchalis (Tt-mniinck and Schlegel).
Hiirayi = Holly-tree.
Mikawa Bay (AI. Ishikawa); Tokyo and Shizuoka markets (Jordan); Toba
market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Kochi (Wakiya); Fukuoka (Hamada) ; Fukui
(Nonaka). Generally common.
244. [391] Leiognathus rivulata (Tcmminck and Schlegt^).
Okilniragi = OUshove Hiiragi.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Kobe maiket (Jordan); Tatoku Island (Mikinioto);
Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Noo.
The greatest depth of the body is contained 2.8 to 3.2 times in the lcnii;th to
caudal fin.
Family CORYPH.ENID.E.
245. [394] Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus. .S7i'//r(/ = Dolpliin.
Tokyo mai-ket (Joi'dan); Misaki (Aoki); Fukui. (ienerally common.
The specimen from Misaki is a young individual, in all essential I'espccts like
the type of EcteniaH hniniKus Jordan and Thompson.'^ The otluM' s]U'cini('iis are
half-grown individuals, and scive to coimect these young sj^ecimens definitely
with the adult of Con/plKiiKi.
Family BRAIMID.E.
24(i. [401] Taractes steindachneri (Doderlein). Z^r/«:;r;/-(/»'o = Hunah-fish.
Argo steindachneri Doderlein, Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wein, XLVH, 18S3, ]). 242
(named as "n. sj)., n. g(Mi." and well figuretl, but not described); ihid.. XLIX,
1884, p. 174 (descrii)tion and excellent figures).
A fine specimen was secured in the Shizuoka market In- Jordan. The species
must be very rare in Japan.
'*■■' Mem. Car. Mus., \\. I'.tU. i>. 241, iil. XXVII, fig. 3.
22() MEMOIRS OK TIIK CAUNEIilK MUSKUM.
Family PAIMPID/E.
247. [404] Pampus argenteus (Iui])hi'ason). MniKK/dlsmro.
Yokohama and Kyoto markets (Jordan); Soo-cliow, China (Dr. Coia 1>.
Rc('V(\s) ,
(l('ii('i-ally common south\\ai'(k A \-ahi('d food-fish.
Family STROMATEID.E.
248. [406] Psenopsis anomala (Tcmniinck and Schlegel). Ehodai.
Kagoshima Bay, Kochi (Wakiya) ; Tokyo mark(>t (Jordan); Mikawa Bay
(M. Lshikawa); Misaki (Aoki) ; Aliyazn, Sea of Japan; and Yamada. Seen in
Ozaka, Kobe, and Yokohama.
This small species is generally common southward in the markets, and is
valued as a table-fish.
Dorsal spines 0, graduated; vertebi'a:> strong, about 12- b5 in number; flesh
firm, and much as in Panmotus or I'dlonuta. V(>ntral fins well developed.
Family CENTROLOPHID.E.
Genus Ocycrius Jordan and nul)bs, gen. nov.
Type: Ccntrolophus joponictis Doderlein.
This genus is closely related to Palinurichthys Bleeker, {perciformis) of the
eastei-n coast of the United States, diffei-ing in the more elongate body, the longer
and much more i)ointed lobes of the dee]:)ly forked caudal, and the lanceolate
pectoral. It is also related to the Australian Hijperoglyphe, in which genus the
dorsal spines are higher, the median highest, the scales smaller and the fins also
pointed. Regan unites all these, with others, under the i)reoccupied name of
/>/r».s Lowe, which nnist be replaced by Mupus Cocco.
249. |4()7] Ocycrius japonicus (Doderlein). iMe(}(ti = Big-eye Porgy.
(Plate IX; fig. 4.)
Two sp(>cimens from the Tokyo market (Jordan), 29 anil 41.") cm. long to
caudal fin.
These specimens agree with Doderlein's account in all i-espects, except those
which might have been i:)roduced by the drying out oi- i)oor pi'eservation of his
type. Such a condition would account for the much larger size of the orbit, the
presence of a keel on top of head, the concave contovu- on front of interorbital
space, the greater prominence of the serrations on the margins of the opercular
bones, etc., of the tyjie, as compared with oui' material.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 227
Dorsal rays, VII or VIII, 23 to 26; anal, III, 18. Dorsal spines, verj' short,
subequal, largely concealed in a scaly thick sheath, not graduated into the soft
rays. Head evenly gibbous, without a keel aliove. Eye (not orbit) much sliortei-
than intcrorbital width, a little shorter than snout, not quite one-foui'th length of
head. Preopercle, subopercle, and interopercle with weak denticulations. SuiJjjle-
mental maxillary small and indistinct. Gill-rakers long and strong, about 0 + 16;
lateral line becoming straight at tip of pectoral; roof of mouth rounded without
evident groove.
Family PEAIPHERIIXE.
Genus ( "atalufa Snyder.
Snyder has distinguished a genus Catalufa, with the new species, ximbra, fiom
Japan as the type, and containing also Pemphcris compressus of Australia, the
scales being all strongly ctenoid in the.se two species, instead of largely smooth, as
in most Pempherids. But Pempheris cumpressus is the original type-species of
Pemphcris. The species retained by Snyder in Pempheris have been placed by
Ogilby (1913) in a new genus, Liopempheris. Catalufa and Pempheris may,
however, be regarded as generically distinct, as the lateral line in the type of
Catalufa is almost straight, whereas in Pempheris, as in Liopempheris, it is strongly
curved.
250. [409 and 412] Catalufa japonica (Doderlein). Agonashi.
Pempheris japonicus Steindachner and Doderlein, Beit. Fische Japans, II, 1884,
p. 29.
Catalufa umbra Snyder,' Proc. U. S. N. M., XL, 1911, p. 528; XLII, 1912, p. 412,
pi. 52, fig. 3.
Two specimens, 77 and 80 mm. to caudal fin, from Toba (Jordan and Yamarnoto) .
Dorsal rays VI, II; anal rays. III, 35 or 37; scales 14-76-29. Depth of body,
2.2; head, 3.35 in total length to base of caudal. Depth of caudal peduncle, 3.0
or 3.2 in length of head; eye, 2.35; snout, 5.5; upper jaw, 1.9 or 2.0; interorliital
space, 3.3 or 3.4; scales on front half of interorbital space imbedded in the flesh.y
skin, but not absent as described l)y Doderlein; the "5-6 mehi- odei- minder stark
entwickelte zahnahnliche Dornen" described by Doderlein as developed along the
outer mandibular edge near the symphysis are merely a row of upturned si)inules
on the strongly ctenoid scales of the mandible; other head characters are as de-
scribed by Doderlein and by Snyder. Origin of dorsal about twice as far from ti])
of middle caudal rays as from tip of mandible. Highest dorsal spine 1.4 in head;
first soft ray (not the fourth as obviously misi)i-intefl in Snyder's descrii)tion)
228 MEMOIRS OK THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
longest, 3.4 or 3.() in total lengtli to caudal, or 1.1 in lt'nj);th of head; l)asc of dorsal,
4.G or 5.2 in total length, equal to length of liead to jiosterior niaigin of eye. Origin
of anal equidistant between tip of mandible and base of caudal, or a little nearer
the former; the base of the fin exceeding length of head by a distance somewhat
greater than orbital length. Ventral inserted barely in advance of vertical from
end of pectoral base. Second and longest anal ray a trifle longer than eye; margin
of the fin weakly concave anteriorly. V(>nti-al spine about two-thirds the total
length of fin, which eciuals the dorsal base, being contained 4.6 or 5.2 times in
total length; ])ectoral ])ointed, its length 1.2 in head, or 3.8 in total l(>ngth. Scales
all evenly disi)osed, of regular size, closely imbricate and strongly ctenoid (except
on toj) of head anteriorly). Lateral line very slightly curved anteriorly, running
nearly straight fi'om uii]ier end of gill-opening to end of middle caudal rays, not
parallel with the dorsal contour posterioi-ly; least distance from origin of donsal
to lateral line equal to length of eye.
Color deep brown, with about eleven dark vertical ])ars about as wide as the
lighter interspaces, and very indefinite, except near middle of l)ody. Lobes of
dorsal, caudal, and anal broadly marked with black; ventrals blackish posteriorly,
puncticulate; pectoi-als nearly clear.
The excellent description by Steindachner and Doderlein is obviously based
on an example of the present species. They eri', however, in referring Schlegel's
Pempheris nwlucca. which is rather the species here called sasakii to the synonymy
of japonicus. It is this fact which iiro])ably led Professor Snyder to r(>name the
present species, and to apply the name japonicus to a species of Lio pempheris.
The latter we here ]-)rovisionally identify as JAnpcmphnis vaiticolrnsis.
251. Liopempheris sasakii Joidan and Hubl)s, sp. nov. (Plate X; fig. 1.)
Pempheris molucca Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Jaiionica, Pisces, 1844, p. 85,
pi. 44, fig. 3 (not of Cuvier and ^^alenciennes).
Type, a specimen 97 mm. long to the caudal fin, from Toba (Jordan and
Yamamoto) C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7861.
This species is not, as Doderlein and others have indicated, synonymous
with Pempheris {= Cataliifa) japonieus, being referable rather to the genus
Liopempheris OgilI)y (1913). From other species of that genus it differs in tlie
smaller size of the scales, about as numei-ous as in Calalufa japonica.
Dorsal rays, VL 9; anal, IIL 41; scales, 8-74-23. Depth, 2.45 in length;
head, 3.6; (>ve. 2.6; interorbital width, 4.5; width of head, 1.9; snout, 4.35. Inter-
orbital space, snout, and ))reorI)ital i'(\gion entin^ly scaled, except immediately
.(ORDAN AND IIUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 11122. 229
about eye and nostrils. Lateral line i-atlicr strongly curved throughout its length,
the highest point of the curve about as distant from the choiil of the cui'\-e as the
lateral line is fi'oni the oi-igin of dorsal; lateral line everywhere completely i)ai-allel-
ing the dorsal contour. Scales deciduous, cycloid, or very w(\ikly ctenoid where
remaining, their exposed faces deeper than long. Origin of doi'sal about 2.45 times
as distant from tip of caudal as from tip of mandilile; sixth dorsal spine longer
than snout and eye, contained 1.4 times in head; first and longest soft ray slightly
longer than postorbital; base of dorsal a little shorter than distance fi-om tip of
mandible to posterior orbital margin; base of anal e(jual to distance fiom anal
origin to front of head, exceeding length of head l)y a distanct> greater than twice
diameter of eye; origin of anal about Ix-low middle of dorsal base; second and
longest anal ray slightly longer than eye; insertion of ventral fin sHghtly in
advance of lower posterior end of pectoi-al base; ventral spine as long as eye, the
soft rays 1.4 times longer, just reaching anal origin; length of jH'ctoi'al, 1.1 in head.
C'oloi- olive-brown, becoming darker on tip of snout, in front of preopercular
ridge, on opercle along subopercular maigin, on alxlomen behind line joining
pectoral and ventral bases, just within the anal base, on internal base of pectoral,
and about the latei-al line near its origin; silvery with black sjiecks below the eye
and l)elow and before the pectoral and ventral bases; lateial line an unpigmented
streak. Dorsal broadly blackish along fi'ont margin and at tii), otherwise pale;
caudal light dusky, blackening toward free edge; anal black neai' front, l)ul through-
out most of its length whitish i)i'oximally, aliruptly blackish on distal half; jiaired
fins clear, except for black punctations at their bases.
This species is named for Madoka Sasaki, Professor of Marine Zoology at the
Imperial University of the Hokkaido at Sa])iioro. Liopnnphrn's ni/rfcrculcH (.Jordan
and Evermann) from Formosa seems closely allietl to L. .sa.sitLii.
252. [Extratei'i-.] Liopempheris vanicolensis Cuvier and \'ali'ncieiHies.
Pcmpheris jttponkus Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1922, p. 497 (Okinawa)
(not of Doderlein).
The specimens of Pcmpheris recorded as P. jnpoiiiru.'^ from Okinawa (Ryukyu)
by Snyder, were certainly incoii'ectly determinetl. The original P. jiipntiicus is
the species subsequently descrilied by Snyder as Cdlahifa utiihni. Tlie Okinawa
six^cimens, which we have re-examined, are close to P. lutiu'colensis, and are i)i-ol)ably
identical with that species, of which we have three specimens from tlie Philippines
and Samoa. These have 43 to 45 anal soft rays (CUinther counted 38 to 40, Ble(>ker
39 to 45); the two from Okinawa have only 3(i ravs. Thev have about 9 or 11-49
230 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
or 51-12 scales, but the scale-count is here of little value, excei)t along the lateral
line, because the normally very large scales are replaced in irregular and inconstant
patches by very much smaller scales; thus one specimen has three, another eight
rows between the latei-al line and the median doi'sal row on the caudal peduncle,
and the number varies on the two sides of the same fish; sometimes as many as
six or eight small scales will replace a single large one on the lower side. There is
no spot on the base of the pectoral fin, but the dorsal and anal fins were probably
originally black; the fin-membrane is here lost, however, and the rays more or
less broken, so that the fins appear nearly clear. In general appearance these
specimens from Okinawa are like those of L. vanicolensis.
Family APOGONID.E.
253. [413] Apogonichthys carinatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Mato-isit imoch i = Target Rice-fish.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Kochi (W'akiya);
Misaki (Aoki).
Young, 5 to 6 cm. long, have the body crossed mesially by aljout eight dark
shades of varying width, somewhat expanded toward their truncated upper and
lower ends. Specimens 7 to 8 cm. long still show these bars, but less distinctly. In
the adults they have vanished completely.
254. [414] Apogon lineatus Temminck and Schlegel. Moc/miU'o = Rice-fish.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto) ; Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kobe market
(Jordan); ]\Iikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Misaki (Aoki); Toyama, Fukui, and Xoo,
all on the Sea of Japan. Dr. Cora B. Reeves has sent specimens fi'om Soo-chow,
China, to the University of Michigan.
Everywhere common southward. A little shore-fish.
255. [415] Apogon niger Doderlein. Kwo-ishimochi = 'B\ack-vnck Rice-fish.
We have one example of this species, collected l)y Aoki at Misaki. It shows
no definite markings on the body.
256. [420] Apogon semilineatus Temminck and Schlegel.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Misaki (Aoki).
Coloration ty])ical.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 231
257. [422] Apogon kiensis Jordan and Snyder.
A specimen from Misaki (Aoki) agrees well with the types. The up])ei- hand
is continued hackward faintly to the caudal fin, and theic is an indistinct dusky
line both above and below the main black band, and finally another, somewhat
wider, running straight backward from the upper margin of eye to bt'low the
interval between dorsal fins. Ti'aces of these less distinct lines remain in the types.
258. [425] Synagrops japonica (Dcideilein). .S'»»(//,;//-////v)= Ink-fish.
A single specimen was obtained by Aoki at Alisaki.
Family SC(3MBR0PID.E.
259. [42G and 427] Scombrops boops (Houttuyn). .\fiitsu.
?Telescopias gilberti J ord as and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 11)01, ]>. 009,
pi. 45.
Yokohama, Shizuoka, Osaka, and Tokyo markets (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and
Yamamoto); Alisaki (Aoki). The small red form (boops) is generally common;
the large black form {gUherti) is distinctly rare.
The only sharply distinctive feature accredited to Telescoping (jilberti is the
number of anal spines, two, instead of three, as in Scombrops boiips. But the type
specimen has three anal spines, the first ind(>ed very small, but evident. Differ-
ences in pi'oportions and in scale-counts do not seem to hold. The color is i)ale
dull red in the ordinary Mufsit {boops) and perhaps changes to l)lack with age
(gilberti).
Depth of body 3.6 to 4.3; orbit, 3.0 to 3.5 (slightly decreasing in relative size
with age); depth of caudal peduncle, 3.2 to 3.6. Scales 51 to 65 along lateral
line, 17 to 21 in transverse series; developed gill-rakers, 1 to 4 and 11 to 14.
We have a young example from Misaki; a series of specimens corresjionding
with ./. boops from the same place and from Yokohama, Tokyo, and Toba markets;
one intermediate in size and coloi' between boops and ''gilberti, '^ from the Shizuoka
market, and a large adult, like tlu> type of gilberti, from the Yokohama niaiket,
where several others were seen. In spite of this evidence, we aiv not yet fully
convinced that the rare gilberti is the adult of th(> common Ixiops.
Family AC'ROPO^IID.E.
260. [430] Acropoma japonicum (lUnther. I)ot)o-i)uitsu.
Two specimens were obtained by Yainan)oto at Wakanour;i.
232 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family KUHLIID.E.
201. [Extraterr.] Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede). Mikiju.
We liave a specimen of this species from Chataii, Ryukyfi, collcM-ted hy H.
Kui'oiwa.
Dorsal X, 11; anal. Ill, lU; scales, 5.5-39-8.5; gill-rakers, 7 and 18. Depth,
2.7; longest dorsal si)ine a little shorter than longest soft ray, and not (juite one-
half length of head.
'»'
Family PRIACWXTHID.E.
262. [433] Priacanthus macracanthus C'uvier and Valenciennes.
Beni-imJmru = Red P()])-eye; Kin))ir = Ciold-eye.
O.saka market (Joixlan); Alikawa Bay (AI. Isliikawa); Fukui (Nonaka);
Miyazu. Six si^ecimens in all.
Dor.sal rays. X, 12 (one specimen) or 13 (five specimens); anal raj's, III, 14
(all cases). Depth of body decreasing with age, but greatei' than length of head in
all our specimens (depth 2.6 in a specimen 117 mm. long to caudal; 2.8 to 2.9 in
four 130 to 142 mm. long; 3.3 in adult). Preopercular spine reaching to gill-
opening in one young, farther in ;dl other specimens. Both dorsals and ventral
blotched with dark, especially in the young; anal largely clear.
263. [434] Priacanthus meeki .Jenkins. Hoseki- Kinme = Gem Gold-i^ye.
Tatoku Island (Mikimoto); Alisaki (Aoki). Two young specimens, 94
and 99 mm.
Dorsal rays X, 13 or 14; anal, III. 15 (both cases). Depth of l)ody greater
than leiigtli of head, 2.6 in standard length. Preop(M-culai' sjiine not reaching
gill-opening. Vertical fins dusky, becoming black anteriorly; ventrals largely
black with some lighter mai'kings.
This species seems identical with Priaatnfhus mecki, the common form in
Hawaii. In P. haninilir of the Red Sea and East Indies the body is said to be
more elongate, the de])th 3. to 3.5 in length.
264. 1435] Priacanthus japonicus ( "uviei' and Valenciennes.
('}iiJ:<niii>- Kin Die = Xear-sighted Gold-eye.
Tokyo and Yokohama markets (Jordan) ; Kochi (Wakiya) ; Toyama (Yos-
hizawa); Miyazu, Misaki (Aoki).
JOKDAN AND HUBB.S: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED I'.i22. 233
205. [436] Pseudopriacanthus niphonius (( 'uvici' and \'alenciennes).
A'(/r»//((/-f/(7/ = Wliccl-porgy.
Tokyo mai-kot (.loidaii); Kochi (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki).
One of the Misaki specimens is a young one, matching Schlegel's figure
(pl.7a, fig. 2).
Family OLIGORID.^.
260. |437| Malakichthys griseus Doderk'in. 0///r//r;/rt = Big-eyed Bass.
We liave nine specimens of this pecuhar bas.s-Hke fish: eiglit collected l)y Air.
Yojiro Wakiya at Kagoshima; and one by Dr. Jordan in tlie Sliizuoka fish-market.
There seems to be no reason to doubt the identity of Sdtsiinni inacrups Smith and
Pope with this sijecies.
267. [437A] Malakichthys wakiyee Joidan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
(Plate X: fig. 2.)
Type a specimen 110 nun. long to the caudal fin, collected by W^akiya in
Kagoshima Bay; C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7863. Six paratypes were obtained at
the same place.
This sharply marked species differs from M. griseus. hitherto the only one
known, in many ways. The anal fin has 9, oi' rai'cly 10, soft rays, instead of only
7, the base of this fin is about half longer, instead of shoi'ter than, the length of
the anal spine. All of the fins are smaller; the soft portion of both dorsal and
anal fins are longer, instead of shorter than high; the i^iectoral reaches not cjuite
so far as, or barely to, the vertical from tVont of anal (in one specimen to above
second anal spine), instead of to above first soft ray of anal (in one specimen only
to above second spine) ; the ventral does not nearly reach to the vent, only one-
half to two-thirds the distance to the origin of the anal, instead of nearly to the
vent, and more than two-tliirds the distance to the anal. The head is shoi'ter
and much narrower; the eye smaller; head 2.6 to 2.75 (instead of 2.35 to 2.6),
mucli less than, instead of about half as wide as long; eye shoi'ter than, instead of
as long as, postorbital, 2.8 to 3.0 (not 2.5 to 2.7) in head. The vomerine teeth
form a distinctly Y-shaped figure, instead of a triangle with moderately concave
sides. The scales are slightly smaller. Dorsal rays, IX, I, 10; anal. III, 9 (10 in
one specimen); pectoral, 13; ventral, I, 5; caudal, 17 (15 branched); scales, 5 to
6-47 to 49-13 or 14 (5 or 6-42 to 45-12 to 14 in M. griseus); gill-rakers 22 to 24
below angle on first arch; branchiostegals, 7. Body ratluM' angular, deepest Ix'low
234 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
origin of dorsal (dej^th 2.6 to 2.7). Dor.sal contour l:)efor(> tliis jioint gently sigmoid,
being concave above eye behind front of dor.sal, gently curved to caudal peduncle;
ventral contour flattish medially, l)ut ascending rather abruptly on mandible and
along anal base. Head, as viewed from above, nuich tliiniici- and less -wedge-
.•<liaped than in M. griseus. Interorbital slighth' convex, cavernous, about two-
thirds as wide as eye (scarcely more than half eye in .1/. griseus); border of orbit
and preopercular ridge sharp (in j^-eserved .specimens); preopercular margin den-
ticulate on lower border and al)out the iiroduced rounded angle; opercle ending
in two sharp points, the lower the longer; o]-ierculai- membrane wide, extending
well behind ])ectoral base. Mandible strongly projecting, with two sharp spines
at tij); maxillary with a long narrow supplementary lione above a strong sharp
ridge, which fits against the edge of the narrow suborbital. Teeth minute, granular,
except in outer row of jaw. in lather wide Ijantls in jaws, in a Y-shaped group on
the vomer (the base of the Y i)ointing forward), and in a very narrow band running
into a single series posteriorly on tlie sliarp elevated ridge of the palatine; none on
the tongue. Scales rather firm. al)out twice as deep as long, the basal margin
straight, scalloped l:)etween the ends of the strong radii; focus near apical margin;
circuli only moderately angulated lietween dorsal and latei-al fields, running into
the lateral margin at an angle of alniut 45 degrees; no circuli. radii, or ctenii on the
nanow apic;d field: the apical margin .sharply denticulate. Head almost com-
pletely scaled.
Body light olive-l)ro\vn above, becoming darker on the snout; the sides and
lower surfaces bi'ight silvery. Fins with some dusky color, the spinous dorsal
becoming black at margin; a black spot on axil of pectoi-al. more distinct than in
.1/. griseus.
268. [439] Lateolabrax japonicus i( 'uvier and Valenciennes). *Si/zwA-i = Sea-bass.
Sapi')oro market (]\Iajima); Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan); Kagoshima
Bay (Wakiya); ^likawa Bay (Ishikawa); ]Miyazu, Fukuoka (Hamada); Lake
Kasumigam-a (Hattori). A very common and valued food-fish tln-oughout Ja]")an.
Family XIPHONID.E.
269. [440] Niphon spinosus Cuvier and Valenciennes. .4 «« = Sea-bass.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Toyama (Yoshizawa); MLsaki (Aoki); ^Miyazu. Fukui.
An uncommon species, reaching a considerable size.
JORDAN AXD IIUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 235
Family EPINEPHELID.E.
270. [441] Bryttosus kawamebari (Temmiiick and Sehlegel).
Kawa-mebaru = 'RiyQV Pop-eye or "Rock-cod."
Tsuyama, near Okayama (Kawamura); Kumanioto (Wakiya); Hinieji (Abe);
Fukuoka (Hamada).
The preopercle, subopercle, interopercle, and the large bony scapular scale, all
have their margins denticulate, but covered with skin. We count only 37 scales
in the lateral hne to caudal base. It is a river-fish, bearing a sti-ong resemblance
to the American Centrarchidce or Sun-fishes.
271. [Extraterr.] Siniperca chua-tsi Basilewsky.
A half-grown specimen of this common River-l)ass of China has been sent l)y
Di-. Cora B. Reeves to the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. It agrees
well AAith Boulenger's description.
272. [Extraterr.] Coreoperca herzi Herzenstein.
Wakiya has sent a specimen of this River-bass from the Ping-yang Ri\'er in
Korea. Jordan and Metz erroneously indicated Coreoperca wititeheadi Boulenger*'
as a synonym of C. herzi. ^'^
Dorsal rays, XIV, 13; anal, III, 8.
273. [450] Epinephelus craspedurus Joiclan and Richardson.
A young specimen taken in the Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) agrees
well with the description of the type, except that the caudal is truncate, not slightly
emarginate. Otherwise known only from Kagoshima.
274. [455] Epinephelus epistictus (Temminck and Sehlegel).
Komon-lmta = Backward Bass.
One young: Wakaiioura (Yamamoto).
275. [456] Epinephelus morrhua (Cuvier and Valenciennes), lyagobida.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
We follow Boulenger in our identification of this species, and consider E.
doderleini Franz (1910) as probably not a distinct species; we have, however, no
material of that type.
^■' Proc. Zool. Soc. Li)iidi)n, LSS9, p. 9(J0, \A. (JS. Boulenger here gives a good re-description of
C. herzi.
*' Herzenstein, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 1890, p. 11.
23() MEMOIRS OF THE CAUNECIE MUSEUM.
Ill the adult the hands of the young hccoiiic replaced liy doulile rows of s|)ots.
Tlie disruption of tlic bands takes place in a regular nianner and seciueiice. Tli(>
pigment jjecomes concentrated toward the edges of the bands, so as to form two
streaks, which later break up into lines of spots. The lower postei'ior part of the
body is first affected, the progress of disruption being toward the na])e, where
the bars still remain intact in our adult specimen.
27G. 14581 Epinephelus moara (Temminck and Schlegel). Mw(m = Sea-weed Bass.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamainoto); Mikawa (AI. Ishikawa).
277. [450] Epinephelus awoara (Temminck and Schlegelj. .loam = Green Bass.
Mikawa Bay, Miyazu, Fukui.
278. [400] Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg). M(ihiit(t = Tnu' Hata, or Ijass.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamotoj; Mikawa Bay (M.
Ishikawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Miyazu.
279. [461] Epinephelus tsirimenara (Temminck and Schlegel).
Akaliatd = Red Bass.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
280. [47(5] Doderleinia berycoides (Hilgendorf). .l/,7(-//n//.s» = Red Mutsu.
Shizuoka (Jordan); Toyama (S. Yosliizawa); Miyazu; Xoo near Niigata. Not
common, its color a brilliant brick-red.
Family SERRAXID.E.^^
281. [404] Chelidoperca hirundinacea (f 'uvier and Valenciemies).
Hiinc-k()-d(ii = Litt\v Princess Porgy.
Kagoshima, Kochi (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki).
282. [465] Sayonara satsumas Jordan and Scale. Sakurd-ihii = ('\\vvvy Porgy.
Kochi (Wakiya).
283. [466] Caprodon schlegeli ((Uinther). Akn-is(u/i = ^(.x\ Isagi, or Croaker.
Kyoto market (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
Eye golden-yellow; body mostly scarlet.
*'^The Serranoid genus, Rhyacanthias Jordan {carlsmithi) (Proc. U. S. N. M., 192.5 lately descrilied
from Hawaii, seems inseparahle from Symi}h>j(mndon Bleeker (tijpus), Arch. Neerl. XII, 61, 1878. The
minute teeth on the i)alate were overlooked i)y Bleeker, who placed the genus near Pomadasijs.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANKHE FISHES COLLECTED l'.)22. 237
Family LUTIANID.E.
284. [4811 Lutianus russelli (Bleeker). Kurn-h(>sln'-fi(cdai = B\'M'k-^tar Porj^y.
Kochi, Shikoku (Wakiya).
285. [483] Lutianus vaigensis (Quoy and Gaimard).
Okifinjcd(U = Oii-H]\o\T Air-bkiddcr Porgy.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya).
286. [484] Lutianus vitta ((iuoy and (laimai-d).
Kinscisaki = Symmetrical Lsaki.
Mikawa Bay {M. Ishikawa) ; Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka); Aliya/Ai.
Not rare.
287. [487] Ulaula sieboldii (Bleeki-r).
Y I )k(>-suji-fuyedai = Red Air-bladder Porgy.
A fine specimen 23 cm. long to the caudal fin, was taken at Toba. (Jordan
and Yamamoto).
Head, 3.2; depth, 3.5; eye, 5.8; dorsal, X, 11; anal, III. 8; scales, 8.5-70-16;
gill-rakers, 2.4 in eye; fifth dorsal spine longest, 2.35 in head; third anal spine, 3.5;
pectoral fin, 1.07.
The presence of a patch of teeth on the tongue and the slight dev(^loiiment
of canines warrant the recognition of Uhiula"' as of generic rank.
Family THERAPONID.E.
288. [490] Therapon oxyrhynchus Temniinck and Schlegel.
,S7i7'/?;r(-/.sY((// = Striped Croaker.
Kachi River at Nagoya, with fi-t>sh-watt'r fishes (Jordan) ; Toba mark(>t (Jordan
and Yamamoto); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Miyazu, Lake Mikata near Fukui.
Common.
The young of this species live in the bays and estuaries, ascending streams.
These, when about 5 or 6 cm. long, diffei- widely from the adult, desci-ibed by
Jordan and Thompson."
The head is longer (2.7 to 2.8 in length to caudal), and the depth of the body
greater (2.7 to 2.9). The coloration is markedly diffei-ent from that of the adult,
which is well shown in Schlegel's plate (pi. 6, fig. 3). The secondary bands are
""Jordan and Thompson, I'roe. U. S. N. M., XXXIX, 1911, p. 400; .Jordan and .Ionian, Mem. Car.
Mus., X, 1922, pp. 49, .50.
" Proc. U. S. N. M., XLI, 1912, p. .538.
238 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
not developed, only the i)riniaty foui' being evident. A tendency towaid a vertical,
as well as a longitudinal, pattern is brought out t)y a slight intensification of the
gi-ound-color in line with dilated and especially darkened portions of tlie stripes.
The spinous dorsal is marked with blackish mottlings on base and with lai-ge distal
blotches on the membranes. The soft doi'sal and cauflal fins are longitudinally
streaked with black, but pale-bordered. Similar specimens were recorded from
Swatow, China, by Rutter.'* Other material from Japan, both in the present
collection and in the Stanford Museum, fully connects these young with the adult.
They show little approach toward the very small fish described and figured by
Franz*^ as the young of this species.
289. [491] Therapon servus (Bloch). Yagati-isagi.
Kachi River at Nagoya, Kobe market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa).
Tlie young of tliis fish, as those of the last, enter fresh water and associate
with Brook-gobies and Minnows. In the young, 5 to 10 cm. long, the form and
color are about as in the adult, but tlie upper band is not broken longitudinally,
but, on the contrary, twice vertically by the lighter ground-color.
Family BANJOSID^.
290. [492] Banjos banjos (Richardson). Banzai-dai = }inn-dh-\K)rgy.
Misaki (Aoki). A rare and curious llsh.
Family POMADASID.E.
291. [493] Parapristipoma trilineatum (Thunberg). I sagi, or I saki.
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Toj'ama (S. Yoshizawa); Tokyo and Kobe
markets (Jordan); Wakanoura (Yamamoto). Common southward.
292. [494] Plectorhynchus pictus (Thunberg). A'o/v;r/a/ = Elder Porgy.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Kobe market (Jordan).
293. [495] Plectorhynchus cinctus (Temminck and Schlegel). Kasho-dai.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Toyama (S.
Yoshizawa); Fukui (Nonaka); Misaki (Aoki).
Dorsal rays, XII, 16 to 18; anal. III, 8.
*^ Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Pliila., 1897, p. V.j.
^^ Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, Suiipl. 4, 1010, j). 46, pi. .5, fit;. 31.
.loKDA.N AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 239
294. [49Gj Hapalogenys mucronatus ( I-^ytloux and Soulcyct).
Higedai = Bearded Pol■gJ^
0.saka inaiket (Jordan).
295. [497] Hapalogenys nigripinnis (Tenimiiick and Sclik'gcl).
Lctudai = Channel porgy.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kochi ( Wakiya) ; t>oo-clio\v, China (^sent by
Dr. Cora B. Reeves to University of Michigan).
The specimen from Kochi, corresponds with the descriptions of H . kishiiKniyci.
which seems to be the young of H. nigi'ipinnis.
296. [49S] Scolopsis inermis (Teniminck and Schk'gel). TaiiKujaHhird.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
Family C.ESIONID.E.
Genus C.^sio Lacepede.
297. Caesio lunaris Ehrenberg.
Tliree specimens of this species, taken by Wakiya at Kagoshinia, constitute
the first record of the species from Jajxin proper.
298. Cassio caerulaureus (Lacepede). Hist. Nat. Poiss. Ill, 1SU2, p. 8.").
A specimen from Kagoshima (Wakiya) is the first to be recorded from Ja])an.
299. Cgesio chrysozonus Kuhl and Van Hasselt.
Twelve examples of this species, which was originally described from the
Moluccas, were taken by Wakiya at Kagoshima. The two largest specimens are
especially deep, the greatest depth being contained thirty-five times in length to
caudal fin. All three of these handsome trojiical fishes correspond well with
current descriptions.
Family LABRACOGLOSSID.E.
It is obvious that Lahracoglossa has no affinity with the stromateid fishes,
with which it has been aligned. It has lately been made the type of a distinct
famil}', with which certain New Zealand genera have been associated.^" It seems
to us that Lahracoglossa is as near to Ccesio as to any other genus.
300. [408] Labracoglossa argentiventris Peters. Takahc.
Ten specimens, Misaki (Aoki).
'" Jordan, Stanford Univ. Pulil. (Biol.) 3, 1923, p. 203.
240 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family DENTICID.^.
301. [4*J9] Euthyopteroma virgatum (Houttuyn). //of/o/7» = 'riii(';i(l; A(lv(>iituixT.
Osaka and Kobe markets (Jordan); Alikawa Bay, I'^ukui, Wukanoura, Miyazu.
A beautifully colored fish, generally common southward.
302. [oOO] Euthyopteroma bathybium (Snydci'). Sdh-n-ildi/iyri.
Kagoshinia Bay (Wakiya). Two siiecimens, one young, with a veiy lai-ge eye
(3 in head).
Family 8PARID.E.
303. [503] Sparus latus Houttuyn. /v»ro-f/«/ = Black Porgy.
Bay of Mikawa (M. Ishikawa).
Scales 5-45-11; depth of l)0(ly, 2.55; length of longest spine 1.95 in head;
second anal spine greatly strengthened and elongate, 1.6 in head; membranes of
lower fins largely l)lack medially; streaks on scale-rows obscure; vertical bars
obsolete.
We identify our specimens of this genus with considerable doubt. The char-
act(>rs given"' to separate *S. latun from »S'. macrocephalus {S. swinhunis) do not
hold well.
304. [504] Sparus macrocephalus Basilewsky. MoroA:os/?idfl?' = Minnowlord-tai
Chrysophrijs sirinJumis GtJNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XIII, 1874, p. 155.
Tokyo and Shizuoka markets (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ;
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Toyama (8. Yoshizawa); Misaki (Aoki); Miyazu,
Fukui. Generally common southward. As a food-fish inferior to the Red Tai
( Pagrosomus) .
Scales 6 to 9-48 to 56-14 to 16. Depth of body, 2.4 to 2.G; highest dorsal
spine (third or fourth) 2.1 to 2.5 in head; second anal sj^ine, when depressed,
reaching to about opposite the middle of the last anal ray, and contained 1.95 to
2.15 times in the head. A dark spot at origin of lateral line; well marked olive
streaks along the I'ows of scales, including those on ch(X'ks; body with sevi'ral
rather narrow cross-bars; lower fins blackish. Dorsal rays, XI, 10 or 11; anal,
III, 8.
305. [505] Lethrinus haematopterus Temininck and Schlegel. Fucjuki-dai.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Miyazu, Sea of Japan.
" See Jordan and Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLI, l(tl2, pp. 581-588.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 241
306. [506] Lethrinus nematacanthus Bleeker.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto).
307. [508] Pagrosomus major (Tomminek and Sclilcgcl).
Tai, Ak(idai = \\{_'d Tai, or Poi-gy.
Kol:)e mai'ket (Jordan) ; Alikawa Bay (W. Ishikawa) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Miyazu.
Common throughout Japan; the most vakied food-fish of the Empire, favoi-ed by
the Fish-God, Ebisu.
In this species the four scale-rows adjoining the lateral line above run parallel
with it, whereas the rows between these four and the dorsal fin extend obliquely
u])wai'd and backwai'd. In the other Japanese sparids all of the scale-rows above
the lateral line ai'e parallel witli it.
In lif(^ the Red Tai has over the eye a spot of the most intense blue, which
fades at deatli. The round light l)lue spots on the body fade with age and with
exposure.
308. [509] Taius tumifrons (Temminck and Schlegel). A7«f/(7/ = Golden Tai.
Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya) ; Misaki (Aoki) ;
Toyama (S. Yoshizawa) ; Miyazu, Xoo.
In life this species is pale red, largely washed with golden; whole fi'ont and
snout yellow; upper lip mostly yellow; thi-ee large diffuse round yellow spots on
side of back, fading in death. It is now taken in great numbers in trawl-nets in
rather deep water.
309. [510] Evynnis cardinalis (Temminck and Schlegel). A'nr/a/ = Little Tai.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Mikawa Bay
(M. Ishikawa) ; Toyama (S. Yoshizawa) ; Miyazu.
Our specimens vaiy widely in the form of the body, the degree of elongation
of the dorsal spines, and the development of vomerine teeth, but we are unable to
refer them to more than one species. For this reason we doubt the validity of
Parargyrops edita Tanaka.^' The species is unique among Sparoid fishes in having
a few large bluntish teeth on the vomer. It is common southward and valued as
food.
Family GIRELLID^.
310. [511] Girella punctata Gray. Mezina.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Misaki (Aoki).
Dorsal, XV, 13 or 14; anal, III, 12; scales, 53; a dark spot on each scale.
"" Fig. Desc. Fi.shes .Jap., 24, 1910, p. 42.J, pi. 116, fig. 342; pi. 117, fig. 343.
242 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family KYPHOSID.E.
311. |514] Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal). T enjik a- is(nji = Indian Cvoixkev;
K uroisdyi = Black Croaker.
Family GERRID.E.
312. [51(iJ Gerres erythrourus (Bloch).
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya).
As the oi'iginal type of Gerres Cuvier, as published in advance by Quoy and
Ciaimard, was a Xi/stfmiti, the name Gerres must be retained here.
Family SCIAEXID.E.
Genus Nibea Jordan and Thompson.
\\'e now regard Scicena aquila (Lacepede) as the legitimate type of the genus
Scdcena Linnaeus, as this species was the original form included in the confused
synonymy of "Scicena umbrcr Linnseus, as first shown by Cuvier. The name Scioena
accordingly is restored to the Mediterranean species, called Pseudoscicena by
Bleeker and earlier Argyrommus by De la Pylaie. Scicena umbra (L.) Cuvier is
characterized by the obsolescence of preopercular spines, and of the slits and
pores above the mouth, conspicuous in most of the species of this group; teeth in
bands, the outer enlarged in both jaws.
The characters of the genera allied to Scicena are singularly elusive, each one
being subject to degrees of development. The form of the mouth, the dentition,
the armature of the preopercle, the size of the second anal spine, the scaling of the
fins indicate groups, which are more or less natural, but which are as yet imper-
fectly separated. For the present we maj^ refer the Japanese species to the genus
Nibea Jordan and Thompson (type, Sciama mitsukurii). Nibea has the teeth in
nai'row l)ands, the outer row above and the inner below somewhat enlarged; gill-
rakers moderate; preopercle wdth some stiff serrse, usually soft; dorsal fin scaleless,
with a sheath at base; dorsal fins somewhat connected.
The related genus Bola Buchanan (type Scicena coitor) seems to differ mainly
in having the soft dorsal covered with small scales, the preopercle usually without
bony serrte; gill-rakers relatively short.
Johnius Bloch (type, J . carutta) has the lower teeth in a villiform band, none
of them enlarged; soft dorsal fin scaly; anal spine small.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 243
313. [518] Nibea mitsukurii (Joi'dan and Snydpi'). rT(/rA/ = Big Mouth.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Shizuoka (Joixlan); Cho.shi (Ishikawa).
Very common in Suruga Bay, where it is mucli used in making Kainoboku.
Dorsal rays, IX or X-I, 29 to 31; anal, II, 7, (rarely III, 8); developed gill-
rakers on lower limb, 12 to 15; rows of spots continuous above lateral line, becoming
straight l)elow middle of soft dorsal fin.
314. Nibea albiflora" (Richaidson).
On comparison of material we find that the characters supposed to distinguish
Nibea mitsukurii from the Chinese Nibca albiflora hold. Of the latter we have
one specimen from Fukuoka (Hamada). This province is on tlie west coast of
Kyusyu, while the known localities for mitsukurii are all on the east coast of
Hondo, the species being especially abundant about Shisuoka.
Dorsal rays, X-I, 28; anal, II, 7; only 10 well developed gill-rakers on lower
limb; rows of spots not contiiuious above lateral line, becoming straight only
behind dorsal fin and in a strij) along lateral line extending forward t(j below
middle of soft dorsal fin.
315. [520] Nibea schlegeli (Bleeker). /s/i/w;rW;/ = Rock Rice-fish.
Shizuoka, Osaka, Tokyo and, Kobe markets (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M.
Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki); Fukuoka (Hamada); Fukui, Shizuoka (Jordan); Miyazu.
Common southw'ard, largely used for Kamoboku.
Dorsal rays, X-I, 24 to 27. Anal spine sometimes a little longer than the
eye. Black blotch on opercle and shoulder usually distinct.
31(3. [521] Nibea nibe (Jordan and Thompson). //f(//<rt-o/i/6r = Great Beach-Nibe.
Osaka market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa).
The softness of the flesh and the protrusion of the stomach into the moutli in
one of our Osaka specimens indicates that this species descends to considerable
depths.
Dorsal rays, X-I, 30 to 32; anal, II, 7 or 8. The preopercular spines are
moderately enlarged at angle. The scale-rows are marked Ijy dark streaks, less
definite, but arranged much as in Nibea albiflora, the streaks becoming horizontal
only behind the doi'sal l)ase. The second anal spine may be neaily as long as the
eye.
'^ See Jordan and Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXIX, 1011, iip. 24G-2.'i2, figs. 1-2.
244 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
317. |522] Nibea japonica (Temminck and Schlegel). Nibe; Onibe = Gresit Nibe.
Tokyo and Shizuoka markets (Jordan).
This species, described in detail l)y Jordan and Metz from Fusan in Korea,
reaches a much larger size than the others, three to four feet in length. It is also
distinguished b\' the loose scales and generall}'' ragged appearance, as compared
with the neatness of the others.
Teeth irregular, mostly in one row, some in each jaw irregularly enlarged; no
true canines. Small specimens are long and slender, suggesting Cynoscion in foi-m
and aspect, the scales more even than in the adult. Caudal long, on a long peduncle,
irregularly lanceolate, the lower lobe much longer; pectoral fin long. General color
gray; mouth oi-ange within; dorsal, cautlal, and pectoral black-edged. In this
species the lai'ge air-bladder is used in making the jelly-isinglass, known as Nibe.
Genus Othonias Jordan and Thompson.
Tliis group is technically close to Bola, having, as in Bola, the soft dorsal
scaly, l)ut it differs in several important characters. It definitely approaches
Colliclitliys in the large size and obhquity of the mouth, the dentition, the develop-
ment of sensory cavities, and in the width and convexity of the head. It also
resembles that genus in the presence of silvery glandular organs in the skin of the
ventral surface, one under each scale; these are possibly light-organs (photophores).
The soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are closely covered with small scales.
318. [522] Othonias undovittatus (Joi'dan and Scale).
Pseudoscioena iindovUiata Jordan and Scale, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., X, 1905,
jx 11, pi. 6 (Hong Kong).
Scicemi inanchiirica Jordan and Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXIX, 1911,
p. 255, fig. 3 (Port Arthur).— Jordan and Metz, Ann. Car. Mus., VI, 1913,
p. 38, fig. 28 (after Jordan and Thompson).
We have compared the tyjieof Pseudoscicena undovittata,paratypesof Scicena
manchurica, and a specimen obtained in the Osaka market (Jordan), and find
tlu>m all specifically identical. The type of *S'. undoviiiata has nine soft rays in
the anal fin, not eight, as described. The species is new to Japan. The Osaka
specimen has IX-I-33 dor.sal rays; II, 10 anal rays; 9-|-lG gill-rakers.
JORDAN' AND IIUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 245
Family EMMELICHTHYID.E.
319. [523] Erythrocles schlegeli (Richardson). C7!i6iA-i = Red Coat.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto).
This species should be accredited to Richardson, not to Bleeker. The name
Erythrichthys is preoccupied in the Characinidce.
Family OPLEGXATHID.E.
320. [524] Oplegnathus fasciata (Temminck and Schlegel). Ishidai = 'Rock Tai.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Tatoku Island (^Nlikimoto) : Mikawa Bay (M.
Ishikawa); Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Mij-azu, Misaki (Aoki).
Our material ranges from young to adult, and illustrates the changes in gi-owth
figured by Schlegel; the dark bands, so conspicuous in the young, fading with age.
321. [525] Oplegnathus punctata (Temminck and Schlegel).
/s/n'^aA;2-daz = Rock-imp Tai.
Kobe market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Ali-saki (Aoki); Toyama
(Yoshizawa); Miyazu. Generally common southward, more so than the preceding.
Family HISTIOPTERID.E.
322. [527] Histiopterus typus Temminck antl Schlegel. Kmrabishd.
Alisaki (Aoki). A rare species.
Family AIULLID.E.
323. [529] Upeneoides bensasi (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ben i-sasJt i = Red Surmullet .
Shizuoka and Kobe markets (Jordan); Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Toba market
(Jordan and Yamamoto); Tatoku Island (Alikimoto) ; Kagoshima (Wakiya);
Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Toyama (Yoshizawa); iVIisaki (Aoki); Fukui (Xonaka);
Xoo, Aliyazu. Generally common.
324. [530A] Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal).
Two examples of this East Indian Surmullet were obtained by Wakiya at
Kagoshima Bay, tlie fiist to be recorded from Japan jiroi^er.
325. [537] Upeneoides tragula (Richardson). }'o/«f-/i//rtpjV = Bride Surmullet.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Kagoshima (Wakiya).
246 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
326. [531] MuUoides japonicus (Houttuyn). ylA:a-/wmejz = Red Surmullet.
Kagoshima (Wakiya).
The main doi'sal spines are seven in number, as described by earlier authors,
and in all the material we have available, not eight, as reported by Snyder.^^ An
additional spine in front of these is minute when present, but often absent.
Our specimens preserve much of their original color. The general ton(^ is a
bright yellow, becoming pink along the middle of the sides, above the large blackish
opercular blotch, along the anterior free margin of the subopercle (which other-
wise, like the interopercle, is silvery) and on the postorbital region.
327. [535] Upeneus pleurotaenia Playfair. //ora/-u»'o = Bamboo-fish.
Mullus ph'unda-nia Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 41, i)l. 5, fig. 3.
Pseudupeneus ischyrus Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXII, 1907, p. 91, fig. 2.
(Tokyo Bay).
Upeneus ischyrus Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII,
1913, p. 183, fig. 133.
Upeneus pleurotaenia ii^YDER, Proc. U.S.N.M., XLII, 1912, p. 501. (Naha, Okinawa).
One specimen from Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya) corrcsjionds well with the type
of Pseudupeneus ischyrus Snyder, and with the specimen later recorded by the same
author as Upeneus pleurotcenia. The type of U. ischyrus still retains definite traces
of the peculiar coloration of this species, and the figure shows these markings in part.
Head, 3.15; depth, 3.1; scales in lateral line, 29; dorsal rays Vni-9; anal, 7.
Color in formaldehyde: uppei- parts very dark, particulai'ly on the scale-
margins; a light sti'ipe from near nosti'ils to near end of soft dorsal fin, curved
upward slightly, and interm])ted by the upj^er rim of the eye, becoming obscure
posteriorly; a nearly parallel stripe from middle of maxillary, skirting the lower
margin of the orbit, extending toward the light saddle across front of caudal
jieduncle, strongly tinged with red; a third stripe extends from angle of mouth
backward and upward, parallel with the upper two, but scarcely evident on body;
between the light stripes the dark color is intensified, this being particularly true
in a spot at upper end of preopercle; there is a short golden bar below this spot,
and another on the interior base of the pectoral fin and a flush of red about these
spots, and near the anal fin; the light blotch on the caudal peduncle is Ijounded
posteriorly by a rather indefinite vertical dark bar.
We have also examined material from Hong Kong, China, collected by Walter
Fong.
"* Proc U. S. N. M., XXXII, 1!)07, p. 9(5.
JORDAN AND HUBBiS: .JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 11)22. 247
328. Upeneus indicus (Shaw).
This species is rei)reseiited by a specimen from Kagoshima Bay (Wukiya).
Franz (1910) records it from the same place and from Yokohama, but it is not
listed by Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder.
Family APLODACTYLID^.
329. [538] Goniistius zonatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
T<ik(in()li(t-dai = Hawk-Tai.
T()l)a market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Misaki (Aoki).
330. [539] Goniistius zebra (Doderlein). Migimaki.
A specimen of this i-are fish from Misaki (Aoki) corresponds with this species,
as contrasted with Guniistius zebroides Tanaka.
Family CTRRHITID.E.
331. [540] Cirrhitichthys aureus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Oki-gonbe = ()U-f^hove Clonbe, or Cirritid.
One specimen from Misaki (Aoki). It closely corresponds with Jordan and
Herre's account,'*^ differing chiefly in having groups of cirri at the tips of the dorsal
spines and on the posterior rim of the anterior nasal flap. The cirri are present
on the dorsal spines in the specimen noted by Jordan and Herre, but we find no
remaining trace of nasal cirri. The agreement of our specimens with Schlegel's
figure, however, is not close, and it is highly possiljle that the sjiecies at hand is
still without a name.
Family POLYNEMIDiE.
332. [543] Polynemus plebeius (Brou.ssonet).
Agonashi; Tsubainc- Kunosltiro = Swallow f iizzard-shad.
Shizuoka (Jordan); Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa).
Our specimens agree well with the excellent figures of this species given by
Broussonet and Gunther, with the distinctive features of plebeius as pointed out
by Jordan and McGregor,"" with specimens of plebeius from Samoa, and finally
with "cotypes" of Polydnctylus agonasi Jordan and McGregor in all respects save
color. The types of P. (ujonasi seem entirely faded, however, and we see no reason
for regarding the Japanese Polynemus agonasi as different from ])lcbeius. We use
the specific name in its original foi'm, plebeius.
"" Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXIII, 1907, p. Kil, fis. 1.
^^ Proc. U. S. N. M., XXX, 1900, p. 814, fig.
248 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family 8ILLAGINID.E.
333. [544] Sillago japonica (Temminck and Rchlegel). /lo-(//.su = Green Gisu.
Osaka, Tokyo, and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yama-
nioto); Alikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Misaki (Aoki); Miyazu,
Noo, Fukui (Nonaka). Very common; a choice food-fish, as such much Uke the
Enghsh whiting.
Scales 3 to 4-64 to 74; cheek-scales weakly to strongly ctenoid. The specimen
from Fukui (Sea of Japan) is young, only 42 mm. long, and is included in a large
series of small anchovies, Engraiili.s i(t])())ucus.
334. [546] Sillago parvisquamis Gill.
Tokyo market (Jordan).
Scales 6.5 to 8-79 to 81-12 to 13. Dorsal, VII-I, 22; anal, I, 23.
Family BRANCHIOSTEGID.E.
Genus Branchiostegus Rafinesque.
{Latilus Guvier.)
The name Branchiostegus offered in 1814 by Rafinesciue as a substitute for
Coryphamoides Lacepede, (not of Gunner), must unfortunately replace Latilus.
335. [548] Branchiostegus japonicus (Houttuyn). Amadai = Giv\ Tai.
fCoryphcena branchiostega Gmelin.
Latilus argentatus Cuvier and Valenciennes.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Toyama; Shizuoka; Yoko-
hama; Kobe; Misaki; Miyazu.
A common and valued, but tasteless, food-fish, the soft flesh extremely white.
We find the coloration and proportions to vary considerably in this genus,
and are not able at present to i-ecognize more than one species. This is light red
in life, with shadings of blue or purple especially on the caudal, but in spirits it
becomes more or less yellow, as described by Houttuyn. If more than one species
exists in Japan, Houttuyn's scant description is unidentifiable.
Family CEPOLID.E.
336. [555] Acanthocepola krusensterni (Temminck and Schlegel).
Akatachi-uwo = Red Sword-fisli.
Kobe market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Fukui (Nonaka), Miyazu.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 249
337. [557] Cepola schlegeli Bleekcr. .■4A-a/ac/n'= Red Sword-fish.
Dr. Lshikawa sent us one specimen of this species from the Sea of Japan
taken at Noo.
Family E:\IBI0T0CID.E.
338. [558] Ditrema temmincki Bleeker. U tni-UuKK/ti = ':^Qa Chuh.
Tokyo market (Jordan) ; Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; AIi.saki (Aoki) ;
Fukui (Nonaka). Rather common southward.
Dorsal rays, IX to XI, 20 or 21 ; anal. III, 24 to 28. The scales are not enlarged
in the region between the pectoral and the ventral fins. Ditrema thus agrees with
Tceniotoca, but differs from Embiotoca.
In life bluish, with more or less bronze-green or cojiper-red checks and sti'eaks
on the body, one row to each scale-row; the streaks more or le.ss expanded intf)
spots on each scale.
339. ]570] Neoditrema ransonnetii Steindachner. OA;z-ta?ia^o = Off-shore Chub.
One specimen from the Tokyo market (Jordan).
Dorsal rays, VI, 20; anal rays. III, 26.
Family POMACENTRID.E.
340. [563] Chromis notatus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Suzumedai = Sparrow-porgy.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto).
341. [564] Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnseus). Oijd-hit.siichiija.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Kobe market (Jordan).
The specific name, saxatilis, seems to have been intended for this Asiatic
species in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Natura'. In the Twelfth Edition it
was transferred to the Brazilian form, Abudefduf mnrginatus.
342. [577] Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto). Very rare.
Family LABRID.E.
343. [578] Choerodon azurio (Jordan and Snj^der). /va/K/ai = Korean Tai.
Osaka and Tokyo markets (Jordan). Not rare.
Dorsal, XIII, 7; anal, III, 10.
250 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
344. [579| Semicossyphus reticulatus (( 'uvicr aiul \"ulcncienuL'.s).
K(}budai = Little 8oldier-tai.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
345. [582] Pseudolabrus japonicus (Ilouttuyn).
Sasanoha-bera = lianil)()()-l)C'ra of Wrasse.
Yokohama, Tokyo, and Shizuoka markets (Jordan); Toi)a market (Joi'ckui
and Yamamoto); Misaki (Aoki). Common southward.
346. [584] Duymaeria flagellifera (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Misaki (Aoki).
347. [588] Stethojulis terina Jordan and Snyder.
Kaminari-beru = Thunder-wrasse.
Shizuoka (Jordan); INIisaki (Aoki).
Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder (1913, p. 200) in their Catalogue identify this
species with the East Indian S. kalosoma. Our formalin specimens, which ap-
parently have preserved their fresh colors, correspond, however, with Jordan and
Snyder's color account of terina, and not with the descriptions of S. kalosoma. We
retain the name terina for the Japanese form, provisionally regarding it as distinct
from S. kalosoma.
The species has posterior canines and is therefore a true Stethojulis, not a
Hinalea.
348. [592] Halichoeres poecilepterus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Aobera = Blue Bera.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto); Tokyo market (Jordan); Toyama,
Misaki (Aoki) ; Miyazu.
Common, the two sexes quite different, as recognized by Joixlan and Snyder,
H. pyrrhogrammus (Temminck and Schlegel) being the female.
W^e preserve the original spelling p(£cilepterus, of Schlegel.
Those who regard Halichoeres as preoccupied by Halichwrus may call this
genus Hcmiulis; Parajulis and ChoerojuUs l)eing synonyms.
349. [595] Halichoeres tenuispinis ((iUnther).
Tokyo and Shizuoka markets (Jordan) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Toyama.
Scales 25 in the lateral series, or 27 along the lateral line, not counting 3 on
the caudal.
Jordan and Snyder,'' in recording this species from Japan under the name
" Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIV, 1902, p. 639.
JOKDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 251
Halichoercs blcekeri (Steindacliner and Doderlein), state: "It is possiljlc tliat
Hnlichoeres tenuispinis (Gunther), with tlie black on tlic dorsal restrietcd to a
single spot and the venti'als not filamentous and shorter than the pectorals, may
l)rove to be the same species." In our specimens the black on the dorsal extends
backward to the third spine in some (as described for tenuispinis), or as fai' as the
sixth spine; in one half-grown specimen, otherwise similar, the black .spot is little
developed; in another entirely absent. The ventral fin may be non-filamentous
and shorter than the pectoral on the same fish, in which the opposite fin is slightly
filamentous and longer than the pectoral. There remains no basis for the distinc-
tion of the Japanese bleekeri from the Chinese tenuispinis. Further comparison
of actual material, however, is to-be desired.
One specimen in formalin seems to retain the life-colors, which aic as fullows:
ground-color pink; the scales with green borders, especially on ujiper ])osterior
fourth of bod\-: three green streaks diverging back from the eye form the anteiior
ends of horizontal rows of green spots, one on each scale, on the foi-e part of the
body; these head-streaks are green, bordered narrowly with blue and then with
deep red; the first extends slightly upward, and is the least definite, the lower one
extends slightly downward toward the triangular deep blue spot on the upper edge
of the base of the pectoral fin, but before reaching the opercular margin turns
upward at right angles. The front portion of the spinous dorsal is banded fi'om
the base outward successively b}' green, I'ed, yellow, and blue-black, then by red
and finally green at tip of rays, the black marking being most extensive; elsewhere
the fin is pink, bordered by greenish, and then very narrowly !)>■ dusky; between
each ray, behind the l)lack marking, there is a large round spot of green, red-
bordered, between each two rays. The anal fin is pink, pale-margined, and marked
by a median red-bordered band of green. The caudal is pinkish, with a basal and
a median band and some distal spots of green. The pectoral and ventral fins are
pale pinkish, the former fin having the rays margined by pencilled lines of dark red.
350. [599] Thalassoma cupido (Temminck and Schlegel).
AHshiki-uwo = Brocade-fish.
Misaki (Aoki).
351. [605] Iniistius dea (Temminck and Schlegel). Tensuidai = M'M-kvd Tai.
Yokohama and Tokyo markets (Jordan).
The lateral black spot covers the greater portion of from one to three scales.
Dorsal rays, II-VH, 12; anal. III, 12.
252 MEMOIK.S OF THE C'AKNECilE MUSEUM.
Family SC'ARID.E.
Genus Leptoscarus Swainson.
The name Lcptoscurus replaces Calototnus Gilbert .
352. [G()7] Leptoscarus japonicus (Cvivier and Valenciennes). Budf« = S()ldier-Tai.
Toba market (Jordan and Yaniamoto).
Family ZEIBM.
353. [OlOj Zeus japonicus Cuvier and Valenciennes. Mato-d(ri = Target Tai.
Tokyo and Osaka markets (Jordan) ; Koclii (Wakiya) ; Tatoku Id. (Mikimoto) ;
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Miyazu; Noo; Misaki
(Aoki). Generally common.
354. [(311] Zenopsis nebulosus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Kaga in i-da i = Mirror Tai.
Tokyo market (Jordan).
Family ( TFETODONTID.E.^^
355. [GIUJ Chastodon setifer Block. 7'o(/f-c/(o(7(o-(/»'o = Prickly Butterfly-fish.
One young individual, 42 nmi. long to the caudal fin, from Shizuoka. This
specimen is essentially like tlie adult, except that the dorsal rays are not produced,
and the posterior oblique streaks are rathei- faint.
356. [621] Chaetodon lunula (Lacepede). Tsuki-c!inc}u)-uwi) = Moon Butterfly-fish.
One specimen, 45 mm. long to caudal, corresjKjnds closely with a specimen of
like size from Samoa, and with the young as figured by Gunther in "Fische der
SUdsee" (plate 33).
357. [623] Coradion modestum (Temminck and Schlegel).
Genroku-dai = Elder-Tai.
Osaka market (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Fukui
(Nonaka).
Genus Acanthoch/etodon Bleeker.
Tins genus, characterized by the lunate caudal, small scales, and gill-
membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus, is well distinguished from Hohiandhus.
"'^ The name Lou given liy Jordan (Proc. U. S. N. M., 11121, (i33) to a speeies of this family from
Hawaii is i)reoccu]iied by Loa Stiles, 190.5, a genus of worms. Roa has been substituted for it by Jordan,
Copeia, May 20, 1923, p. 63.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 253
358. [624] Acanthochaetodon septentrionalis (Tcniminck and Schlegel).
Kinchaku-dai = Fnrse Tai.
JNIisaki (Aoki).
359. [626] Heniochus diphreutes Joi'daii. HoUilolc-dai.
The single young Heniochus in the collection was taken Ijy Masashi Ishikawa
at the Bay of Mikawa. The anal fin is pale anteriorly.
Family ACANTHURID.E.
360. [629] Naso unicornis (Forskal). Tcngu-hagi = Long-nosed f^cvapev.
One young specimen, 69 mm. long to caudal, from Shizuoka (Jordan).
The frontal horns are yet undeveloped, Ixit the two caudal plates are evident.
Dorsal rays, V, 28; anal, II. 28 (the last counted as doubled); ventral, I, 3.
361. [630] Xesurus scalprum (Cuvier and Valenciennes). Sannoji-dai.
Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Misaki (Aoki) .
Dorsal, IX, 23 or 24; anal. III, 22 or 23. Each of our specimens has only
four spines on the caudal peduncle, although some have five.
362. [631] Acanthurus matoides (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Kuruhugi = li\ack Hagi or Surgeon-fish.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto). One young specimen.
Family TEUTHID.E.
363. [635[ Teuthis fuscescens (Houttuyn). .■!/(/»; r,'//(/;rtf//' = Silver Hagi.
Tokyo and Shizuoka markets (Jordan); Tuba (Jordan and Yamamoto);
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka) ; Miyazu.
A common fish often caught from the wharves by boys.
Dorsal, I-XII or XIII, 9 or 10; anal, VI (rarely) or VII, 9. Depth of body
2.4 to 2.9 in standard length, decreasing very irregularly with age.
Family TRIACAXTHODID.E.
364. [636] Triacanthodes anomalus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Benikaivamuki = Red Rough Skin (File-fish).
A rare and most interesting fish. Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya).
254 MEMOIHS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family TRIACANTHIDJv
365. [037] Triacanthus brevirostris Ti'inmiiifk luid ;>clilL'gcl.
f//»-A'a «"(////« A'/ = Silver File-fish.
A rare species I'ri^ni Mikawa (Masashi Ishikawa).
Family BALI8TID.E.
3(56. [639J Sufflamen niger (Park). Mongrmi- KtiirdlKKji = 'Slongani Rough-skin.
Kochi (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki).
367. [642] Canthidermis rotundatus (Proce).
One specimen of this uncommon form was obtained at Wakanoura (Jordan).
Family MONACANTHID.E.
368. [643] Monacanthus cirrhifer (Temminck and Schlegel).
AV/»'«//Of// = Rough Skin.
Tokyo, Shizuoka, Yokohama, and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Toba market
(Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa);
Misaki (Aoki); Toyama (Yoshizawa); Miyazu, Noo. This File-fish, or Leather-
jacket is genei'ally common southward.
Dorsal rays, 11-31 to 34.
369. [647] Cantherines modestus (Giinther).
C/waiswra-Zu/*// = Horse-face File-fish.
Osaka market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Toyama (Yoshizawa);
Misaki (Aoki). Generally common, even northward.
Dorsal, 1-35 to 37; anal, 34 (last ray branched fi'om liase). The young are
mai'ked with several streaks of dark, whicli in some break into spots much like
those of C. tessellatus. These become diffuse in the half-grown individuals and
disappear in the adidt. The group called Pscudomonacanthus, characterized by
the retrorse sjiinules on the dorsal spine, shade by degrees into Cantherines, in
which the spines are merely rough.
370. [647A] Cantherines tessellatus (CUinther).
Challenger Repts., Shore-Fishes, 1880, p. 54, jil. 23, fig. 13.
Cantherines nigromaculosus Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, 8 and 0, 1912,
pp. 144-196, pi. 38, fig. 145.
JOHDAX AM) IIIBB.S: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED I022. 255
Pseudotnonacanthus nigromaculatus Jordan" and Tiio.mpsox, Mem. Car. Mus., \'l,
1914. |). 207. jil. XXXI, fig. 2 (Specific name misspelled).
Tokyo market (Joi'dan) ; Alisaki (Aoki).
We refer our material to Tanaka's species 7iigromaculosus, l)ut that nominal
form is apparently identical with Monacanihus iessellatus, described b>' CUinthei'
from the Philippine Islands.
Our specimens have only 32 or 33 dorsal soft rays (the last counted as double),
fewer than in either Tanaka's or GUnther's types.
371. [647B] Cantherines howensis (Ogilby).
One specimen was obtained at Wakanoura l)y Yamamoto. It agrees well
with Tanaka's description and figure'' of Japane.se material of this species, other-
wise known only from Lord Howe Island. We provisionally adopt the synonymy
as given by that author.
Dorsal. 11-35: anal. 32.
372. [648] Rudarius ercodes Joi'dan and Fowler. Amiinc-haiji =y,Qt-wovk Hagi.
Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay ['Si. Lshikawa) ; To^'ama (Yoshizawa).
Dorsal rays, 11-23 to 26.
373. [651] Alutera monoceros (Osbeck). //,A7;A(/-/;ar// = Unicorn Hagi.
Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan).
Dorsal rays, 11-47 or 48.
374. [652] Alutera liturosa (Shaw). .SV)s/r/-/;r;r// = Hoodlum.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto)
Perhaps identical with the Atlantic form Alutera (Otibeckia) ><cripta (Osbeck).
Genus Tetrosomus Swainson.
W^e may regard Tetrosomus as a valid genus, related to Lacloria and to Triarus.
It may be characterized as follows: carapace closed behind the dorsal and anal
fins, pentagonal in cross-section, the dorsal ridge greatly elevated and surmounted
by a very large spine: the upper latei-al ridges rather sharp, but weak, clo.sely
approximated: the lower lateral ridges greatly expanded and beaiing fi\-e nearly
equally spaced spines; sides concave between the ridges; a single sui)raoil)ital
spine; width of body ecjual to length to anus.
"' Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, 20, 1915, p. 3.54, pi. 105, fig. .300. (the figure in \'nl. 19).
256 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
375. |()54] Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnseus).
Known from Japan only by one record, made l)y Bleeker, and this jjossibly
referring to Triorua stellifcr.
37(). [655] Ostracion immaculatum Tcniminck and Sc-hlcgel.
Ilalcdfiuju = Box-puffer.
Misaki (Aoki).
377. [656] Lactoria diaphana (Blocli and Schneider). C/ww-.sw2;Mma = Sea-sparrow.
Misaki (Aoki).
378. [657] Lactoria cornuta (Linnaeus). A'o//(7(-i/(/yw = Medley-puffer.
Mikawa Baj^ (M. Ishikawa).
Triorus Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Orthotype, Lactophrys tritropis Snyder = O.s/rocion steUifer Bloch.
Carapace closed behind dorsal and anal fins, triangular in cross-section; the
two sides of the triangle convex, but without a ridge behind the supra-orbital
ridge, except for a trace in the young; the bottom of the triangle nearly flat; the
body very wide; supra-orbital ridge strong, with two spines; dorsal ridge very high
and sharp, with two spines; ventral ridges each with four spines, the last remote
from the anterior three, the two median spines most closely approximated.
We regard this genus as more closely related to Tctrasomus than to the
American species now classed together under the name Lactophrys.
379. [658A] Triorus steUifer (Bloch).
Ostracion gibbusum Franz, Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, Suppl. 4, 1910, p. 91
(not of Linnaeus).
Lactophrys concatenatus GihCHKiHT and Thompson, Ann. Durban Museum, I, 1917,
p. 423.
One specimen from the Bay of Kagoshima (Wakiya). Twenty others from
Misaki (Aoki).
380. [659] Kentrocapros aculeatus (Houttuyn).'"" ItonuiL-i-fuyu.
One specimen of this little Ti-unk-fish was obtained l)y Wakiya at Kagoshima.
Sixteen taken by Aoki at Misaki. In young, 3.0 to 3.5 cm. long to the caudal
fin, the spines on the ridges are represented by mere tubercles. In one adult one
of the pair of most prominent suj^erolateral spines is tripai'tite on one side.
""See McCulldcli and Waite, Trans. Koy. Soc. S. Austral., XXXIX, lill."), p. 41)2.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 257
Family TETRAODOXTID.E.
381. [662] Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richard.son).
Saba-fugu = 'Siackeve\ puffer; Gin-fugu = >^\lvev puffer.
\\':ikaii()ura (YaniamotoJ ; Toba (Jordan and Yamaniotoj ; Toj'ama (S.
Yoshizawa) ; Xoo.
This species is best characterized l)y the extent of the dorsal prickly area.
The area is widest inidwa}- between verticals from eye and gill-opening, here
covering the whole tlorsal surface; from this area prickles extend forward in a
narrow area, remaining conspicuous, to the nostrils, but obsolescent farther for-
ward; backward from the widest point the area is of similar shape to that before
that point, and extends about half-way to the dorsal fin. In some specimens
prickles extend farther back in a rather narrow and irregular band in the dorsal
line, but they do not even then closely approach the dorsal fin. In the East Indian
species L. lunaris the dorsal prickly area in contrast extends backward in a but
sUghtly narrowed band to the dorsal fin.
In both species the sides of the tmnk and the entire urosome are wholly
devoid of prickles. In both the lateral folds of the two sides arise together at the
angle of the chin and extend backward, strong throughout their course to the
middle of the caudal base, where each is met at an acute angle by the poorlj-
developed dorsal fold of the caudal peduncle.
The two species are unquestionably closely related, but different. Further
differences, also pointed out by Bleeker, are noticeable in proportions, L. spadiceus
having a rather slenderer body and shorter head (a Uttle less rather than a little
more than one-third of the total length to caudal).
In addition to the Japanese material of L. spadiceus reported on by Jordan
and Sn^^der,"" we have examined one from Swatow, Cliina, collected Ijy Miss
Adele M. Fielde and recorded as Lagocephalus lunaris by Rutter,'"- two from
Manila, recorded by Jordan and Scale, '°^ and by Jordan and Richardson, '"^ in each
case together with true L. lunaris in the same lot as Sphwroides lunaris. Of L. lunaris
we have other Phili])pine material, two specimens from Hong Kong, collected
by Captain Finch, and one from ^Nloreton Bay, Queensland, collected by Ogilby.
A definite color-pattern is sometimes developed in the young, rarely in the
ailult. It consists of a .sharj^ly defined double cross-bar across the back about
midway between the pectoi-al and dorsal fins; a large blackish blotch below the
"' Proc. U. S. X. ^L, XXIV, 1001, p. 2.3.5.
'"- Proc. Acad. Xat. Sc-i. Phila., 1S97. p. 81.
'°^ Jordan and Seale, Bull. Bur. Fi.sh., XXVI, 1906 (1907), p. 30.
'"^Jordan and Richardson, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXVII, 1907 (1908), p. 273.
258 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
dorsal l)ase; irregular longitudinal blotches along the sides; indefinite cross-shades
connecting the darkened su])ra-orbital ridge, and irregular (hirk spots on the back,
especially distinct on the top of the caudal peduncle, or there united to form an
indefinite saddle.
382. [G64] Sphoeroides'"' alboplumbeus (Richard.soii). /vf////('/;-///f/(/ = Belly-i)uffer.
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Osaka market (Jordan); Kagoshima Bay
(Wakiya); 8oo-cho\v, China (Dr. Cora B. Reeves).
The synonymy of this species is greatly confused. We find no Japanese or
Chinese specimens corresponding with S. dhhuujus Bloch of the Indian Ocean,
with which (dhoplninbeiis has been identified, l)iit we are not certain that the two
are really diffei'ent. The oldest name seems to be guttulaius described by Richard-
son (1845) as a variety of ocellatus, and having page-priority over alboplumbeus,
but later (1846) doubtfully referred to the synonymy of alboplumbeus by its
describer. All Japanese and Formosan records of ocellatus probably refer rather
to this species.""' Spheroides stictonotus is probably the adult, as it differs from
typical alboplumbeus in much the same way as the adult (abbotti) of vermicularis
differs from the half-grown and young. But nearly all of these suggestions reciuire
confirmation.
The ])rickly area extends from between the nostrils backward dorsally to the
caudal fin, very closely approaching the dorsal fin, antl from this doi'sal area
downward to include most of the lower surfaces, except on the caudal peduncle;
the entire preorbital region to the lateral fold and the chin are without prickles.
The prickles are sufficiently enlarged to make the skin rough to the touch on the
back from between the eyes half-way or almost to the dorsal fin, on the belly, and
sometimes also in lateral bands before and behind the i)(.'ctoi'al fins. Where weak,
the pi'ickles may become obsolete.
The course of the lateral lines on the snout is variable.
383. [606] Sphoeroides rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel).
Tora-fugu = Tiger-puffer.
Kobe market, Enoshima (Jordan); Onomichi (Jordan and Snj^der).
Young specimens of this species from Onomichi were recoided by .Jordan and
Snyder'" as Spheroides edboplumheus.
"''' The name S pharoideH (179S) antedates Si)heroides 180G.
""■' Phili])])ine records of .S'. occlhdii^ (.Jordan and Seale, Pror. U. S. X. M.. XXVIII, 190.5, p. 7(11,
and Hull. Bur. Fish. XX\'I, 190(1 (1907). p. 30), refer to Cheloiuiihui piddcd, as we have determined l>y
re-examining the material so recorded. A Chinese record of IjiiiorcplKdiis <inU(itux Abbott (not Osbecl<),
refers to Spheroides mneelellrindi Regan.
"" Troc. r. S. X. M., XXIV, 1901, p. 244.
JORDAN AND HIBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 259
With age tho pectoral s])ot becomes blacker and more strongly ocellatecl.
rather than grading into the general color scheme, ^loreover additional, or
postpectoral, ocelli become developed. The prickles commence well behind the
lips, not far in advance of the nostrils, and extend l)ack\vard to within a short
distance of the dorsal fin, where the patch is abruptly tiuncated and completely
terminated, except for a few prickles, which extend along the lateral line below
the dorsal base. The ventral patch extends from the angle of the chin almost to
the anus. The two patches are either separated or veiy narrowly joined before
and behind pectoral fins. Wide areas about the mouth, eyes, and gill-openings,
and almo.st the entire tail are wholly devoid of prickles. Wherever the i)iickles
occur they are large and strong, being readily visible to the unaided eye, and very
sharp. Dorsal rays 16 or 17.
The use of the inflated skins of this large species as ornamental lanterns is a
specialty of f]noshima.
383a [668] Sphoeroides (Temminck and Schlegel).
Yokohama, Tokyo, Toba (Jordan); Alikawa (M. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki).
383b [670] Sphoeroides pardalis (Tennninck and Schlegel).
Toba (Jordan); Fukui (Nonaka); Misaki (Aoki).
Family SCORP.EXID.E.
383c [697] Sebastolobus macrochir (Giinther).
Western Hokkaido (Majima); Kushiro, Xemuro (Tanaka); Misaki (Aoki).
Genus vSebastodes Gill. {Mebaru; Soi).
For the present we refer all the Japanese species allied to Sehastes. but ha\-ing
only thirteen or fourteen dorsal spines, to the single genus Sebastodes. We realize
perfectly that not one of the Japanese forms is naturally congeneric with Sebastodes
paucispinis, the Californian type of the genus, nor ^-et with nigrocinctus, the type
of the genus Sebasiichthys, a Californian species, which stands at the opposite
extreme of the series of hhy or more known forms. It will be necessary to break
up the group into from five to ten genera, but the divisions, thus far proposed,
fail to satisfy, as the characters lack definiteness, or are subject to intergradation.
It .seems best to leave the arrangement of genera to some monographer. We may
note, that, the more extensive the material in hand, the more difficult the problem,
as appears in Frank Cramer's elaborate paper on the "Cranial Characters of
Sebastodes" (Cal. Ac. Sci., \", 1895).
200 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Tlic evolution of the gi'oui) fi'om Miocene forms {Sebastoessus, Rixator, etc.)
allied to Sehastodes revealing greater and greater divergence and modification of
the cranium is evident.
The Japanese species of this group may be provisionally referred to the follow-
ing subgenera, already more or less fully defined, but by no mean.s adequately
covering the entire group.
Emmelas Jordan and Evermann, glaucus.
Prii)inspina (Eigenmann and Beeson) mvstoni, sasctkii.
Sebastosumus Gill, inermis, tokiunis, joyneri, thompsoni, schlcgcli, tdczanoirHkii,
flammeus, itinus, steindachneri.
Acutomentum Eigenmann, matsubanr, iracundu^, scyiliropus.
Rosicoht Jordan and Evermann, /».syt.st('i?.s.
Pteropodus Eigenmann, vidpes, nivosus, irivitfnlus, tnitsukurii, pachycephalus.
Sebastodes^°^ Jordan and Hublis, eleyans.
Subgemis Pri)ii()X})in(i Eigenmann and Beeson.
384. [687A] Sebastodes (Primospina) owstoni Jordan and Thompson.
Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Noo.
This si^ecies is represented in the i)resent collection by five small specimens
(97 to 130 mm. long), all from the Sea of Japan. All of the specimens have fourteen
dorsal spines.
The color in life was obviously red, marked with al)out five indefinite dark
saddles along the l)ack, of which the one below the tenth and eleventh dorsal spines
is the most conspicuous.
385. [687B] Sebastodes (Primospina) sasakii Tanaka.
This species seems to be known only fi-om the oi-iginal description j^ublished in
Japanese."" We give here a translation of the original description, made for us
by Mr. Kasawa:
'Head 2.9 in length of body; depth, 3.0. Diameter of eye 4.5 in head; inter-
orbital width, 3.5; snout 3.33; maxillary 2.1; dei)th of caudal peduncle, 4.0. D.
XIII, 15; A. Ill, 7; pectoral, 19, all soft, the first and last unbranched, the first
eight liranclied, the last nine unl^ranched, thickened; V. I, 5; C, about 12 (branched
rays only counted). Scales about 115 in lateral line; 15 between D. and lat. 1.;
27 between lat. 1. and anal; i:)ores about 59. Gill-rakers 28; longest gill-rakers 1.5
'"^ Sehn-ttocle-t .Jordan and liubbs, sul)gcn. nov. Dorsal spiiips low, iioniially fourteen; interorliital
deeply eoncave, size small. Type SehnMes I'lcgaiifi Stoiiidacliiier.
'"'■' ZoiA. Mas., XXVIII, No. 333, p. 2.5
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 2G1
in eye. Body elongate, not elevated, evenly i-ounded. Maxillary not reaching to
anterior margin of pupil. Pectoral fin reaching beyond ventral fin, but not to
anus; distance from tip of pectoral to origin of anal equals length of V. Caudal
fin emarginate. Scales ctenoid. Maxillary scaled.
'In formalin color brownish red, pale ventrally ; irregular brownish black blotches
on sides; about five wide bars above lateral line; many irregular spots between
bars. Four brownish bands about eye, one band across the head in front of eyes;
one band branched behind eye, one branch extending across head back of eye, the
other branch running along side of body; next band below eye also branched, one
branch lunning to opercle, one branch extending obliquely downward and back-
ward; the last band extending downward and forward from eye. Anothei- band
on interorbital space, not touching eye. Very little black on lower part of oi)ercles;
belly pale.
'Specimen taken in deep water (about 120 fathoms).
'Named for Madoka Sasaki, pi-ofcssor of fisheries, Imjierial University of
Hokkaido.
'Caught off the coast of Rikuzen (Matsushima).'
Subgenus Sebastosomus Gill.
386. [089] Sebastodes (Sebastosomus) inermis (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Kuru-sui = Black Rock-cod.
Sebastes inermis Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., IV, 1829, p. 346. —
HiLGENDORF, Sitzuugsb. Ges. Nat. Freunde. Berlin, 1880, p. 172.
Sebastodes inermis Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVII, 1904, p. 103.
—Franz, Abh. Bay. Akad. Wi.ss., Vol. I, Suppl. 4, 1910, p. 70.— Snyder, Proc.
U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 425.— Jordan and Metz, Ann. Car. Mus., VI,
1913, p. 51.— Jordan and Thompson, ibid., VII, 1914, p. 271.
Sebastodes ventricosus Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1843,
p. 48, pi. 20, figs. 1, 2.— Bleeker. Verb. Bat. Gen.. XXVI, 1859. p. 80.—
Nystrom, Kong. Verb. Handl., 1887, p. 20.
Sebastodes fuscescens Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIII, 1900, p. 756
(Probabh' not of Houttuyn).
Sebastodes guntheri Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVII, 1904, p. 102,
fig. 2.— Jordan and Metz, Ann. Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 49, fig. 43.
Tokyo and Yokohama markets (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto);
Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa).
Snyder, and Jordan and Thompson were undoubtedly right in referring guntheri
to the svnonvmv of inermis.
202 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Snyder expresses doiil)! as to whether Cuvier and Valenciennes iiad the
species, now called ineniris or tokionis in mind, and suggests that Sebastes ventricosus
and Sebastodes tokioniH are identical. In our opinion, however, Schlegel's figure
of ventricosus is assuredly not based on a specimen of tokionis, and agrees in detail
with inermis, and not with any other species of the inermis group. Hilgendorf,
furthermore, compared the type of inermis with a specimen identified by Schlegel
as ventricosus and declares the two to be identical. Consequently, until contrary
evidence is forthcoming, we propose to regard ventricosus as a synonym of inermis,
and to continue to apply the name inermis to the species here discussed. It is
probable, however, that the descriptions of Giinther {ventricosus) and i)f Stein-
dachner [inermis) wqyq l:)ased on specimens of tokionis.
Sebastodes inermis is typical of a complex group of species, the genus Sebas-
tosomus of Gill, which differ widely from other species of Sebastodes, and agree
among themselves in nearly all trenchant characters. In all of these forms the
head is nearly smooth, the supraorbital and occipital ridges being weak; nasal,
preorbital, postorbital, and occipital spines alone are developed on the top of the
head, and they are small and rather depressed; the preorbital is armed by two
sharp spines directed downward and backward; behind them the suborbital is
extremely narrow; of the two opercular spines the upper is the larger; the five
preopercular spines are all directed backward; of these the first is very small, the
second much tlie largest; the interorbital is evenly and very slightly convex and
rather broad; the gill-rakers are long and slender, twenty-four to twenty-seven in
numboi- on lower liml) of first arch; the mandible projects as a rather sharp knob,
and a double symphy.seal knob is (U'vclojx'd; the broad end of the maxillary ex-
tends about to below the middle of oil)it; the suborbital stay is complete; the
head is covered with ctenoid scales to the lii^s, the snout, preorbital, suborbital,
maxillary, mandible, exposed gular and branchiostegal regions, all being closely
scaled; the body-scales are of moderate size, the pores thirty-four to fifty-three in
number; there are few accessory scales; the dorsal fin is of moderate height, and
composed of thirteen spines and twelve to fifteen soft rays; the anal rays are III,
5 to S; the paired fins are pointed and long; the anus is well in advance of the anal
fin; the peritoneum in all is white.
In addition to S. inermis this group includes tokionis, joyneri, and thompsoni.
These four species may be divitled into two groups. In the first pair, inermis
and tokionis, the caudal fin is strictly truncate, and the ventral fin is very long,
reaching far l)eyond the anus, which is distant about two-thirds the orl)ital length
from the anal fin. In the other two species, joyneri and thompsoni, the caudal
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 263
fin is distinctly emarginatc and sharply lobed; the ventral fin is shorter, reaching
but Uttle, or not at all. beyond the anus: the anus is distant tlie full length of the
orbit from the anal fin.
Description of Sebastodes inermis: Dorsal rays, XIII. 12 to L5. most fi'e-
quently 14; anal rays. III, 5 to 8. usually 7 or S. Pores in lateral line to caudal
base, 39 to 47 (the ty]De of guntheri has 42, not 50 pores, as described); scales
vertically below first doi-sal spine, to lateral line, 11 to 17; scales in an oblique
row from first anal spine to lateral line, 18 to 27. Scales somewhat rougher and
firmer than in related species, and with more accessory scales at bases; each scale
near middle of body, above lateral line, with 7 to 12, usually 9 to 11, radii. Back
rather strongly elevated, depth of body greater than length of the head, and
contained 2.4 to 2.7 times in standard length. Length of orbit 2.9 (rarely) to 3.4
in head to end of opercular flap, and 1.15 to 1.4 times the interorbital width (1.45
to 1.6 times interorbital in young); length of u]3per jaw, 2.2 to 2.4 in head; length
of ventral spine 1.4 to 1.9 in total length of fin.
Color brassy green to reddish brown or 1)lackish, becoming dusky silvery to
dull reddish below; the sides crossed by wide, indistinct, and much disrupted
cross-bands, which are about as well developed below as above the lateral line;
young boldly marked with i-ather large spots, which later merge with the bars.
387. [691] Sebastodes i Sebastosomus) tokionis Joi-dan and Starks.
Aku-)iub(iru = Red Rock-cod.
Sebastes ventricosus Gunther. Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 1860. p. 97 (not of
Temminck and Schlegel).
Sebastodes ventricosus Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. X. M., XLMI, in. 2,
1898, p. 1829 (after Gunther).
Sebastes inermis Steindachner and Doderlein. Denksch. Akad. Wi.ss. Wien,
1884, p. 205 (not of Cuvier and \'alenciennes).
Sebastodes inermis Jordan and Evermann. /. c.. p. 1829 (after Steindachner and
Doderlein).
Sebastodes tokionis Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXMI, 1904, p. 104
fig. 3.— Franz. Abh. Bay. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, Suppl. 4, 1910, p. 70.— Snyder,
Proc. U. S. X. ^I., XLII, 1912, p. 425. — Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car.
Mus., VI, 1914, p. 425, fig. 40.
Osaka market (Jordan); Misaki (Aoki) ; Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
The proportionate measurements of depth of body and of eye, as given by
Gunther and l)y Steindachner. indicate that they had 1)efore them the present
species, rather than *S'. inermis. This species is extremely clo.se to Sebastodes inermis,
264 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
but differs in luiving a lower avei'age number of pores and scales, a higher average
nimiber of radii on the scales, the back not elevated, and the body slenderer, the eye
usually much larger (at comparable sizes), and the color in life lighter and redder.
Description of Sehastodes tokionis (based on tlie material listed above, on the
type and four paratypes from Misaki, and one specimen from Tokyo, collected by
Jordan and Snyder in 1900): Dorsal rays, XIII, 13 to 15; anal rays, III, 6 to 8.
Pores in lateral line to caudal base, 35 to 45, usually fewer than 42 (in the type
we count 39); scales below first dorsal spine, 11 to 14; obliquely above first anal
spine, 17 to 22 (in each case to lateral line). Scales near middle of body, above
lateral line, averaging somewhat longer and more widely exposed than in related
species, each with 8 to 15, usually 10 or more, radii. Dorsal contour much less
elevated than in .S. inermis and moi-e gently curved, the greatest d('i:)tli conse-
quently less, about equal to length of head, contained 2.7 to 2.9 times in length
to caudal. Orbit very large, 2.7 to 3.2 in head; in the adult 1.4 to 1.65, and in
the young 1.55 to 1.65 times the interorbital width; length of upper jaw 2.3 to
2.4 in head; length of ventral spine, 1.55 to 1.85 in total length of fin.
Color of a fresh specimen brown above, becoming bright red on lower parts;
the dorsal dusky, becoming blackish outwardly, but with the margins of the
membranes from the fifth to the tenth spines red; all other fins red; nasal tubes
bright red. In alcohol the back is dusky (lighter than in *S. inermis), the lower
parts silvery; dorsals, anal, and tip of ventral dusky; pectorals colorless. In the
young the fins are darker, and the sides are marked with spots, which, though
clearly evident, are smaller, more numerous, and less distinct than in the young
of S. inermis. Adults are indefinitely marked with cross-bars, which are well
shown in the figure of the type; these, as in S. inermis, are about as well developed
on the lower side as above the lateral line, and are nowhere sharj^jly defined.
388. [692] Sehastodes (Sebastosomus) joyneri (Gunther).
Takenoko-mebaru = Ba,n\hoo Rock-cod.
Sebastes joyneri GtJNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 485; Challenger
Reports, Shore-Fishes, 1880, p. 64, i)l. 29, fig. A. — Steindachner and Doder-
LEiN, Denksch. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1884, p. 206.
Sebastodcs joyneri Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. N. M., XLVII, pt. 2, 1898,
p. 1829 (after Steindachner and Doderlein). — Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S.
N. M., XXIII, 1900, p. 757 (in part).— Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N.
M., XXIII, 1900, p. 105 (in part, not specimens from Miyako). — Snyder,
Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 426.
Shizuoka (Jordan).
JORDAN AND HIBB.S: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED rJ22. 265
We sepui-ate from S. joyneri, as representatives of a new sjiecies, which we
name Sebastodes thompsoni, certain specimens, which hitherto have been con-
founded with this species. Excluding these we have seven specimens (five pre-
viously recorded) which correspond in full detail with the descriptions of Gunther
and Steindachner. These specimens serve as the basis for the description which
follows.""
Description of Sebastodes joyneri: Dorsal rays XIII, 14 or 15; anal rays. III,
7 or 8; pores in lateral line 43 to 51 (42 to 49 counted bj' Steindachner): 13 to 15
scales between lateral line and origin of dorsal, 24 to 29 scales to origin of anal;
scales near middle of body and above lateral line with 8 to 13 radii. Both contours
rather evenly curved, the body rather slender, its greatest depth 2.7 to 2.9 in length
to caudal; orbit very large, its length 2.65 to 3.4 in head to end of flap, 1.2 to 1.7
times the interorbital width; length of upper jaw. 2.35 to 2.5 in head; length of
ventral spine, 1.4 to 1.75 in total length of fin.
Color red, a little darker above, with highly intensified and sharply margined
obliciue black bars of constant form, five partly below and partly on dorsal base;
first composed of two separated rounded spots, one at base of fin and one on lateral
line; the second bilobed, extending a little below lateral line; the third comma-
shaped, barelj' extending below lateral line, the ventral end showing some variation,
sometimes being partly or completely separated from the rest of the bar, the
detached portion rarely divided vertically; fourth round, extending only half-way
to lateral line; the fifth smaller and squarer in shape, a saddle across caudal
peduncle at end of dorsal base, extending a little out on fin, but not to latest line;
the sixth a small spot at upper edge of caudal base. Largest specimen 188 mm.
long to caudal.
389. [692A] Sebastodes ( Sebastosomusj thompsoni Jordan and Hubbs, s]). nov.
Sebastodes joyneri Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1900, p. 757
(in part).— Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. X. AI.. XXVH, 1904, p. 105
(specimen from Mij'ako). — Jordan and Thompson, Mem. Car. Mus., VI,
1914, p. 271. pi. XXXII, fig. 2. (Specimen from Tsu.shima Straits).
This species is nearest Sebastodes joyneri, with which it has heretofore been
confused, but differs sharply in coloration, as is well shown in the figures of the
two species. The pores in the lateral line are more numerous (52 or 53) than in
any other species of the mermts-group.
Type, 189 mm. Icjng to caudal fin, collected by Jordan and Snyder (in 1900)
at Miyako, Japan; Cat. Xo. 7167, Stanford University Collections. Paratypes of
"° For certain other characters of .S'. joyneri see the comparisons made uiuler .S. inermis, p. 202.
2()()
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
aliout the same size were cullected l)y Doctttr Jordan (in lUlij at Osaka; Cat.
No. 22G40, Stanford collections (No. ()()37a Car. Mus. Cat. Fishes).
Head, 2.85 to 3.05; depth, 2.7 to 2.9. Botly rather slend(>i\ the back not
especially elevatetl; the dorsal and ventral contours about e([ually curved. Head
rather smooth, supraorbital and occijntal ridges being low and partly scaled over;
nasal, jireorbital, postorbital, and occipital spines alone developed on top of head,
all small and depressed; preoi-bital armed by two sharp spines (one bifid in type)
directed downward and backward; suborbital extremely narrow; upper opercular
spine the longer; five jireojiercular spines, the first very small, the second much
the largest, those following progressively shorter, all directed backwaixl. Inter-
orbital nearly smooth, very slightly convex, its edges nowhere gibbous, its least
Fig. 1. Sebastodcs Ihoiupsoui .Jordan and Hubhs, s|j. nov. Rcprnduction of the figure of S. joi/neri
.Jordan and Thompson, Mem. C. M., VI, I'l. XXXII, fi.a;, 2.
width 1.35 to l.G in oiiiit ; suborl)ital stay complete; orbi-t, 3.2 to 3.25 in head;
maxillary, 2.2 to 2.4, its l)road end reaching to below middle of orbit; mandible
projecting as a rather sharji knob; a double symphyseal knob of teeth fitting into
interspace between expanded anterior lobes of premaxillary teeth; sides of jaws
and palatines with nai'row bands of teeth; gill-rakers rather long and slender,
twenty-seven on lower limb of outer arch. Head covered with ctenoid scales to
the lips, the snout, preorbital, suborbital, maxillary, mandible, and exposed
portions of gular and branchiostegal membranes all being closely scaled. Body-
scales rather smaller than in related species, the pores of latei'al line numbering 52
or 53 to caudal base; about 17 scales in a series from first dorsal spine vertically
JOKUAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED H)22. 267
dowiiwartl to lateral line, 28 to ."^0 in an ()l)li(iu(' row from first anal s])iii(' to latci'al
line. Accessoiy scales few, except on nai)e and along base of dorsal. Scales with
about eleven radii. Dorsal rays, XIII, 14; anal, III, 7; pectorals, Ki. Dorsal
spines short and modei'ately robust, the foui'th oi' fifth longest, a little longer than
highest soft ray, contained 2.3 to 2.4 times in head; membranes between doisal
spines not deeply incised; the dorsals not very deeply cmarginate. Caudal dis-
tinctly emarginate; the lobes rather sharp. Third anal spine about as strong as
second and a little longer, a little more than two-thirds the longest soft ray, 2.4
to 2.7 in head. Ventral pointed, scarcely extended lieyond anus, the length of the
fin 1.6 to 1.65 times the length of the spine, contained 1.55 to 1.65 times in head.
Pectoral rather pointed, reaching to above anus, 1.2 in head. Unbranched pectoial
rays not enlarged. Anus in advance of anal fin a distance about eciual to length
of orbit. Peritoneum white.
Color doubtless red in life; in spirits dusky above, and silvery below the lateral
line. Upper sides marked with dai'k bi'own bars, not black as in S. joijncri, and
of different form. The form of the bars is better indicated by the figure than by
description. Mem. Car. Mus., Vol. VI, pi. XXXII, fig. 2.
390. [690] Sebastodes (Sebastosomus) schlegeli (Ililgendorf).
Kuro-mcbarii = B\i\ck Rock-cod.
Otaru market (S. Takayasu) ; Sapj^oro market (Majima).
391. [095] Sebastodes (Sebastosomus) steindachneri (Ililgendorf).
Yanagi-7)icbaru = Wi\\o\\ Rock-cod.
A single specimen taken by Tanaka at Nemuro.
Dorsal rays, XIII, 15; anal. III, 7; pectoral rays, 1, 9, 8=18; pores, 32; head,
2.7; depth, 2.7; orbit, 4; snout, 4.
392. |697] Sebastodes (Sebastosomusj taczanowskii (Steindachnei).
Otaru market (Takayasu); Sapporo market (Majima).
In this species there is wide variation in structural featiu'es. The postorljital
spine may be either absent, or present; the posterior suborbital lol)e may become
divided into two parts; scales sometimes extend forward on the mandible over the
articular bone, and along the upper edge, and sometimes even scatteringly over
the posterior outer face of the dentary bone. The body, when fresh, shows more
or less distinctly pearly spots on the centers of scales on the sides.
2G8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
393. [698] Sebastodes (Sebastosomus) flammeus Jonlau :iiid Starks.
Hi-mebaru = Scarlet Rock-cod.
One ^jiecimen, 345 mm. long to tlie caudal fin, taken at Ku.shiro by Tanaka,
agrees well with Jordan and Thompson's redescription and figure of this species.'"
Measurements in hundredths of length to caudal: head (to end of ojiercular
membrane) .40; upi)er jaw, .175; snout, .10; mandil)le, .225; pectoral, .28; ventral
fin, .185; ventral spine, .102; fourth dorsal spine, .105; third anal spine, .098; bony
interorl)ital, .083; depth of caudal peduncle, .10.
Dorsal rays, XIII, 15; anal. III, 8; pores in the lateral line, 33; gill-rakers,
1 + 20. The teeth of the upper jaw are in a band anteriorly, the few next the
antei'ior notch being canines, in a double series of fairly strong incurved teeth
mediall.v, and in a band of fine teeth near the angle of the gape. The mandibular
teeth are developed as a group of small canines on the strong symphysial knob,
but ]-apidly narrow to a single series, which extends along the entire sides of the
jaws.
The dark blotch mentioned by Jordan and Snyder is not on the opercular
flap, but on the upper part of the bi'anchiostegal membrane. The membrane
above the anterior half of uppermost branchiostegal is also brownish black. These
two marks, ordinarily concealed, are sharph^ diagnostic of the species.
Subgenus Aculomentum Eigenmann.
394. [700] Sebastodes (Acutomentum) iracundus Jordan and Starks.
Ittcn-dko = Sjiot Rock-fisk.
Sebastes matsubanc var., Hilgendorf, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde,
Berlin, 1880, p. 170, and plate.
Sapporo market (Majima); Kushiro (Tanaka).
The four specimens fully agree with the fish recorded under the above name
l)>' Snyder,"- from Mororan. They differ from the type chiefly in coloration,
which is probably largely due to changes in preservation. The black blotch on
the side of the large type, as described, is very much smaller on one side than on
the other; such irregular spots appear on various Californian species of the genus.
In the following counts and measurements tlie items applying to the large
type are put in parentheses, wlien different from the measurements taken from
the five other specimens at hand.
'" Mem. Car. Mus., \l. 11114, p. 270, i,l. XXXII, fig. 1.
"= Proc. U. S. X. M., XLII, 1912, p. 420.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED Hi22. 269
Dorsal rays, XIII, 14 (13): anal rays, III, 8; pectoral I'ays, distinguishing
branched and unbranched rays, 1 or 2 + 8 or 9 (9 or 10) + 8 or 9 (9) = 18 or 19
(19 or 20); pores, 30 to 35 (30). Head, 2.55 to 2.6 (2.45), depth, 2.4 to 2.6 (2.8);
depth of caudal peduncle, 3.7 to 4.1 (4.7); orbit, 3.3 to 3.5 (3.8); interorbital, 4.6
to 5.1 (5.1); snout, 3.8 to 4.1 (4.25); upper jaw, 1.9 to 2.1 (2.1). Scales covering
all exposed surfaces of the head, excepting only the eyes and lips, everywhere
ctenoid. Teeth in a moderate band in premaxillaries, somewhat enlarged anteriorly;
mandibular teeth coarse on the small symphysial knob, chiefly in one series of
strong teeth, laterally flanked to well to\\ard the end of the series by one or two
irregular rows of smaller teeth. Spines of head sul)ject to much \-ariation; supra-
ocular spine occasionall}^ reduced to a shar]) knob; coronal s])ines indiffei'cntly
present or absent, directed outward or backward, and \-arying in position: nuchal
spines distinct, or more or less completely fused with the parietals. Lower border
of orbit without a raised and broken crest, but sometimes showing a small spine
at base of the upper edge of suborbital stay. Interorbital flat or weakly concave,
with a pair of very weak to rather strong ridges.
Color red, with dusky markings arranged in diagnostic fashion. Three narrow
bars cross the top of the head at the front and liack of orbit and at nape; rather
faint cro.ss-bars or wedges extend downward from about tlie front of the dorsal to
the black opercular blotch, from the middle of the spinous across the lateral line,
and as irregular fragments well toward the ventral fins, from near the end of the
spinous dorsal not nearly to the lateral line, and from below the end of soft dorsal
base almost to lateral line; a longitudinal row of spots, more or less blurred into
blotches, opposite the dark bars, extends along the body just above and below the
lateral line, the ventral series being the more conspicuous. A dark blotch on the
branchiostegal membrane near opercular spot, and a variable amount of like
color on the hidden portion of the membrane medially. Buccal and branchial
cavities coarseh' blotched with l:)lack; peritoneum black.
395. [693] Sebastodes (Acutomentum) scythropus .lordan and Snyder.
Ukeguchi-mebaru = Lucky-mout h Rock-cod .
A ripe female, 202 mm. long to the caudal fin, was obtained in the Yokohama
market (Jordan).
Dorsal, XIII, 12; anal. III, 5 (counting la.st rays as branched); second anal
spine little longer than third.
Ground-color pale pinkish, becoming silvery below, and marked dorsally by
large orange-red blotches, broadly bordered with l)luish gray, and arianged as
follows: a streak along front of lateral line ending in a large blotch below middle
270 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNECIK MUSEUM.
of spinous dorsal; a similar streak Ix'twccn lateral line and dorsal; four blotches
diagonally disposed about the one mentioned above, the foremost Itehind opercle,
the upper two extended into dorsal base, the one under the foui' last spines of the
first dorsal fin wedge-shaped ; the fourth blotch indefinitely connected along lower
sides with the lower end of a i)rominent bar below soft dorsal; another bar on
caudal peduncle near base of caudal. Head pale, with some mottling of bluish
dusky above, and with a large and conspicuous rich deep brown opercular blotch.
Dorsal fins with extensions of the red body-markings, and with red dashes in the
membranes distally. Caudal and ventrals red; pectorals and anal pinkish.
Subgenus Pteropodus Eigenmann.
390. [702] Sebastodes (Pteropodus) vulpes (Hteindachner and Doderlein).
iy«-.so/ = Ti'ue Rock-cod; Kitsiinc-mcb(tru = Fox Rock-cod.
Otaru market (Takayasu).
397. [703] Sebastodes (Pteropodus) pachycephalus (Temminck and Schlegel.)
//ac/if^aro = Cranium-belly ; Mura-soi = Irregular Rock-cod.
Otaru market (Takayasu) ; Yokohama market (Jordan) ; Toj'ama (S. Yo-
shizawa) .
398. [706] Sebastodes (Pteropodus) mitsukurii (Cramer).
Toba market (Joi-dan and Yaniamoto); Alikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Fukui
(Nonaka).
Young, about 4 cm. long to caudal, are very similar to the adult in form and
color, differing chiefly in having the gill-rakers about one-third as long as the
orbit.
399. [70S] Sebastodes (Pteropodus) trivittatus (Hilgendorf).
Shimazoi = iitriped Rock-cod.
Otaru market (Takayasu); Nemuro (Tanaka).
Dorsal rays, XIII, 13; anal, 6; pores, 38.
Subgenus Sebastodes* Jordan and Hubbs.
400. [704] Sebastodes (Sebastodes) elegans (Steindachner and Doderlein).
Yoroi-mebaru = Mailed Rock-cod.
Misaki (Aoki).
Ripe females are 13 to 15 cm. long to caudal.
All four specimens have fourteen dorsal spines. Tins dainty little fish is
especially characteristic of the Inland Sea.
* See footnote No. lOS, p. 2(10.
JORDAN AND HIBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1<)_'2. 271
Genus Scorp.exodes Blocker.
This name roplaees Sebastopsis Gill, and Sebmtopsh Sauvage. SrhastcUd
Tanaka (1918) appears to be another synonym.
401. [709] Scorpaenodes littoralis (Tanaka). /.so-Av/.'^^(f/o = Surf Scorpion-fish.
Sebastella Uttoralis Tanaka. Zool. Mag., XXIX, 1918, p. 10.
We offer a tran.slation of the original account of this species, which was in
Japanese :
'Head 2.66 in length of body without caudal fin; dejith 3. Diameter of eye
3.875: interorbital, 6.89; .snout, 3.44; maxillary, 1.77; caudal peduncle, 3.875.
Dorsal, XIII, 9; anal, III, 5; pectoral fin, 17, tlie lower nine rays unbranched;
ventral, I, 5; caudal, 11 (branched rays). Scales in series upon lateral line, 46;
6 above, 11 below lateral Une. Teeth on both jaws and on vomer, but not on
palatines. Second anal spine stronger and longer than third. Tip of pectoral fin
reaching a little beyond origin of anal; ventral fin not reaching anal origin. Caudal
rounded.
Color in formalin l)rown. Six indistinct oblique bars on the sides; three bands
radiating downward from the eye; subopercle with a large blotch; many biown
spots and streaks on all tlie fins. Length from front of head to tip of middle
caudal rays 99 mm.'
This fish is abundant along the shore at Misaki, and does not attain a large
size, a fact which accounts for its not being brought into the markets.
It resembles some species caUed Sebastodes, but differs in having no teeth on
the palatine bones.
402. [710] Sebasticus albofasciatus ( Lacepetle).
Ayavtc-kasago = Bright-colored Kasago.
Shizuoka and 0.saka markets (Jordan); Mi.saki (Aoki).
The subocular spine is absent in all our specimens but one. on which it occurs
on l)ut one side. Dorsal spines normally 12. but occasionally 11 or 13. In large
adults the eye is less than one-fourth as long as the head, l)ut in specimens of
similar size, the eye is larger than in S. marmoratus.
403. [711] Sebastiscus marmoratus fCuvier and Valenciennes). Kasago.
Sebastiscus tsuraara Tanaka, Zool. Mag., Vol. XXIX, Xo. 339, 1917. ]). 10
(Misaki).
272 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Shizuoka, Tokyo, and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Alikawa Bay
(M. Lsbikawa).
This species varies much in color and pattern, grading from blackisli to reddish
brown, l)ut not approaching, so far as known, tlie red color (fading to white in
alcohol) characteristic of »S. alhofasciatus. One of the darker color phases has
lately been distinguished specifically by Tanaka as S. tsuraara, but we do not
think the form so named to be separable. In this species the spine on th(> sub-
orbital stay near the lower margin of the orbit is but rarely developed, but it is
also frequently, i)erhaps usually, absent in albofasciatus. These two forms are
very closely related, and indeed alhofasciatus may l)e merely the deep-water race
of marmoi'atus, and it is likely that Joi'dan and Thompson (1914) are right in
uniting the two, under the older name albofasciatus.
404. [714] Helicolenus emblemarius Jordan and Starks.
Yokohama market (Jordan).
405. [715] Scorpaena neglecta Temminck and Schlegel.
Fusa-kasayo = Fringe Kasago.
Misaki (Aoki).
406. [716] Scorpsena izensis Jordan and Starks.
Misaki (Aoki) ; Miyazu.
407. [717] Scorpaenopsis cirrhosa (Thunberg). 0?(/-AY;.srt(/o = Devil Kasago.
Kobe market (Jordan).
Snyder's record of this species from Kagoshima refers to S. gibhosa. The two
species are, however, well distinguished.
Head 2.25 to 2.3: depth, 3.1 to 3.4: orbit, 5.4 to 6.1: dorsal rays, XII, 8 or 9;
anal, III, 5.
408. [719] Scorpaenopsis gibbosa (Bloch and Schneider).
IScorpaiia gibbosa Block and Schneider, Ichth., 1801, p. 192, pi. 44. — Gunther,
Fische der Sudsee, I, 1874, p. 79, pi. 53: Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 1860, p. 119.
— Bleeker, Verb. Akad. Amster. XVI, 1876, p. 38, pi. 2, fig. 1; Atl. Ichth.,
IX, 1877, pi. 416, fig. 4 and 4a.
Scorpce7ia kagoshimana Doderlein, Denksch. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 49, 1884, p. 28;
ibid., 53, 1887, pi. 3.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 273
ScorpirnopHis kdyo.sJiiiiKiiKi Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVII, 11)04,
p. 137.— Smith and Pope, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXI, 1906, p. 482.
Scorpa'nopsis cirrhusa Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 428 (not of
Thunborg) .
One specimen obtained at Kago.shima Bay (Wakiya).
In Japan this species has only been taken at Kagoshima. Smith and Pope
and Snyder err in regarding this species as identical with the very different S.
cirrhosa. We have compared this topotypic example of S. kagoshimana with a
specimen of S. ijihbom from Samoa, and with the figures of the species, and find no
basis for specific distinction. Especially diagnostic is the coloration of the under
surface of the pectoral fin, clear white, with black spots in base, gray mesially,
then broadly and regularly black within the narrow white margin.
The Hawaiian specic^s Scorpcenopsis catocala has been regarded as identical
with .S. gibhosa, but probably in error. The spines are much sharper, the cavities
of the head are deeper, and the coloration is different, especially on the under
surface of the pectoral fin; the base highly mottled, followed dor sally first l\y a
large black blotch, then l^y a white area, then by a row of l^lack spots i)arallel
with, l)ut well removed fi-om, the margin of the fin; the pale margin of the ventral
fins is wider. In these respects S. catocala agrees better with ,S. diabolus, as de-
scribed and figured by Bleeker. We hesitate, however, to make the identification.
409. [722] Pterois lunulata Temminck and Schlegel.
M?'«o-A-rt,sfl(/o = Rain-coat Kasago.
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki;.
Genus Brachirus Swainson.
The name Brachirus, occuri-ing sevei-al pages earlier in Swainson's work {p. 71)
must replace Dendrocliirus (p. 180).
410. [723 and 725] Brachirus jordani (Regan).
Scto-mino-kasago = Channel Mino-kasago.
Pterois jordani Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7) XV, 1905, p. 20.
Dendrochirus jordani Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, ]i. 428.
Ebosia starksi Franz, Al)h. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, Suppl. 4, 1910, p. 72, pi. 9,
fig. 69.
One specimen secui-ed Ijy Wakiya in Kagoshima Bay.
Franz's description of Ebosia starksi agrees with Brachirus jordani in all
details, except the nunibei' of anal soft rays, given as nine; probably a misprint.
274 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
411. 1723A] Brachirus bellus Joidaii and Hubbs, sp. nov.
(Plate X; fig. 3.)
Type 64 mm. long to caudal fin, 90 mm. long to end of caudal; collected at
Misaki, Japan, by Aoki; ('. M. ("at. Fishe.s No. 7894. No other specimen has
been seen.
Dorsal rays, XII, I, 9; anal. III, 5; caudal, 12 (10 branched); pectorals.
1 + 7 + 9=17.
Head, 2.4; depth, 2.5 in standard length. Least depth of caudal peduncle,
3.5 in head, just ecjual to length of orbit; interorbital, 7.6; snout, 3.9: least sub-
orbital width, 8.0; length of upper jaw, 2.5.
The ovate form of tlie body and tlu> contours of the head are well shown by
the artist. When viewed from in front, tlie head is widest at the preopercular
angle; the interorbital deeply concave, with a fine groove between the two sub-
median I'idges, which do not end in spines; no nasal spines; only two blunt spines
on upi)er posterior margin of orbit ; infraorbital keel complete, but spineless, ex-
tending to the preopercular margin opposite the uppermost and strongest (though
weak) preopercular spine; the two additional preopercular spines blunt; oj^ercles
devoid of developed ridges or spines; a series of three short ridges ending in blunt
spines from eye to below origin of lateral line; occipital ridges moderately elevated
and sharp, witlely divergent, their weak terminal spines being more than twice
as far ai)art as their origins; a small spine on each side between occipital ridge and
oibit. The two suborbital, one nasal, and one supraorbital leaf -like flaps are well
dra\\n l)y the artist. The teeth ai'e all small and blunt, arranged in moderate
bands on jaws and vomer, absent on palatines. The scales of the head are cycloid,
rather loosely covering the top of the head forward to middle of interorbital
groove, but are well imbricate on opercle, subopercle, and the cheeks above and
below the stay; sides and front of interorbital, snout, preorbital, suborbital, both
jaws, interopercle, and gular and l^ranchiostegal membranes devoid of scales.
The body-scales are ctent)id, I'athcr regularly arranged, without accessory scales,
and of rather large size, there being only about twenty-eight along the lateral line
to caudal base.
The form of the fins is shown in accurate detail l)y the artist, so that a de-
scription would add nothing not evident from an examination of the figure.
The body and fins are prettily spotted with brown oi' black, as pictured.
412. [724] Ebosia bleekeri (Doderlein). £'6os/w-A;asa{70 = Helmet-Kasago.
A female specimen, witliout the elevated occipital crest, which features the
male of this species, was taken at Misaki by Aoki.
JORDAN A\D HI'BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 2/0
413. [727, 728] Minous monodactylus (Bloch and Schneider).
Hime-Okoze = Fnncess-Okoze, or Stinging Fish.
Scorpcena 77ionodactyla Bloch and Schneider, Ichth., 1801, ]). 194.
Minous monodactylus Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829,
p. 424, pi. 95, fig. 2.— GiJNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 1860, p. 148 (with
synonymy). — Bleeker, Acad. Sci. Roy. Amst., 1876, p. 64 (with synonymy).
— Jordan and Thompson, Ann. Car. Mus., VI, 1914, p. 276, fig. 47.
Mi7ious adamsii Richardson, Voy. Samarang, Fishes, 1850, p. 7. — Jordan and
Starks, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVII, 1904, p. 151.
Minous echigonius Jordan and Starks, /. c, p. 153, fig. 14.
Lysoderma satsumae Smith and Pope, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXXI, 1906, p. 484, fig. 7.
Kobe market (Jordan) ; Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Fukui
(Nonaka).
We find no characters, by which we can distinguish the Japanese and
Chinese M. adamsii from the East Indian monodactylus. Regan states that he
has found no difference between Japanese and East Indian material. Minous
echigonius seems to be likewise identical, and Lysoderma satsumce is doubtless
based on a specimen of Minous monodactylus, which had lost its three semi-free
anterior dorsal spines, as the type and only known specimen of that nominal
species, as described and figured, otherwise agrees to minute details with normal
specimens. There is no difference in scales nor in the character of the anal spines,
features imperfectly described by authors other than Smith and Pope.
414. [731] Erosa erosa (Langsdorf). Z)rtri/M;a-oA-o2e = Daruma-Stinger.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki). Rare.
415. [732] Inimicus japonicus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
(hii-okoze = Devil-Stinger.
Tokyo, Yokohama, and Osaka markets (Jordan) ; INIikawa Bay (Ishikawa) ;
Misaki (Aoki); Fukui (Xonaka). Common in the markets southward. All of the
specimens taken belong to the dark-colored inshore form {typical japonicus).
Genus Hypodytes Gi.stel.
The name Hypodytes Gistel (1849) should replace the later Paraceidrupogon.
416. [735] Hypodytes rubripinnis (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ha-okose = ( "hief-okose.
Kochi (Waki^'a); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki); Toyama
(Yoshizawa). Very common southward.
27() MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family HFA'AGRAMMID.E.
417. |74()] Hexagrammos otakii Joi'daii ami Starks. Ainame; Abura-k()i = Fat fiah.
Hexagrammos (iburiico Jordan and Stauks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903, p. 1008,
fiS- 1.
Sajii^oro market (Majima) ; Otarii market (Takayasu) ; Tokyo market (Jordan) ;
Toba (Jnidaii and Yamamoto) ; Alikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa). Generally common
e.specially noi'tluvai'd.
We find that the characters supposed to distinguish H. ahuraco from II.
otdkii do not hold; indeed, as Snyder has noted, the fifth latei'al line of one side
may not meet its fellow {aburaco), which in contrast is continued forward as the
median line of the breast iotakii). The fourth line ends at any place between the
base of the ventral fins and a point midway between the tip of the ventrals and
the anus.
418. [744] Pleurogrammus azonus Jordan and Metz.
Plcunxjrannnus monopterygius Berg, Pise. Mar. Oi'ient., 1904, p. 71. — Tanaka,
Annot. Zool. Jap., G, 1908, ]). 240.
Pleurogrammus azonus Jordan and Metz, Ann. Car. Mus., VI, 1913, p. 47, pi. VIII,
fig. 2 (Korea).
Sapporo market (Majima); Otaru market (Takayasu).
A ripe female is 365 mm. long; other specimens are larger.
Dorsal rays XXI, 28; anal, 26 (last double); depth 4.35 to 4.65; body with
intlefinite cross-mottlings, as shown in the figure of the type, though denied in
the description of the type.
Records of Pleurogrammus monopterygius from the fauna of the Japan Sea
doul)tless refer to the species under consideration. This Alaskan species should
hence be eliminated from lists of Japanese fishes.
419. [745] Agrammus agrammus (Temminck and Schlegel). Kujime.
Misaki (Aoki); Toba market (Joixlan and Yamamoto); Nagoya market
(Jordan); Mikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Toyama (Yoshizawa). Not common.
Family ERILEPID.E.
420. [746] Erilepis zonifer (Lockington). A}iuni})()Zi( = Fat priest.
Shizuoka (Jordan).
Not common, reaches a weight of 40 pounds, or more.
JORDAN' AXD HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1022. 277
Family COTTID.E.
421. [761] Dasycottus japonicus Tanaka.
Dasycottus setiger Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII,
1913, p. 263 (Xiigata). (Xot of Bean.)
Dasycottus japonicus Tanaka. Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XVIII, 1914, p. 308, pi. 83,
fig. 280 (Xiigata).
Xoo: Fukui (Xonaka). Another specimen, from X'^agaoka, Japan, was sent
to Stanford University by Xakamina several years ago.
Dorsal rays VIII (not XI as given by Tanaka)-12 to 14 (counting the last
ray as a double one); anal, 12 or 13; pectoral 23 to 25.
On comparison of material representing D. japonicus and D. setiger we find
that the differences in the form of the body and the curvature of the upper pre-
opercular spine, used by Tanaka, do not liold. The Japanese species differs,
however, having the filaments on the head fewer and more scattered, and the
maxillary longer, reaching to below the posterior margin of the orl)it.
422. [762] Trachidermus fasciatus Meckel. Suji-kagi-kazikn = ':>tv'mg-hook Sculpin.
A specimen from Fukuoka (Hamada) has only seven simple rays in the
pectoral fin. The University of Michigan has lately received this species from
Soo-chow. China.
423. [763 and 769] Rheopresbe kazika (Jordan and Starks).
Tnkiiaro = Cascade-fish : Kamakiri = Mantis-fish.
Cottus kazika Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. X. AL, XXVII, 1904, j). 2(35. fig. 15
(Xiigata).
Rheopresbe fujiyajna^ J ORD Ay and Starks, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXVII, 1904, p. 270,
fig. 16 (Odawara).— Tanaka. Fig. Desc. Fi.shes Japan, VII, 1912, p. 112, pi. 28,
figs. 110-111: pi. 29, figs. 115 116.
One specimen collected at Hamada (Wakiya).
We find tluit Cottus kazika and Rheopresbe fujiyamcc ai-e respectively the
young and adult of the same species. In the largest paratype of kazika, as in our
specimen, the pectoral rays are already well bi'anched; the tj'pe o{ fujiyanm, shows
clear evidence of having been ]iiickly: it has eight dorsal spines, and the two
dorsals are in close contact. The fact tliat the type of R. fujiyamce is a very large
female, distended with eggs, accounts for the abdomen being longer than in smaller
immature specimens.
278 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
424. [7G4] Cottus poUux Gunther. A'fmA-a = 8culpin, Miller's Thumb.
Lake Biwa (Jordan); Nagano (Nakano) ; Himeji (Abe); KamLshibi near Fukui.
The fin-rays vary considerably, botli individually and geographically, but we
ai'o unable to refer our mateiial to more than one species. Dorsal, VIII to X-16
to 18; anal, 11 to 13; pectoral, 12 to IG; ventral, I, 3 or 4.
425. [774] Myoxocephalus raninus Jordan and Starks.
Gisu-kdzika = CJisu-Sculpin ; Gomo-kazika = Trifling Sculpin.
Otaru market (Takayasu) ; Coast of Rikuchu (Awaya).
Our smaller specimen is closely like the type; the larger (29.5 cm. long to
caudal fin) likewise agrees, except in having a smaller eye (8.G in head).
42G. [783] Ainocottus ensiger Jordan and Starks. l'an'-A;a2:tA;a = Spear-sculpin.
Ainocoltus ensiger Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVII, 1904, p. 283,
fig. 23 (Hakodate).
Ainocottus fasciatiis Pavlenko, Kazani, Trd. Obsch., XLII, 1910, p. 30.
Kushiro and Nemuro (Tanaka).
Pavlenko's English diagnosis of his ^4. fasciatus contains nothing to indicate
that A. fasciatus differs from A. ensiger.
Dorsal rays, IX or X-12 to 15; anal, 10 to 13; pectorals, 18; ventrals, I, 3;
poi'es, 38 or 39; second preopercular spine, on one side of one specimen, flattened
and bifid; head, 2.2 to 2.3; orbit 4.9 to 5.6; interorbital, 6.4 to 7.4; snout 3.6 (given
as 2.4 in description of type, obviously an error).
The specimen from Kushiro is a nuptial male and differs widely from the
females, which have hitherto been the only sex described. The lower sides are
marked by l)rilliantly white blotches, as large as, or smaller than, the jnipil; the
ventral fins are black, crossed by four white bands, one basal and one terminal,
the general color being that of the species of Megalocottus. The nasal spine is
larger and doubled; the tubercles of the head are coarser and the spines are more
elevated and broken, slightly approaching those of the marine "Oncocottus." In
addition to clusters of tubercular prickles above and below the lateral line, which
are also present in the female, there is developed just above the lateral line an
irregular row of cup-shaped scales, whicli are armed around the posterior border
by a few strong spines. Pectoral rays 3 to 10 (counting from top) are armed along
inner edge, except toward base, by very long strong spines; the width of a ray,
including the sjjines, is about one-fifth of the lai'ge orbit.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 279
427. [786] Cottunculus brephocephalus Jordan and Starks.
Bozu-kazika = Priest 8culpin (with allusion to tlie shaven head).
Cottunculus brephocephalus Jordan and Starrs, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVI, 1903,
p. 689, fig.; XXVII, 1904, p. 289, fig. 25 (8uruga Bay).— Tanaka, Figs.
Desc. Fishes Japan, XI, 1913, p. 187, pi. 51, figs. 195 and 196.
Two adults from Misaki (Aoki).
Dorsal rays, VI, 17; anal, 13. Head, 2.4; depth, 3.1, the back more elevated
than in the two specimens heretofore recorded. Color brown, becoming pale
about nape and dorsal fin, but elsewhere only very indistinctly marked with
lighter.
428. [788] Gymnocanthus intermedius (Temminck and Schlegel).
Aokazika = Green Sculpin.
Takashima market (Takayasu).
Dorsal rays, X, 13 or 14; anal, 15.
429. [789] Gymnocanthus herzensteini Jordan and Starks.
TsuDuujiiru-kazika = Finger Sculpin.
Kushiro and Nemuro (Tanaka).
Dorsal, XI or X-15 or 16; anal, 17; pores 40 or 45; preopercular spine with
four antler-like hooks above, those most anterior small on one side of one specimen;
the tip of the spine proper bifid on one side only; the two most posterior hooks
are imperfectly divided in one specimen, the posterior one directed upward along
the side of the anterior one on one side, but directly backward on the other side,
so as to be overlapped by the tip of tlie spine proper. Head, 2.8 or 3.0 in length;
orbit, 4.2 or 4.3 in head; interorbital, 10.7 or 11.4; snout, 3.7 or 3.9; upper jaw, 2.3.
430. [792] Cottiusculus gonez Schmidt.
Toyama (Yoshizawa); Fukui (Nonaka).
The fish described and figured by Pavlenko (1910) as '' Blennicottus globiceps
var. bryosus" from the Bay of Peter the Great on the Asiatic mainland is utterly
unlike Blennicottus globiceps. It may be Cottiusculus gonez, or a related and
perhaps undescribed species.
Two of our eight specimens from tlie Sea of Japan have the nasal spines
double and thus agree with the types of C. schmidti from Matsushima Bay, which
consistently show this cliaracter, but do not differ in any other appreciable way.
The statement that the gill-membranes of C. schmidti do not form a wide fold is
not true, the error aiising from the fact that all of the types had the head greatly
280 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
distorted in preservation. We await the collection of inoic material from tlie
east coast of Japan before passing on the validity of C. schmidti.
Dorsal soft rays, 10 to 12; anal rays, 9 to 12.
431 . [795 and 806] Alcichthys alcicornis (Herzenstein) . Nizi-kazika = Sham Sculpin.
Bcro zanclus Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XL, 1911, p. 540; XLII, 1912, pi. 56, fig. 2.
Otaru market (Takayasu) ; Noo; Nemuro (Tanaka).
Bero ztmchis is based on a half-grown specimen of this si)ecies, in which the
preopercular s])ine had not yet developed tlie flat pi'ocess on its i)osterior edge.
With age tliis added si)ine l)reaks u]) into two, or occasionally as many as six
separate points.
In twelve specimens the fin-i-ays vary as follows: dorsal, IX or X-14 or 15;
anal, 13 or 14 (the last ray doiil)led in both fins); pectorals, 15 to 17. Pores in
lateral line, 35 to 38. Head, 2.6 to 2.8; dei)th, 4.9 to 5.4, about equal to greatest
width of body; orbit, 4.3 to 4.6; bony interorbital width, 14.5 to 17; snout, 3.75 to
4.0; upper jaw, 2.0 to 2.1; least depth of caudal peduncle, 5.1 to 5.7.
The color-pattern may consist solely of bars cut by half circles of the ground-
color, or of bars plus numerous rounded whitish spots chiefly developed below the
lateral line.
Genus Furcina Jordan and Starks.
Furcina Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXVII, 1904, p. 303.
Ventral rays I, 2; body smooth, exce])t for a few prickles along the lateral line
anteriorly, and between these and the pectoral fin; penis trilobate, as in Pseudo-
hlennius; teeth in bands in jaws, vomer, and jialatines; preopercular si^ines four,
the first strong, turned ujjwaixl, forked, the second well developed and sharp, near
the base of first, the third rudimentary or obsolete, the fourth very small, turned
downward; a fringed flap on upi)er orbital rim, and a simple or slightly divided
flap at nape.
432. [796] Furcina ishikawae Jordan and Starks.
433. [797] Furcina osimae Jordan and Starks.
Tliis species differs widel.y from the type-species in lui\'iiig the first pi-eopercular
spine widely forked, instead of very narrowly divided at tij) (or, rarely, even
simple) ; the second preopercular spine shorter and weaker, not tuiued upward,
smaller, instead of larger, than either fork of the first spine; the fin-rays fewer,
16 or 17 in the second dorsal, instead of 18 to 20, and 13 or 14, rather than 16 or
17, in the anal fin (in each case the last ray was counted as doubled).
Neither species of Furcina is represented in the pi'esent collection.
.loHDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!)22. 281
434. [SOU] Pseudoblennius percoides Gunther. Auahaze = ¥[o\v ii()])y.
Tatoku Island (Mikimoto); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Misaki (Aokij.
Common southward.
435. |S()1] Pseudoblennius japonicus Stcindachnor.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Mikawa liay (Ishikawa); Alisaki (Aoki).
436. [8()7J Vellitor centropomus (Richardson). .S(// = Fop.
Misaki (Aoki). Common at times about Misaki and soutiiward, remarkable
for its slender, pointed head, unlike that of other Sculpins.
Family PARABEMBRADID^.
Genus Parabembras Bleeker.
The genus Parabembrns, which appears to be the sole member of a shari)ly
distinguished family', has never been adequately characterized. It differs
trenchantly from Bembras and other Bembrids in retaining the three strong anal
spines, which are characteristic of the Scorpcenidcc in general, also distinct nasal
spines, and a more extensive squamation of the head. It is specialized in tlie
development of two spines at the front of the second doi'sal fin, which is completely
separated from the first.
The Parabembradickc are essentially intermediate l^etween the Scorpanirhc
and the Bembradidcc.
437. [823] Parabembras curtus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Uba-goshi = Nurse-kochi.
A single specimen was found in the Osaka mai'ket (Jordan).
Dorsal, IX-II, 7; anal. III, 5; pectoral, 22; ventrals, I, 5; caudal, 16 (15
branched); pores in lateral line to base of caudal 37; scale-rows, 4-37-8. Head,
2.4; depth, 5.15 in length to caudal. Orbit, 3.7; interorbital, 16; snout, 3.9; upper
jaw, 2.95; least depth of caudal peduncle, 4.35 in head fi-om {'ly) of snout to end of
long opercular membrane. The dorsal contour rises in a vQvy gently concave
curve from the tip of the sharply pointed snout to the origin of the dorsal, the
curve being barely broken by tlie premaxillary processes; the contour is then
concave between the origins of the two dorsal fins, and from the origin of the
second dorsal to the upj^er edge of the deep compressed caudal peduncle; the
ventral profile is a gentle curve from the tij) of the strongly projecting mandible
to the caudal fin. The width and depth of l:)ody are about equal at base of
282 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
pectorals, hut behind this point the body becomes more and more compressed,
while before this jioint the head becomes flatter toward the greatly depressed
snout, which is only half as high as wide at front of orbit. Orbit directed upward
more than outward. As viewed from above the mai'gin of the snout forms an
arch wider than a semicircle, evenly rounded, except at the truncate tip, and
broken posteriorly l')y two very long strong spines, of which the posterior is the
lower. The suborbital ridge forms a wing-like edge, armed with three or four
huge, sharp-edged spines in line with the even larger spine at the preopercular
angle; above the spine the preopercular margin is weakly concave, below the spine
it is strongly convex and entirely smooth; the interopercle, but not the preopercle,
ends in a spine; the two faint diverging opercular ridges end in weak spines, the
upper the longer and the stronger; the nasal spines are closely approximate and
not strong; the edge of the flattish interorbital is armed with six moderately
elevated spines, not counting one in the front and two on the posterior orbital
margin; of the latter two the lower is near the anterior end of a ridge, which ends
in a single or double spine at the upper end of the preopercular margin; the parietal
spine is weak, terminating a very faint ridge; a ridge borders the lower edge of
the acute scapular process and ends in a strong spine; behind this a few of the
most anterior scales of the lateral line are weakly armed. Opercular region flat-
tish; viewed from in fi-ont the head is hexagonal in outline, with tlie dorsal and
lateral margins about twice as wide as the two lateral faces of each side. ]Maxillary
extending to lielow front of jjujiil; its upper edge ensheathed by the sharp lower
edge of the narrow suborbital; its posterior margin strongly emarginate, with the
lower angle produced ventrad and mesad as a rounded lobe. The minute teeth
form moderate bands on the jaws; posteriorly the entire premaxillary, anteriorly
the entire mandibular band, are exposed; the vomerine teeth form two narrow^
lobes widely divergent from a common base at front of vomer; the palatine teeth,
also small, are on a greatly elongate, elevated ridge, ending anteriorly opposite
the posterior ends of the vomerine band. The gill-opening is free to below front of
orbit ; seven branchiostegals ; shoulder-girdle forming a sharp bony ridge ; slit
behind last gill-arch not as wide as pupil; gill-rakers 6-|-ll, counting a few rudi-
ments above and below. Dorsal spines strong, diverging at wide angles anteriorly;
first dorsal evenly rounded in both directions from the fifth spine, which is con-
tained 2.6 times in the head; both first and last spines small. Dorsals separated
by an interspace about half as long as orbit. First spine of second dorsal strong
and nearly as long as the first and longest soft ray (which is branched), longer and
much heavier tlian the second spine, contained 3.25 times in the head. Anal spines
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 11122. 283
strong and divergent, when depressed; second anal spine more than twice as long
as the first, longer than the third (and also stronger), alioiit two-thirds as long as
the second, or first branched ray of the five soft rays, and contained 4.6 times in
the head. Pectoral reaching to above anus, its length being contained 1.65 times
in head; its lower margin nearly parallel with, and about half as long as, upper,
when the fin is not stretched; lower rays simple, but not stronger, thickened, nor
detached. Ventral fin lying flat and horizontal along the lower pectoral margin;
the moderately strong spine is contained 1.8 times in total length of the fin, which
measures 2.2 times in head; the fin does not reach the anus, which is in advance
of anal fin a distance contained 2.2 times in orbit; base of ventral a little in advance
of tliat of the pectoral, as in Bemhras. The caudal fin very slightly and sym-
metrically rounded. Scales large, evenly arranged, and rounded, tlieir margins
very weakly ctenoid. On the head the scales extend forward dorsalh' to the
nostrils, being uniserially arranged along the interorbital laterally to the orbit,
and ventrally to below the end of the maxillary. Lateral line nearly straight
from its origin at upper end of gill-opening to the middle of caudal peduncle,
thence between the seventh ray from the bottom and the ninth from the top, to
the end of the caudal fin.
Body pale amber-color, with dark scale-margins dorsally, but otherwise un-
marked; fins whitish.
Pyloric cseca present. Eggs minute. No air-bladder.
Family BEIMBRADID.E.
In our opinion the Bembradidce, which are intimately connected witli the
Scorpcenidfv thi'ough the Parabembridoe, represent a family distinct from, and
possibly not even directly related to, the still more aben-ant Platycephalidxv. We
cannot therefore agree with Regan,'" who has united the two groups.
438. [821] Bembras japonicus C'uvier and Valenciennes. Aka-gochi = Red Kochi.
Osaka market (Jordan); Kochi (Wakiya) ; Misaki (Aoki).
We here give a re-description of this rare species: Dorsal, XI, I, 11; anal, 14;
pectoral, 17; ventral, I, 5; caudal, 14 (12 branched); pores 55 in lateral line, slightly
fewer than the number of oblicjue scale-rows. Head, 2.9; depth, about 8 in length
to caudal. Orbit, 4.0; interorbital, 15.0; snout, 2.9; ui)per jaw, 2.6; kvist depth
of caudal peduncle, 6.5 in head. Tip of snout sharp, the i^remaxillary and its
process entering the dorsal contour, which from behind the j^rocess ascends in a
gentle curve (broken only by the su])erorbital serrations and the paiietal spine)
'" Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (8) XI, 1913, pp. 171, 177.
284 MEMOIRS OF THE CAKNEGIE MUSEUM.
to ()i'it;iii of (loi'sal, from which it (Icscciids gradually to tiic moderately attenuate
caudal iH'duticle; ventral contouf nearly sti'aij^ht. Head sli<i;litly d(>|)i-essed, its
lenfi;th at occiput 1.2 in the j^reatest width, its (lei)th oi)])osite fi'ont of oi-hit 1.3 in
width at (he same \'ertical; oi'hit directed e(iually outward and u])ward. No
nasal spiiu's; snout .subspatulate when viewed from above, the sharj) lateral marf;in
of preoibital with three spines increasing' in strength backward, the last concealing
the up])er edge of the maxillary; the sharp suborbital stay also entering the lateral
profile, armed by foui' long spines dii'ccted backwai'd, the first two below the
margin of the ]:)U])il, the third below i^osterior orbital I'im, and the fourth at front
of preopercle; strongest jireopercular spine in line with these suborbital spines, its
length measured from fi'ont of ]>reopercle tw'O-fifths that of eye; two somewhat
smaller and flatter spines directly below the strongest one; from the lower of these
two the jireopercular mai'gin, armed by one or two obtuse angles, curves abruptly
forward; one interopercular, one i^reopereular, and two opercular spines, forming a
series increasing in strength upwaixl; two strong opercular spines terminating two
keeled ridges arising together near fi-ont of opercle, a strong spine on front of
orbit, and s(>ven to ten oblique sei'rations along the parallel sides of the deeply
concave, three-grooved iiitei'oi-bital; a lidge from eye to ui)i)er edge of preopercle
terminating in a spin(> followed by a similar sj^ne; thix'e ridges converging to spiny
tips at origin of lateral line; the five anterior scales of the lateral line bearing
spined keels; toj) of snout ridged; o):>ercular region and cheeks below the suborbital
ridge tumid; maxillary extending a little beyond the front margin of orbit; its
wide posterior edge emarginate; jaws about equal anteriorly, but the mandibles
nari'ower than the snout, so that the band of premaxillary teeth is almost entirely
exposed in ventral aspect; outermost iu'emaxillary teeth slightly enlarged; mandi-
bular teeth somewhat smaller and in a nari'ower band than those on the pre-
maxillary; vomerine teeth small, in two widely divergent bands connected anteriorly
by a narrow half-ring of teeth; palatine teeth similar, on a very narrow, sharply
elevated, and greatly elongate ridge; no mandibular barbel; gill-opening extending
forward to below end of gape; seven branchiostegals; edge of shoulder-girdle with
an oblique bony ridge; last gill-slit about as wide as pupil; gill-rakers slender at
angle, 1-f 9 in number, not counting bare rudiments, which do not grade into the
developed raker. No pyloric coeca. Dorsal spines heteracanthous, but not widely
divergent, high, the first 3.5 the third and highest 2.2 in head, the others graduated
to the last, which is well sejxu'ated l)y meml)i'ane from the first soft ray; spine at
front of second dorsal, 4.9 in head; caudal barely emarginate, the upper edge
longer than the lower. Pectoral with a pi'oduced lobe and a rounded lower margin,
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 285
composed of seventeen rays, of which tlie Iowcm' five ai'e iiiihianched and sonicwhat
thickened distally; venti-al fins lying flat and horizontal against the body next to
the lower edge of the peduncle, and curved, not reaching the anus; l)ase of ventrals
a little in advance of that of pectorals; length of pectoral, 1.7 of ventral, 2.0 in
head. Anus close to anal fin. Scales sharply ctenoid, on tlic head extending
forward only to the orl)it, covering all of the opercles, excepting the preopercular
I'im and the cheeks below the suborbital stay.
Body pale yellow, witli a trace of a darker lateral streak; the ui)per sides
anteriorly and the lateral line are marked witli blackish spots; dorsal fins marked
with round black spots; anal clear in one specimen, but in another with a black
blotch at the base of each interradial membrane; i)ectoral streaked with blown
medially; caudal with upper edge dark and with a bi'oad subterminal bar rounded
off ventrall}' and there intensified to form a large and conspicuous black spot.
Young, 10.5 cm. long, have the color-markings more intense, the black spots
generally distributed over the upper two-thirds of the body and head, becoming
faint on the snout; a dark cross-shade under the middle of each dorsal fin, and at
the base of the caudal; spinous dorsal with a large dark blotch on its anterior
half, while the posterior half is spotted like the second dorsal; anal and ventrals
immaculate; the caudal, in addition to the markings described for the adult, with
two darker spots near base and a black spot on lower margin; pectoral liandcd
with brown spots above, and heavily marked with black dashes ventrally, tlie
lowest two rays clear. Lateral line spiny at front, running not far above midtUe
of sides of body, but rather high on front of caudal ])eduncle; then near base of
caudal bent downward, and running out to end of caudal along upper edge of the
fifth main caudal ray as counted from the lower edge of the fin.
Family PLATYCEPHALID.E.
Key to J.^panese Genera of Platvcei'haijd.e.
a. Head moderately depressed, with strong ridges and high sharp spines; only one enlarged sjnne on
jireopereular margin; vomerine teeth in two parallel longitudinal hands"'*; palatine teeth in a band.
6. (OnigociiTHE subfani. nov.) Prcopercle without an antrorse spine.
c. Side of head unicarinate; infraorljital ridge armed liy close-set serrations; a rather strong antrorse
spine on preorhital margin; orbit with a developed cirrhus; scales large, the pores in the lateral
line fewer than 40.
d. Scales of lateral line with weak basal keels anteriorly, but everywhere without spines; antorliital
margin without small serrations, armed by a single spine; jiosterior half only of superciliary
ridge serrate; ventral fins of moderate length, not exten(lc(l to urigin cjf anal.
Oiilgocia^^' (nKirrolcpis).
The two bands are joined together anteriorly (as an abnormal variation ?) in one sjiecinien of
Incgocin jnponica).
"^ Jordan and Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVI, 191.3, p. 70.
286 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
(/(/. Scales of lateral line strongly spined anteriorly, weakly spinet! posteriorly; antorbital margin
with serrations in addition to a strong spine; entire length of superciliary ridge serrate; ventral
fins elongate, reaching beyond anal Wnkiyus^^^ {spinosus)_
cc. (Inegociince, subfam. nov.) Side of head bicarinate; infraorliital ridge armed by well-spaced
serrations; no strengthened antrorse spine on preorbital; orbit without a cirrhus; scales of
moderate to small size. Scales of lateral line largely smooth, becoming weakly spined toward
the head.
e. .\11 minor ridges of head denticulate or granulate; lowermost of the three preopercular spines
strong, and persistent at all ages. Teeth villiform, non-depressible, in narrow bands;
infraorbital ridge with four to six scarcely differentiated spines between preorbital and
preopercular spines; a well defined ridge between orbit and occiput; inner edge of pre-
maxillary produced inward and backward as a thick inflexible lobe; opercular margin with
a membranous flap below preopercular spines; no orbital cirrhus.
Insidiatnr^^' (meerdervoorti) .
ee. Ridges of head devoid of fine denticulations or granulations; lowermost of the three pre-
opercular spines small, becoming obsolete with age.
/. Teeth villiform, little specialized, becoming granular with age (especially in Inegocia);
infra ridge with but two spines behind one on preorbital, the second turned upward; a
well-defined ridge between orbit and occiput ; inner edge of premaxillary dilated inward
and backward as a thick inflexible lobe.
g. Opercular margin with a membranous flap below preopercular spines; spine near center
of preorbital obsolete (very rarely developed on one side); main preopercular spine
short, about one-third as long as orbit, or shorter; twelve soft rays in dorsal and anal.
Inegocia^^^ (japonica).
gg. Opercular margin without a membranous flap; a sharp spine constantly present on
preorbital; main preopercular spine of moderate length, about two-fifths as long as
orbit; eleven rays in dorsal and anal Coa'jis"' (crocodilus).
ff. Teeth highly specialized, resembling those of a Synodus; those of upper jaw canine-like
and depressible in a wide lobe anteriorly, minute and granular, except on innermost row
on sides of jaws; vomerine teeth few, enlarged, very sharp and depressible; palatine teeth
sharp, enlarged, and depressible along innermost row; infraorbital ridge with numerous
differentiated spines, one on preorbital, two below front of eye (the posterior one en-
larged), three below posterior part of orbit, the last very strong, and turned upward, and
followed by three small spines; no continuous ridge from orbit to occiput; inner edge of
premaxillary expanded inward, but not backward, as a thin and flexible lobe.
Ratubulus^'" (inegacephnliis).
bb. (Rogadiince subfam. nov.) Preopercle with a very strong antrorse spine on lower margin; orbit
without cirrhus; ridges of head armed by close-set serrations or granulations; sides of head uni-
carinate; opercular margin without membranous flap Rogadius (a-iper).
aa. (Platycephalina). Head greatly depressed, with feeljle ridges and spines; two enlarged spines on
preopercular margin; vomerine teeth in a transverse bilobed band; palatine teeth uniserial; opercular
margin with a membranous flap Platycephahts (indicus).
"* Jordan and Hubbs, new genus (Type: Plalycephahis spinosux Temminck and Schlegel).
'" Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. X. M., XXIII, 1900, p. 368.
"' Jordan and Thompson, loc. cit., p. 70.
"' Cocius Jordan and Hubbs, new genus; Orthotype, Platycephaluf; crocuditus Tilesius.
'"" Ratabulus Jordan and Hubbs, new genus; Orthotype, Thysanophrys megacephahix Tanaka.
JORDAN A.XD HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 11122. 287
439. [816] Onigocia macrolepis ( Blocker) .
Anesagochi = Elder Kochi; 0)tigochi = DL'\il Kochi.
Misaki (Aoki).
440. [815] Wakiyus spinosus (Tcmminck and Schlegel).
This is tlie only Japanese species of the family not represented in the j^resent
collection. \\v have examined material previously recorded.
441. [818] Insidiator meerdervoorti (Bleeker) . Megochi = Big-eye Kochi.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto) ; Tol)a market (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kobe and
Yokohama markets (Jordan); ^Nlikawa Bay (Ishikawa); Toyama (Yoshizawa) ;
Miyazu, Xoo.
Dorsal soft rays, 10 to 12, usually 11; anal, 11.
The closely related Insidiator detrusus represents this species on the Chinese
coast. ^V9 have re-examined the type of that species.
442. [817] Inegocia japonica (Tilesius). roA-«(/e-A'oc/?i = Lizard Kochi.
Wakanoura (Yamamoto) ; Tokj'o and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Kagoshima
Bay (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki); Miyazu.
443. [819] Cocius crocodilus (Tilesius). /??r(7or/// = Rice Kochi.
Tokj'o and Kobe markets (Jordan) ; Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; iSIikawa
Bay (Ishikawa); Fukuoka (Hamada); ^liyazu; Xoo.
444. Ratabulus megacephalus (Tanaka). i/aname-^oc/u' = Flower-e3"e Kochi.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya).
Mr. M. Kasawa has given us the following translation of Tanaka's original
description, pul)lished in Japanese:
'Head, 2.56 in length of body without caudal fin; dejith 8.5. Eye. 5.2 in head;
interorbital space, 13; snout, 3; maxillary, 3.33; depth of caudal peduncle, 8.66;
depth of head, 4.66; width of head, 2. Dorsal, IX-11; anal, 12; pectoral, 20,
seven lower rays unbranched; caudal, 13 branched rays. Scales 71 from gill-
opening to base of caudal counting downward and backward; 98 counting down-
ward and forward; scales in transverse series 15-31 counting downward and
backward, 10-23 counting downward and forward; preopei'cle with two spines; no
tentacle on eye. Caudal fin somewhat rounded; pectoral reaching to midtlle of
length of ventral; ventral to base of anal. Interorbital width 2.5 in diameter of
eye; eye 1.75 in snout; snout 1.5 in postorbital.
288 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNECilE MUSEUM.
Color dark gray, tlie head, liody, doisal, pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins
with small black spots; the spots a little larger than elsewhere on the first dorsal
and caudal; front margin of first dorsal with a dark blotch; margin of caudal with
dark streaks (not spots); anal fin without streaks, but with a dark margin pos-
teriorly, and a pale white margin anteriorly.
The type was found in the Tokyo market, where the species is not uncommon.
Length 313 mm. from tip of snout to base of caudal. It is characterized by its
long head, the proportionate width and depth of the head and the long snout.'
445. [820] Rogadius asper (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
Matsub(i-</(ichi = Pine Kochi.
Kagoshima (Wakiya).
44G. [814] Platycephalus indicus (Linnaais). Kochi; Makochi = True Kochi.
Tokyo market, Mikawa. Fukuoka, Osaka, Kobe, Yokoyama, Toba. Every-
where common in southern Japan. The largest species, constantly in the markets.
We have also a specimen from Soo-chow, China, sent by Dr. Cora D. Reeves.
Family HOPLICHTHYID.E.
447. [824] Hoplichthys langsdorfi (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
AWitsuhari-goclii = Summer Needle-kochi.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki).
Jordan and Thompson have given a useful analysis of the Japanese species of
Hoplichthys.
Family TRIGLID.E.
448. [827] Chelidonichthys kumu ( Lesson and Garnot) . //o6o = Gurnard.
Tokyo and Osaka markets (Jordan) ; Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Tatoku
Island (Mikimoto); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Choshi (C. Ishikawa); Toyama
(Yoshizawa) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Miyazu.
Dorsal IX-15 or 16; anal, 14 or 15 (the last ray doubled). Interorbital width,
6.4 to 7.4 in length of head.
449 [829] Lepidotrigla alata (Houttuyn). //o(it77' = Gurnard.
Tokyo, Shizuoka, and Osaka markets (Jordan).
Dorsal, IX, 15 or 16; (last branched); scales of lateral line 60.
Inner surface of pectoral fin violet blackish, except on the uppermost and
three lowermost rays, which aic whitish; a large lemon-yellow blotch medially.
A ripe female is 163 mm. long to caudal.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 289
450. [830] Lepidotrigla giintheri Hilgendoi-f. Kanado.
Misaki (Aoki) ; Tokyo market (Jordan) ; Toyama (S. Yoshizawa) ; Fukui.
Dorsal, VIII-15; anal, 14 narcly) or 15 (the last ray as double); the last
dorsal spine very small in one specimen. Inner surface of pectoral fin red at base,
yello\nsh on the first upper and lowermost three rays, dusky or olive elsewhere,
becoming blotched dorsally and inky black, witli fewer or moi-e bright blue
streaks, ventrally.
Young, about 6 cm. long to caudal, have the head rouglier, with stronger
spines, but show the specific characters as well as do the adults. They show an
irregular doul)k> dark band under each dorsal fin. and a basal and broader sub-
terminal band on the caudal.
451. [832] Lepidotrigla japonica (Bleekerj. Toge-kanagushira = Thoni Gurnard.
Yokohama and Tokyo markets (Jordan): Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ;
Wakanoura (Yamamoto); Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa).
One hundred and twenty specimens in all. \'ery common southward.
•Scales about 55 to end of last vertebra. The rostral lobes are strongly spinous
in many individuals, pai'ticularly large ones. Color red in formaUn, with a greenish
tinge dorsally.
452. [833] Lepidotrigla strauchi Steindachner. Kanagashira = Gurunrd.
Tokyo and Osaka markets (Jordan) ; Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Toyama
(S. Yoshizawa) ; Misaki (Aoki) ; Miyazu.
With age the dorsal spot, black in the young, becomes faint. Inner surface
of pectoral dusky, except on the first upper and lowermost three rays, which are
yellow; the dusky color often becoming black on a l)l()teh located mediovent rally
where the rays show bluish white spots.
453. [834] Lepidotrigla abyssalis Jordan and 8tarks.
Misaki (Aoki).
Dorsal rays, VIII, 14 or 15; anal, 14 or 15. The uppermost detached pectoral
ray may not reach the ventral tip, though not falling so far short as in L. strauchi.
The anterior profile of the snout, as seen from above, may be gently concave.
Inner side of pectoral smutty black, unspotted, except on the uppermost ray and
lowermost three ravs.
290 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
454. |831] Lepidotrigla kishinouyi Snyder.
MLsaki (Aoki). A single specimen agreeing w(>ll with a paratype.
Dorsal, ^'111-16; anal, 16, counting the last ray as double (the paratype has
\'III-16 dorsal and 15 anal rays). Inner side of pectoral fin dusky, except for the
pale uppermost and lowermost three rays, becoming black in a bright l)lue spotted
blotch ventrally.
We do not fe(>l certain of the relationships or even the validity of this species.
Family DACTYLOPTERID.E.
455. [840] Daicocus peterseni (Nystrom).
Hoshi-se mi-hobo = Star Cicada-gurnard.
Misaki (Aoki).
Our eleven young specimens seem referable to this species; 52 to 76 mm. long
to caudal fin.
The head is contained 2.9 to 3.1 times in the standard length; the snout, eye,
and postoi'bital are each about eciual. The body is spotted as in the adult, but is
further marked with broad diffuse bars below each dorsal fin.
Family AGONID^.
Key to Genera Confused with Occa.
a. Dorsal spines 7 to 10; pectoral fin narrow, rounded (with 14 or 15 rays); ventral fins of male enlarged,
the rays thickened, and provided with free keel-like membranes on their outer edges; snout narrow
(approaching that of Brachyopsis), a little wider at base than long, as measured to tip of mandible.
b. Dorsal spines 7 to 9; anal fin short, having only 10 or 1 1 rays;'"' ventral fins of male greatly elongate,
reaching past front of anal; plates more strongly spined, those of the dorsal as well as lateral series
with sharp spines; suborbital stay with a spine; vertebra^ 37 Occa (verrucosa).
hh. Dorsal spines 9 or 10; anal fin longer, of 1.3 to 1.5 rays; ventral fins of male not very much larger
than those of female, not nearly reaching anal; plates much smoother, especially toward belly
and caudal base, those of the dorsal series scarcely spined; suborbital stay without a spine; ver-
tebra 39 Ocella (dodecaedron).
aa. Dorsal spines 12 to 15; pectoral fin broad, subtruncate above (with 18 or 19 rays); ventral fins of
male not enlarged, without keel-like membranes on outer edges; snout much broader than long, as
measured to tip of mandible; anal rays 15 to 17.
c. Dorsal spines usually 12 (sometimes 13); suborbital stay with a sharp .spine; suborbital bicarinate;
frontal and parietal prominences connected by a continuous ridge; supraorbital ridge forming a
shelf somewhat overhanging the surrounding groove Ihurina (iburia),
cc. Dorsal spines thirteen to fifteen; suborbital stay spineless; suborbital unicarinate; frontal and
parietal prominences entirely separated; sui)raorl>ital ridge low, not overhanging the sur-
rounding groove Iburiella (kasawa)^
'"' The last double ray counted as one as in all descriptions in this paper.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 291
OccELLA Jordan and Hubl^s, gen. no v.
Type: Agonus dodecaedron Tilesius.
This genus, ami tlie otlicrs which follow, are defined in the kej^ given above.
45G. [S4G] Occella dodecaedron (Tilesius). .S7(ac/n-wiro = Capstan-fish.
Iburina Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Tj'pe: Occa ibun'a Jordan and Starks.
457. [847] Iburina iburia (Jordan and Starks).
Yori-shachi-Hiro = Twisted Capstan-fish.
Neither this species, nor the preceding, of which we have material at hand, is
represented in the present collection.
Iburiella Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: IbuneUa kasairce, sp. nov.
This genus combines certain of the characters of Occella and Iburina, with
which it is compared above in the key. In the length of the spinous dorsal fin it
approaches Tilesina, w^hich genus we now think may be referred to the same
subfamily ( Brachyopsince) .
458. [847A] Iburiella kasawae Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 1).
Type a fine specimen 133 mm. in length, seined by Snyder and Sindo at
Tomakomai, near Mororan, Japan, in 1906. It was taken with a series of Iburina
iburia, already recorded by Snj'der.'" The tjq^e is in the Carnegie Museum (Cat.
of Fishes No. 7906). A single paratype, 85 mm. long, was collected bj^ Tanaka at
Kushiro, Hokkaido, in 1922.
Donsal, XV (XIII) '■^■^-9 (8); anal, 15 (16)'"; pectorals, 18; ventrals, I, 2;
caudal 13 (counting small rays). Pores in lateral hue, 43, the first twenty armed
w'ith spines. Head (from tip of snout to end of opercular membrane), 4.3 (4.0)
in standard length. Greatest depth (between spines of dorsal and ventral series)
1.7 (2.4) in head; depth of caudal peduncle, 7.6 (8.0) ; eye, 6.0 (6.6); orbit, 5.1 (4.9)
equal to snout; interorbital width, 4.1 (4.2); snout and orbit, 2.6 (2.45); width
across opercles, 1.2 (1.3); width of snout at base, 2.35; upper jaw, 3.05 (3.0).
Body everywhere, except near caudal base, forming in cross-section a somewhat
depressed octagon with each face concave. The dorsal and the two lateral series
'" Proc. IT. S. X. M., XLII, 1(112, p. 4:BG.
'"^ The counts and measurements in parentheses are those of the paratype.
292 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
of ]:)latcs bear strong s])ines, wliicli become \v(>ak on the raiKLil peduncle and
beneatli the pectoral fin: the vential series comprises plates bearing low rounded
keels, each ending in a small point. The spines of the body are marked with
strong ridges, which diverge outward and backward from the spines on most of
the plates, but which radiate in all directions from the prominences on the tubercles
of the caudal peduncle and breast. The plates number 44 (43) in the dorsal series,
the last G (or 7) being more or less completely joined to their fellows; 38 to 40 in
the u\)\)vv lateral series; 38 or 39 (36 to 39) in the lower lateral series; 36 (34) paired
and 3 (4) median in the ventral series. Breast armed with large rounded flattish
tubercles, one of which, median in ])osition, is separated from each ventral fin by
two or thr(>e others It is preceded by four, arranged in the form of a triangle
or square, and surrounded by sniallei- less definite tubercles; a chain of large
bucklers around the gill-opening, giving off a branch to lower end of the pectoral
base; an irregular row of small tubercles crowded in between the bucklers of the
two ventral series before the anal fin, but no plates surround the anus. All fleshy
regions between the bony plates (on the trunk only the tail being completely
armoui-ed) covered with numerous thick-set fleshy flaps, which are in part modified
into small tubercles ventrally and into small flat spines in the area covered by the
pectoral fin. Head completely smooth, on all faces being largely covered with .skin
thickly studded with small to minute pads, most of which bear small, more or less
spiny, points. The radially striate bony prominences on frontal, parietal, and
cheek regions not connected with one another, the whole head being relatively
free from long trenchant ridges; suborbital stay without trace of spine; super-
ciliary ridge greath' depressed, and not dilated as a shelf over the surrounded
groove; preopercle with three l)liuit spines, of which the uppermost is rather
strong, the lowermost almost rudimentary; suborbital bearing but one keel; pre-
orbital sculptured, with two keels directed downward and two forward, none
ending in sliarp spines; the strongly convergent nasal spines very weak; the striae
on almost all exposed bones and .sj^ines of head bearing fine granulations. Lower
ja\A hooked upward in fi'ont of upper, so that the anterior mandibular teeth are
exposed, and directed Ijackward as much as upward. Snout relati\('ly extremely
broad and short, its length from eye being narrower than interorbital space; its
length along midline from opposite front of orbits only three-tenths its basal
width. (!ill-membranes narrowly joined, but free from isthmus; gill-rakers fleshy
tubercles, 1 + 7 on first arch. Upper jaw when in place largely ensheathed, extending
almost to below front of pupil, bearing a thin flat tentacle near its end. Teeth all
weak, forming moderate bands on the jaws, a large transverse patch on the vomer,
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 293
:uul evident on tlie i);ilatines. Occipital region flatti.sh, interorbital but weakly
concave. Pectoral fin i-atlier more sharply truncated than is indicated in the figure.
Body brown or slaty, colorless below; back posteriorly crossed by alternate
bars of dark and light; fins marked with blackish (brown on spinous dorsal) and
clear areas. In the paratype the upper outer margin of the second dorsal is blackish ;
the spot on the anal fin extends to the margin of the fin; the caudal is black about
the lighter (though dusky) area, which is longitudinally divided into two parts.
This species is named for Mr. Masunosuke Kazawa of Sapporo, a graduate
student of Stanford University, engaged in the study of the fishes of the Hokkaido.
459. [848] Brachyopsis rostrata (Tilesius). Shichiro-uwo.
A series from Kusliiro, Hokkaido (Tanaka).
460. [850] Pallasina eryngia Jordan and Richardson. }'a</?-M»'o = Goat-fish.
Toyama, (S. Yoshizawa).
Our .specimen has the Ixirl^el as remarkably long as in the types.
461. [852] Draciscus sachi Jordan and Snyder. S/iac/ii = Capstan.
Kushiro (Tanaka) ; Noo.
Dorsal ray.s VHI or IX-14 (the last one double); anal, 16 or 17.
462. [863] Sarritor leptorhynchus (Gilbert).
Fukui.
Family LIPARID.^.
463. [895] Crystallias matsushimae Jordan and Snyder. Abachan.
A specimen 34.5 cm. long, collected by Tanaka at Kushiro, Hokkaido, agrees
in most respects with Gilbert and Burke's redescription of Crystallias matsushirmv,'"
but differs in the much smaller size of the head, and of the various parts of the
head in reference to the total length. This difference is doubtless to be accounted
for by the veritably huge size of our specimen.
Measurements in hundredths of length without caudal (34.5 cm.). Length of
head, .22; diameter of eye, .04; length of snout, .085; interocular width, .095;
preoral length of snout, .05; length of gill-slit, .045; distance from tip of mandible
to front of disk, .07; to anus, .175; diameter of di.sk, .085; depth of body, .325;
longest pectoral ray of upper lobe, .18; of lower lobe, .095; length of caudal, .14;
length of attachment between caudal and anal, .09. A smaller specimen from the
Sea of Japan, taken by Nonaka at Fukui, agrees better with the description of
the type.
'■-•' Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 370.
294 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family ECHENEID.E.
Genus Remorina Jordan and Evermann.
Body unusually robust, tlic v(>ntral contour strongly- cuivcd; lowci- jaw-
without a produced flap; i)cctoi-al fin broadly rounded, scaly, thick and firm,
especially on upper edge, but not Ijony; dorsal and anal fins small, the anal the
longer; caudal rounded; disk luuisually large, with twelve or thirteen laniin;t>.
464. [902] Remorina albescens (Temminck and Schlegel).
Shiro-koban = White Koban, or Remora.
Echeneis albescens (Temminck and Schlegel), Fauna Japonica, Pisces, 1850, p. 272,
pi. CXX, fig. 3.— GiJNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 1860, p. 377.— Jordan
and Evermann, Bull. U. S. N. M., XLVII, pt. 3, 1898, p. 2272.
Echeneis chjpeata Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3) Vol. V, 1860, p. 401; Cat.
Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 1860. p. 376.— Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XVIII,
1914, pi. 90; XIX, 1915, p. 334.
One specimen of this very distinct Echeneid was obtained by Aoki at Alisaki.
It is 118 mm. long to caudal fin. The body is ]xile, with very irregular dark
markings, rather thickly set.
Genus Remoropsis Gill.
Body moderately slender, but not greatly attenuate as in Echeneis naucrates;
lower jaw without a specialized flap; pectoral truncate, its rays flexible; dorsal
and anal fins long, the dorsal especially so, having about thirty rays; caudal
truncate; disk of moderate size, with about 16 (14 to 17) laminae.
465. [903] Remoropsis brachyptera (Lowe). /v«ro-A.ofean = Black Koban.
One specimen; Misaki (Aoki), Laminse 16.
Genus Remora Gill.
466. [904] Remora remora Linnjeus. Koban = Suck-fish.
Two young specimens; Misaki (Aoki). Laminae 17 or 18.
Family BOTHID.E.
Genus Sc.eops Jordan and Starks.
This genus seems sufficiently distinct from both Psctiina and Engyprosopon,
differing from the foi'mer in having the teeth biserial and from the latter in having
the interorbital space greatly widened.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 295
467. [909] Scaeops grandisquama (Temminck and Schlegel).
Daruma-garei = Daruma'"-flounder.
Kobe market (Jordan).
468. [910] Psettina iijimas (Jordan and Starks).
Kagoshima Bay (\\'akiya).
469. [911] Laeops lanceolata Franz.
Lceops lanceolata Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, 1910, Suppl. 4, p. 62,
pi. 8, fig. 60 (Fukuura; Zushi, on Sagami Bay). — Hubbs. Proe. U. S. X. M.,
XLVIII, 1915, p. 460.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Fukui (X^onaka).
The first two dorsal rays are separated from the rest of the fin, as in Laeops
kitaharce^-^ and Loeoptichthys frugilis^-'
Dorsal rays, 106 to 108; anal, 86 to 88; scales in lateral Hne, about 98 to 113;
head, 6.25 to 6.6; depth, 2.65 to 2.8; eye, 2.9 to 3.2. The specimens agree better
with the characters of L. lanceolata than with those of kitaharce (See Hubbs, /. c,
p. 460), but in some respects are intermediate. It is quite probable that the two
species will prove inseparable, in which case Smith and Pope's name will be used.
470. Arnoglossus tenuis Glinther.
Arnoglossus tenuis GIjnther. Challenger Reports, Shore-Fi.shes, 1880, p. 55 (Hong
Kong) .
We have seventeen specimens of an Arnoglossus from tlie mai'ket at Kobe
(Jordan), which are very different from the two species of the genus now known
from Japan. Arnoglossus violaceus Franz'-'* has 100 scales in the lateral line, and
Arnoglossus japonicus Hubbs'-^ has 64 scales, the teeth enlarged anteriorly, and
the second dorsal ray considerably elongated. The material from Kobe we identify
mth Arnoglossus tenuis originally described by GUnther from Hong Kong.
Dorsal rays, 90 to 93; anal rays, 67 to 72; head, 4.0 to 4.1; depth, 2.5 to 2.7;
upper orbit, 3.1 to 3.3; upper jaw, 2.6 to 2.7; scales in the lateral line, 48 to 54.
'■^ Daruma is a small squat domigod.
'"^ Lambda psetta kilahara Smith and Pope, Proc. U. S. X. M., 1906, p. 49(1, fig. 12. — Jordan. Tanaka,
and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII, 1910, p. 317, fi^;. 2(),5. — Laops kiUihanv Ilulibs. Proc. U. S.
X. M.. XLVIII, 191.5, p. 460.
'-' Hubbs, /. c, p. 460, pi. 26, fig. 4.
'-' Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I. 1010, Suppl. 4, p. 61, pi. 7, {\%. .')6.
'-' Proc. U. S. X. M.. XLVIII. lOiri, p. 4.54. pi. 2.5, fig. 2.
296 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Body elongate-elliptical, the gentle dorsal contour being broken only by the pre-
maxillary processes. Lower eye in advance of upper; interorbital narrow and
trenchant, its sigmoid ridge forming also the front margin of the lower orbit; nostrils
in a horizontal line, the anterior one bearing a short, broadly rounded flap; jaws
about equal anteriorly, the mandibular knob projecting a little; gape moderate,
curved and oblique; upper jaw extending backward beyond front of lower orbit,
but not to below pupil. Gill-rakers represented l\y one or two bare rudiments
on upper limb, and by seven to nine developed ones on lower limb, the longest
about one-fourth as long as orbit. Scales very deciduous, none remaining on our
specimens. No color-markings, other than the dai-k margins of the scale-pockets.
Our specimens vary in length from 37 to 62 mm.
A still smaller specimen, 27 mm. long to caudal, was found in the stomach of
a Platycephalid taken at Kobe.
Family PARALICHTHYID.E.
471. [916] Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker).
Kobe market (Jordan).
Dorsal, 74 to 78; anal, 64 to 66; pores, 85 to 88; gill-rakers, 2 + 8= 10; head,
3.3; depth, 2.2.
472. [917] Pseudorhombus arsius (Buchanan Hamilton).'^"
Shizuoka (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka).
Dorsal rays, 76 or 77; anal, 58 to 60; pores, 78 to 82; gill-rakers, 11 or 12
below angle; depth, 2.1 to 2.2. Body marked rather indistinctly with non-ocellated
blotches, one on lateral line just behind end of arch, and sometimes another near
middle of straight portion of lateral line; one near caudal base; bare traces of
others above and below the lateral line. In addition to the blotches, fine black
specks may be present over the body.
Our largest specimen is 268 mm. long to the caudal fin.
473. [918] Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ganzo-birame = False Halibut.
Pseudorhombus misakius Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXI, 1906.
p. 175, figs. 4, 5.
Tokyo (Jordan) ; Choshi (C. Ishikawa) ; Noo.
Dorsal, 81 or 82; anal, 63 or 64; pores, 80 or 83; head, 3.5 to 3.6; depth, 1.9.
The dark spot on the lateral line near the end of the arch is not invariably ocellated.
'•'° See Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 439.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESP: FISHB^S COLLECTED 1922. 297
474. |919| Pseudorhombus ocellifer Regan.
Shizuoka, Osaka, and Kobe markets (Jordan); Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya) ;
MLsaki (Aoki); Fukui (Nonaka); Toyama (Yoshizawa); Miyazu; Noo.
Dorsal rays, 71 to 77; anal, 53 to 57; pores, 64 to 73; gill-rakers, 4 to 7+15
to 18; head, 3.1 to 3.3; depth, 2.1 to 2.2.
475. [921] Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker).
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kobe market (Jordan) ; Tatoku Island
(Mikimoto).
Dorsal, 64; anal, 49; scales in lateral line, 4U.
476. [924] Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel).
//irawe = Halilnit (Wide-eye); Magarei = Tnie Flounder.
Sapporo market (Majima); Takashima market (Takayasu); Tokyo and Kobe
markets (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Misaki (Aoki); Mikawa Bay
(M. Ishikawa); Choshi (C. Ishikawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka).
Very common southward, the most abundant and valuable of the flat-fishes.
In this species the fin-rays are well branched posteriorly. Dorsal rays 70 to 78;
anal, 54 to 60.
To the synonymy of this species should apparently be added Platessa prr-
cocephala Basilewsky, Pseudorhombus sivinhonis Giinther, and Paralichthys olivaceus
var. coreanicus Schmidt. A specimen from Hong Kong has 83 dorsal and 61 anal
rays; the type of P. sivinhonis, from Chifu, has 69 dorsal and 51 anal rays. The
range of variation in fin-rays in China and Japan consequently appears to be
quite similar. It is fjuite probable, however, that the fin-rays will be found to
show an increase in average number toward tlie north.
Family PLEUR0NECTIDJ2.
477. [926] Verasper variegatus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Medaka-garei = Minnow Flounder ; Hoshi-garei = Star-flounder.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto).
478. [928] Xystrias grigorjewi (Herzenstein). Mushi-garei = Caterpillar flounder.
Osaka market (Jordan); Toyama (Yoshizawa); Miyazu.
Dorsal rays, 91 ; anal, 77. The markings on the body vary from barely evident
blotches to strongly ocellated spots.
298 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
479. [930 and 932] Hippoglossoides dubius (Schmidt). ^feMm-gram = Fat Flounder.
Sapporo market (Majima); Kushiro (Tanaka); Osaka market (Jordan), said
to have been shipped to Osaka from near Aomori; Noo.
Dorsal rays, 79 to 86; anal, 61 to 67; gill-rakers, x+H to 16.
Cynopsctta dubia Schmidt seems identical with Hipjux/loasoidcs katakuroe
Snyder and to be referable to Hippoglossoides.
480. [937] Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan and Starks.
Noo; Fukui (Xonaka).
Mr. Hubbs has lately shown that Protopsetta herzensteini is congeneric with
Cleisthenes pinetorum of the east coast of Japan, representing that species in the
Sea of Japan, and differing chiefly in the number of gill-rakers. The material at
hand confirms these findings, the gill-rakers before the angle of the first arch
numbering in seven specimens: 17, 17, 18, IS, 18, 19, 19. Protopsetta is ap-
parently a synonym of Cleisthenes.
481. [934] Atheresthes evermanni Jordan and Starks.
Kushiro (Tanaka) .
Dorsal rays, 107; anal, 86 or 87; head, 3.7; depth, 2.8.
482. [938] Alaeops plinthus Jordan and Starks.
IMisaki (x\oki).
483. [939] Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan and Starks. Migi.
Fukui (Nonaka).
Dorsal rays, 72; anal, 61; no fin-rays branched; pores in lateral line, about
70. Araias arioninius Jordan and Starks is the same species as already indicated.
484. [940] Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Mcita-garei = Cloak-flounder.
Tokyo and Kobe markets (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Kago-
shima (Wakiya) ; Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki) ; Fukui (Nonaka);
Noo. Everywhere abundant, reaching a small size.
Dorsal rays, 73 to 81; anal rays, 52 to 60; head, 3.8 to 4.2; depth, 1.8 to 2.3;
eye, 3.0 to 3.35.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!)22. 299
485. [941 and 942] Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder.
Mochi-garci = Rice-flounder.
Nemuro and Kushiro (Tanaka).
All the records of Lepidopsetta hiUncatu from tlie Sea of Japan refer
apparently to the present species.
Dorsal, 71 to 77: anal, 58 to 61 ; pores, 100 to 104; gill-rakers, 2 + 4 to 6; head,
3.3 to 4.0; depth, 2.1.
Genus Limandella Jordan and Starks.
This group seems fully entitled to generic separation from IJmanda; jaws
yery unsymmetrical, as in most pleuronectine flounders.
486. [943] Limandella angustirostris (Kitahara). Kitsune.garci = Yox-i\ovnu\Qr.
Sapporo market (Majima) ; Takashima (Takayasu) ; Fukui (Nonaka) ; Noo.
487. [944 and 945] Limandella yokohamae (Gunther).
Kuragoshira; Makogani = Tv\w Little Flounder, or Dab.
Takashima (Takayasu) ; Nemuro (Tanaka) ; Tokyo and KoIk' mai-kets
(Jordan); Mikawa (M. Ishikawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka).
Limanda schrencki seems to be the same species.
Dorsal rays, 61 to 73; anal rays, 48 to 54; pores, 70 to 82; gill-rakers, 3 + 6 or
7 = 9 or 10.
The variation in fin-rays in our series covers the supposedly distinctive
numbers accredited to the nominal species, L. schrencki.
488. |946] Limanda punctatissima (Steindachner). Ran-garei = W-dv4loundev.
Hippoglossoides {Hippoglossina) pimctatissimus Steindachner, Ichth. Beit., 1879,
p. 49 (Situng.sb. Akad. Wiss. Wien., LXXX, 1879). (Hakodate).
Limanda iridnrum Jordan and Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXI, 1906, p. 206,
fig. 14, Mororan. — Jordan, Tanaka and Snyder, Jour. GoU. Sci., Tokyo,
XXXIII, 1913, p. 327, fig. 276.— Hubbs, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVIII, 1915,
p. 484.
Takashima (Takayasu); Nemuro (Tanaka).
The description of this species by Steindachner, based on a specimen from
Hakodate, has been entirely overlooked.
Body covered with fine beaded lengthwise streaks, and with small dark s]iots.
Head, 3.2 in length; depth, 2.1; dorsal, 61; anal, 48; scales, 73.
300 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
489. [954] Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky). /.s7«(/am = Rock-fl()Uii(l('r.
Sapporo market (Majima); Takashima market (Takayasu); Tokyo and Osaka
markets (Jordan); Mikawa (M. Ishikawa); Fukui (Nonaka). Common northward.
Young, 24 mm. long to caudal fin, are fully transformed, and show all adult
features other than the bony i:)lates. At 39 mm. they show traces of the developing
bony }ilates, but are otherwise naked, while somewhat larger specimens (55 to
150 mm. long) have the body covered with small, thin, imtjedded scales, visible
to the naked eye. Still larger specimens agree with the current descriptions of
the species in lacking evident scales.
490. [955] Clidoderma asperrimum (Temminck and Schlegel).
Same-yarci = Sturgeon-floundei'.
Kushiro and Nemuro (Tanaka).
Dorsal rays, 86 to 91; anal, 66 to 69; head, 3.2 to 3.5; depth, 1.7. Common
noithward.
491. [956] Microstomus stelleri Schmidt. 5a6a-^arei = Old-woman-flounder.
Kushiro (Tanaka).
Dorsal rays, 87 to 95; anal, 72 to 79; scales, 120 to 138; head, 5.5; depth, 2.3.
Genus Tanakius Hubbs.
Tanakius Hubbs, Annot. Zool. Jap., IX, 1918, p. 370 (not Tanakia Jordan and
Thompson, 1914).
This genus differs from Dexistes, with which it seems most closely allied, in
the increased number of segments and in the branching of a few of the posterior
rays in the dorsal and anal fins. From Microstomus, witli which it has been con-
fused, it differs in the scaly eyeball, the occurrence of teeth on both sides of the
jaws, the well imbricated scales, and the lack of accessory scales along the pores
of the lateral line, the straight lateral line, the doubly truncate, instead of rounded,
caudal fin, and the thinner and weaker texture of body, skin, and fin-rays.
492. [957] Tanakius kitaharae (Jordan and Starks).
Yanagi-mushi-garei = Willow-caterpillar Flounder.
Microstomus kitaharcc Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902
(1904), p. 622, with plate; Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXI, 1906 (1907), p. 223.—
Hubbs, ibid. XLVIII, 1915, p. 490.
Dexistes {Tanakius) kitaharce Hubbs, Annot. Zool. Jap., IX, 1918, p. 371.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 102'2. oOl
Microstomits hircgitro Tanaka, Zool. Ma^. XWIII, I'.IKi, p. (J7; Fig. Desc. Fishes
Japan. XXV. 1017. p. 447. pi. 122. fiii. ;^51.
Toyama (Yoshizawa); Xiki, Fukui (Xonaka).
Dorsal rays. So to 102: anal. 74 to 7(): dcptli, 2.7") to 3.25.
493. [95S] Glyptocephalus ostroumowi Pa\]('nk(). /.s7;////-f/r/rr/ = Bold Floiuulci-.
Glyptoccphnlufi S(i.sa- Snydek. Proc. U. S. X. INL. XL, lUll. p. 548.
Sapporo market (JMajinia); Fukui (Xonaka); Miyazu, Xoo.
Family SAMARID.E.
CJenus Plagiopsetta Franz.
Eyes dextral: moutli small, hut nearly symmetrical, with narrow liaiids of
teeth on the jaws; scales of moderate size, strongly ctenoid on both .sides; lateral
line straight, with an irregulai' Ijackward-directed branch; dorsal fin beginning just
before orbit, like the anal extended to, but free from, the caudal; the rays on the
head partial!}' free, but scarcely produced; j^ectoral large, scythe-shaped, with ten
rays on the ej'ed side, wholly wanting on the blind side; both ventrals lateral and
nearh' symmetrical, each of five rays; caudal fin acutely rounded, witli twelve
branched rays; none of the other fins with branched ra}s; both sides pigmented.
494. [922] Plagiopsetta glossa Franz.
One specimen of this interesting little samarid flounder is at hand, having
been obtained by Aoki at ^Nlisaki.
Dorsal rays, 69; anal, 54.
Family ACHIRID.E.
495. [959] Heteromycteris japonica (Temminck and Schlegel).
SdiM-u.'shinoshita = Bamboo-sole.
The genus Amate Jordan and Starks, to which this .species has hitherto 1)een
a.ssigned, seems to be inseparable from Hdcromycteris Kaup (1858), basetl ui)on
Heteromycteris capensis Kaup.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Misaki (Aoki).
Dorsal, 78; anal, 59; pores, 78.
Family SOLEID.E.
496. [960] Aseraggodes kobensis (Steindachner).
Tobi-sasa-asliiiin.sliitd = Hawk Bamboo-sole.
Misaki (Aoki).
302 MEMOIRS OF Till': CAHN'KOnO MUSEUM.
Family SYXAPTURID.E.
497. [902] Zebrias zebrinus (Tcininiiick and Sclilcjicl).
*S7ij'w(^/f/(^//T/ = St riped Flounder.
Tokyo and Sliizuoka (Jordan); Toba (Joidan and Yamamoto); Mikawa Bay
(AI. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki). ( oiiiinon southward. SoUd fdsn'dtd Basilewsky
is ])r()bably this species.
498. [9()3] Zebrias japonicus (Blceker). Nr/(^-//.s7///;().s//?7a = Channel-sole.
Toba (Joidan and Yamamoto); Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Fukui (Nonaka);
Misaki (Aoki).
Family CYXOGLOSSID.E.
499. I9()4| Rhinoplagusia japonica (Tcmminck and Schlegel).
U slii Hash ltd = i\)\\-[i)njxu(\ or Sol(\
Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, and Kobe markets (Jordan); Toyama (Yoshizawa);
I'^ukui (Nonaka); Miyazu.
A common and valued food-fish, much like the Em-opcan Sole, commercially
much the most important of the group. Usiudfiita Joidan and Snyder, 1900, is a
synoym of Rhinoplagusia.
500. |9(»()J Cynoglossus robustus ( Uintiicr. //; ///(o.s7ii //a = Dog-tongue.
fSok'd anoiujnid Basilewsky, Ichth. Chin. Bor., 1855, p. 262 ("Shaudun").
Cynoglossus mwszYa Jordan, Tan aka, and Snyder, Jour. Coll. Sci., Tokyo, XXXIII,
1913, p. 335 (a substitute name for Cynoglossus robustus, thought to be distinct,
wliich it probably is not.
Cijnoglossus inusitd lacks a definite tyiK'-localit.v; we may su])ply Kobe. The
name Solea diKnii/nid, apparently belonging to this fish, is prior to robustus.
501. |9()S| Areliscus joyneri (Ciinther). f'/«(7«m/; //a = Horse-tongue.
Shizuoka market (Jordan).
502. |9()9] Areliscus interruptus (( liintlier).
Toba (Joidan and Yamamoto); Kobe (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa);
Misaki (Aoki).
Dorsal rays, 100 to 112; anal, 80 to 88; scales in lateral line from oppo.site
gill-opening, about 6G to 70.
JOHDAX AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHKS COLLKC 'IKD I'.IJ.'. 303
503. [970] Areliscus purpureomaculatus (Rt'gaii).
Mur(imL-i-<j(urt = Purpk' Flounder.
Osaka market (.Idrdaii)-
Dorsal rays, 127: anal lays, 102; scales from oi)])osite ii,ill-oi)eiiiiiii, ll.j; eye,
8.7 in head; body without definite purpli.sh spots, othei' than fine speeks.
Family ELEOTRID.E.
Enc^ura Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: Encccura evides sp. nov.
Head and body compres.sed throughout, rather slender, with evenly cuiA'ed
contours. Scales miiuite (about 125 from gill-opening to caudal base) poorly
imbricate, not definitely aligned into rows, each usually with a single veiy slender
spine; body clo.sely scaled as far forwai'd as the isthnuis and the occiput, which is
located far forward, above the middle of the eye; head wholly scaleless. Dorsal
spines .six, the last one widely separated from the others, all slender and flexible,
but not at all filamentous; donsal fins bai'ely connected by nieml)rane at exticme
base; soft dorsal and anal elongate, each with about twenty-five I'ays, but free
from caudal; caudal fin emarginate, with the lolx'S rounded: i)ectorals rounded;
ventrals rather .short, wholly separated, but with the bases in contact, each with
only four soft rays. Mouth rather small, with a straight oblitiue gai)e: niandil)le
rather heavy, ])rojecting: lips rather thick; teeth on jaws only, conic, shai'p, I'athei'
large, well s])ace(l, uniserial. Tongue vei-y narrow, compressed, pointed. No
barbels. No spines on head. Branchiostegals 4-f 1 (as in fr'(>6«/(/a'; usually 4 + 2 or
4-|-3 in the Eleotrkhv). Gill-membranes united to the sides of the narrow isthmus,
not conjoined. Inner edge of shoulder-girdle sharply angulated, without pi-ocesses.
Among Japanese genera Enca'ura agrees best with Vireosa, Init is not closely
related to it. It also differs in many respects from all the East Indian geneia of
the family.
504. [973A] Encaeura evides Jordan and Hubl)S, sp. nov. (Plate XI. fig. 2.)
The type is 42 mm. in length to caudal. It was taken together with a slightly
smaller paratype at Wakanoura by Professor Yamamoto. ((\ i\l. Cat. Fi.shes,
No. 7931.) The paratyjie is retained at Stanford Univei-sity.
Dor.sal, VI-25 or 26; anal, 25; caudal with 11 or 12 branched rays; jx'ctoials,
23 or 24; ventrals I, 4. Head 4.0; depth 5.1 in standard length. Least depth of
caudal peduncle, 2.3 to 2.5 in head; length of orbit, 3.G to 3.65; snout, 3.7 to 3.8;
width of fleshy interorbital, 3.0 to 3.3; u])per jaw, 2.65 to 2.75; de])th of head, as
measured on vertical through end of oix'rcle, 1.5; width of head, l.S to 1.9. Head
304 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
witli even contours; eye rouiulisli, ratliei' lii.^li, slightly longei- than snout, hut
shorter than tiie fleshy interoi-hital width, dii-ected laterally. Ma.\illary eoini)letely
ensheathed extending to hetwceii \-erticals from front of orliit and front of |)U])il.
The h)rni and proportions of the fins are well shown in the figure.
( 'olor brown in the tyjie (pale in the paratype), becoming dark only along
front t)f orbit antl nt'ar tip of jaws; a largt', conspicuous, oval, blackish, indefinitely
ocellated spot, located half on the l)ody and half on the caudal fin. First dorsal
pale dusky (or whitish), becoming blackish only on extreme margin; second dorsal
and anal dusky, becoming black distally; up])er anil lower caudal margins widely
blackish; pectoral pale dusky; ventral clear.
Odontobutis ( iill.
Oddiitdhuti.s (iill is api)arently distinct from Magunnln (Iill.
505. [977] Odontobutis obscurus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Isdijd-haze = Sand-Goby.
Kumamoto, Ozu, Hamada (Wakiya) ; Himeji (Abe). The University of
Michigan has received specimens fiom Soo-chow, China.
A fresh-water species.
506. [Extraterr.] Micropercops dabryi Fowler and Bean.
Specimens in the University of Michigan collected by Mi'. Gee at Soo-chow,
Ghina.
507. [978] Eleotris oxycephala Temminck and Schlegel.
Kumamoto in fresh-water (Wakiya).
Family PERIOPHTHALMID.E.
508. [979] Boleophthalmus pectinirostris (Gmelin). Mutsu(joro = Adventurer.
Apocryptcs chinensis (Osbeck) (1757, pre-Linna^an).
Brackish wat(M-, Bay of Ariaka (Wakiya)
Until the pertinence of Apocryptcs is finally settled, we retain the familiar
name for this agile Goby of the tide-flats.
Family GOBIID.E. '
Genus Hazeus Jordan and Snyder.
509. [981] Hazeus otakii Jordan and Snydei'.
The genus Hazeus is probably separable from Gnatholepis Blocker, having the
doi'sal and anal fins much shorter. The genus Vaimosa Jordan and Scale (Type:
Vaimosa fontinalis from Samoa) is apparently distinct from Mugilogobius Smitt.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES TOLLECTED 1(122. 30")
Genus RiiiNcxiOBius Gill.
We retain the name Rhinocjohius instead of the eai'licr Ctcnoyobius, also of
Gill, as the latter is based on a South American species, of which the characters
are imperfectly known.
510. [982] Rhinogobius similis (lill. H(tze = Gohy; Yosliimihori = \lovd-i\s\\.
Ilhiiioguhius similis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S59, p. 14") (near Sliiinoda,
(^tenogobius sitnilis Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, lOOl, |). oti.
Gobius yokohanue Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) XX, 1877, p. 437 (Yoko-
hama) .
Rhinogobius luigoga' Jordan and Seale, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXX, 1900, p. 147,
fig. 5.
Ctenogobius bedfordi Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1908, p. (12 (Gh(jnji;-ju, Korea).
Ctenogobius atndidius RE(iAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8) I, 1908, j). 153 (Lake
Candidius, Formosa).
Rhinogobius candidiuf; Oshima, Ann. Car. Mus., XII, 1919, p. 295.
Rhinogobius taiwanus Oshima, /. r., 1919, p. 298, pi. LIII, fig. 1 (Formosa).
Kumamoto and Ozu (Wakiya); Iliki River and Shirarahania, Kishu (Jordan);
Lake Biwa at Otsu (Joixlan and Kawamura) ; Lakes Hakone and Suvva (Jordan);
Yamaguclii, I'ukui.
The connnonest of all the small gobies or "Haze" in bi'ooks and (>stuaries.
Rhinogobius similis is a very vai'iable species, differing with age, sex, locality,
and individuals. The individual variations chiefly involve the s(|uamation: the
lelatively large scales of the body may impinge directly on the entirely naked
nape, or these scales may gradually become reduced in size anteiiorly, and extend
well toward, in rai'e cases almost to, the occiput; in correlation with this variation
in size, the scales vary in number from about 30 to about 40 between the gill-slit
and the caudal base. These variations in s(|uaniation cover the chaiacters of
several nominal sjx'cies, /)?. n(i(/og(rni,]a\rdu, R. bedfordi oi Korea, and R. nnididius
and R. taiwanus of Foi-mosa. We have examined large series from lM)i-mosa, as
well as from Japan, and have examined the t.yi)e of Rhinogobius )i<nj<>ti(r, which
in every way is tyj)ical of R. similis.
511. [980] Rhinogobius giurinus (Rutter). Gokunikc-iidzc = P[iradise-Qh)hy.
Gobius giurintts Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1S97, ]>. 8(i (Swatow, China).
Rhinogobius giurinus Jordan and Richardson, Mem. Car. Mus., IV, 1909, p. 200.
—Oshima, Aim. Car. Mus., XII, 1919, p. 297 (Formosa).
;]()() MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNEGIE MUSEUM. .
CIcHofidhiiis hdilnijih rus .]inu->AN and Snvdeh, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, 1901, p. (iO,
fifi;. 7 (Japan).
Kachi Rivci' at Naf2;()ya (.loi-daii) ; Lake Togo, Iiiaba. We also liave a sjMH'imcn
fi-oni Soo-cliow, Cliina, as well as iiiiicli material already reported on from .Iai)an,
lM)rmosa, and ( 'liina.
In all our matei-ial we count about 30 scales between sill-opening and caudal
base. We can find no basis foi- the distinction of a Jai)anese sjiecies, R. hadropkrm,
(lifferiiiii; from the ( 'hinese H. (/iurinus.
512. loss and i)Si)| Rhinogobius pflaumi (Bleeker). Moyo-luizc = Piitten\-gohy.
CIciKKjohiiis viryalitlus Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, 1901, p. 63,
fii;-. 9.
Kobe market (Joidan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa) ; Misaki (Aoki). Another
specimen from Misaki was found in the throat of a Flat-head, hicgocin japotiica,
collected by Jordan in 1911.
In specimens of like size, we have found no difference in the size of the eye
I)etween paratypes of Ctenogohim virgaiulus and si)ecimens of /?. pflaumi. The
foi'mer show in part a black blotch in the l)ranchiostep;al region, while the latter
may show dark rims along tlu> series of scales. These were the only tangible
differences by which the nominal species, C. virgatulm, was tlistinguished.
513. [991] Rhinogobius kurodei (Tanaka).
Kaclii River at Nagoya (Jordan); Noo.
The specimens fiom the Kaclii Pviver, except for a slightly stouter form and
smaller eye, agree in detail with the description of the type.''" They show the
following characters: dorsal rays, VI-9; anal, 8 or 9; scales 28-10; head, 3.3 to
3.4; depth, 4.5 to 5.2; eye, 4.0 to 5.0; snout, about 4.0; upjier jaw, 2.G to 2.7, ex-
tending to below front of pupil; head a little wider than deep, but not nearly so
wide as long; dorsal and anal fins reaching nearly to caudal base, when depressed,
in the case of the males, but much shorter in the females; ventrals reaching only
half or two-thirds the distance to anus.
Fins all white-edged; the dorsals and caudal spotted in females, blackish in
males; paired fins and anal neai'ly colorless in females, dusky in males.
Three specimens from Noo are referred with more or less doubt to the present
species. Dorsal rays, VI-9; anal, 9; head, 3.0 to 3.4; depth, 4.7 to 5.5; eye, 4.3 to
5.0; snout, 3.8 or 3.9 in two specimens, 3.4 in the largest one; scales, 30 to 34 to
"' AniU)t. ZcKil. .Ia]i.. \I1, 1!)()S, |). 33.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JATANKSK FISHES COLLECTKD 1922. 307
10; Uviid wider tluui drcp, two-thirds as wide as iDiig; uiJi)t'r jaw 2.() to o.O, ex-
tending a little beyond front of orljit; fins low; ventral reaching half or two-thirds
the distance from its base to anus. Body and fins sjjotted, vaiying to neaily
plain; tli(> fins all dark-edged.
514. [900] Aboma lactipes (Hilgendorf). ^4.s7y/-.s7///-o-//arr = Rush-white ( loby.
Lake Kitagata near Fukui; Noo; near Morioka (Awaya); Soo-chow, ( 'hina
(Gee). So far as we know, this species has not been i)reviously I'eeoided from
China.
515. 11000] Aboma tsushimse Jordan and Snyder.
One specimen was found among several hundred small gobies obtained by
Dr. Jordan in the Kachi River at Nagoya. It agrees well with the types of the
species. Tiie original figure shows the contoui' of the head as much too blunt, a
condition produced by the partial protraction of the premaxillaries. When normally
closed the snout has about the same form as that of Aboma lactipes.
516. [1007] Cryptocentrus filifer (Tuvier and Valenciennes).
Itd-hiki-haze = Thread Goby.
Misaki (Aoki) ; Kolie (Jordan).
517. |101()| Glossogobius brunneus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ur(i-}i(tZ(' = Rain (ioby.
Mikawa Bay (M. Lslukawa).
518. [1012] Chaenogobius macrognathos (Bleeker). t''A:/(/o/-/ = Wet ditch Fish.
Yodo River at K>'oto (Jordan); brook at Yamawa, Kagoshima Bay, and
brook at Kumamoto (Wakiya); Himeji (Abe); Aomori (Beppu); Lake Biwa at
Otsu (Jordan and Kawamui-a); Lake Hakone (Jordan); Lake Kasumigaiu'a (Hat-
tori) ; near Yamaguchi. Generally very common in ponds and estuaries.
519. [1013 and 1018] Chloea castanaea (O'Shaughnessy).
Gobius castaneus O'Shaughnessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (V) XV, 1875, p. 145.
Chloea castanea Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, 1901, p. 79.
Chloea nakamura' Jordan and Richardson, Pioc. U. S. N. AL, XXXIII, 1907,
p. 265, fig. 3.
Chloea senba> Tanaka, Zool. Mag. XXVIII, 1917, p. 228.
3()S MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Kaohi Eiver at Nagoyti and in tiil)utary of tlie 8umida River near Tokyo
(.loidan); Aomori (Beppu); Noo; Akita; Fukui; Morioka (Awaya). Generally
coiiinioii.
This species varies considerably witli the lornlity, hut a study of an extensive
series has not resulted in the (k^fining of any shar]ily mai'ked races. We nic there-
fore comjielled to refer to (\ castnnea two of the local forms, which have l)een
iiaincd ii(il.-iu/iur(c and scnbcv. The variations seem to involve chiefly the propor-
tiiiiis. The head is contained from 2.9 to 3.75 times in the standard length; the
upjx'i' jaw 2.2 to 3.0 times in the head.
520. |l()20l Chasmichthys gulosus (Cuichenot). I)(ir()me = Mud-eye.
Misaki (Aoki).
One male nearly black in color.
521. [1022] Pterogobius daimio Jordan and Snyder.
KisJiiki-lutzc = Brocade Cioby.
Mi-saki (Aoki).
We have nothing to add to the di.scu.ssion regarding the relation of P. daimio
and P. chipoidcs, and so we follow the last conclusion by Jordan and Thompson'^'
lh;it the two are distinct species, or pei'liaps geograjihical races.
522. [1027] Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck and Schlegel).
Ma-haze = True Goby.
Alisaki (Aoki); Tokyo niaiket and Kaclii River at Nagoya (Jordan); Toba
(Jordan and Yamamoto); fi'csh-water at Kumamoto (Wakiya); Mikawa Bay (M.
Isliikawa); Himeji (Abe); Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Lake Biwa (Jordan); Fukaoka
(Hamada); Fukui (Nonaka); Noo; Lake Kasumigaura (Hattori).
The sj^ecies attains a considerable size, being in fact the largest, as well as one
of the most abundant of the "Haze," coming daily into the markets.
523. ]103()] Parachaeturichthys polynema Bleeker. Higc-haze = Benrded Goby.
Kobe (Jordan).
524. [10321 Chaeturichthys hexanema Bleeker. I)ain(t))-liaze = D'i>>iiiitev-g,ohy.
Shizuoka and Kobe (Joi'dan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); JMikawa Bay
(M. Isliikawa); Fukui (Nonaka).
Doisal rays, Vlll-lf) or 17; anal, 13 or 14.
'■'■' Mem. Car. Mils.. \\. 1!)1 t, p. 2.S1I.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922 309
525. [1034] Ainosus geneionemus (Hilgendorf).
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto).
Two adults, 80 to 82 mm. long to the caudal base, agree well with Jordan
and Snyder's description of half-grown specimens, except that the spot on the
posterior jxirt of the dorsal is less prominent. In this species the tongue is not
strictly truncate, as described, but is slightly emarginate.
526. [1035] Triaenopogon japonicus Rendahl. <S7/(;/,/-/(a~r = Summer Goby.
According to Rendahl the Japanese species of Tritpnopinjon is distinct from
the Chinese Tricenopogon barbatus Giinther.
We have but mie example of this species, taken by Hamada neai' T^ukuoka.
527. [1036] Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka).
Bozu-Jutze = Friest-gohy (Shaven Head).
Five specimens from the River Tonda in Kishu, collected by H. Kuroiwa,
Sept. 17, 1922. We have other .si)ecimens from near Uwajima in lyo, Shikoku, in
\\hich region it is common.
Body above anal fin with hoi'izontal rows of s]X)ts.
528. [1037] Tridentiger obscurus (Temminck and Schlegel). Chichibu.
Ctenoyobius utriceps Jordan and Thompson, Ann. Car. AIus., \'I, 1914, p. 287
(Nagoya). (Not of Regan.)
Lake Togo, Tottori (Inomata); ficsh-water at Kumamoto (Wakiya); Kachi
River (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa);
Himeji (Abe); Tonda River, Kishu (Kuroiwa); Aomori (Beppu); Lake Biwa
(Jordan); ^lorioka, Rikuchu (Awaya); Xoo, Lake Mikata, Fukui.
We have re-examined the material recorded by Jordan and Thompson from
Xagoya as Ctenocjobius atriceps, and ha\'e found their specimens to be referable
rather to Tridrnfiarr nbsninif;. This little fish is generally very abundant in
estuaries.
529. [1039[ Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner. .S7(?wa-/(«Z(' = Striped Goby.
Hachi River at Xagoya (Jordan); Mikawa Bay ('SI. Ishikawa).
530. [1049] Luciogobius elongatus Regan.
Noo.
310 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
531. |1()51] Leucopsarion petersi Hilgendorf.
A series of this diminutive (iol)}' was collected by Y. Tsuchiga at Isobemura,
near Yaniada in Ise.
Genus T^nioides Lacepede.
Two species of this genus occur in Japan. On comparison we find that they
agree in having the body naked, tlie dorsal and anal fins united for their full height
to the caudal, the soft I'ays in each fin more than forty in number, a pair of small
mental barbels, and the length of the head contained one and one-half times in the
distance l)etween the insertion of the venti'al fin and the anus. They differ widelj'
however, in (ither respects, as th(> following key will indicate:
Key to the Japaxese Species of the Genus T.enioides.
a. Dorsal fin lu>i;iiiiiina; soarcoly hphind tlio inodprate ppptoral, which is inorp tiian two-tliirds Ipngth of
vpiitrals, which pxtcnd lialf-way to front of anal; head about six times in Ipngth to hasp of caudal
(shown too short in Schlpgpl's platp), two-thirds length of caudal fin; tlepth of body 10 in length-
dorsal rays VI, 44; anal, 41; mouth very obliciue, its angle about forty-five degrees with the vertical.
lacepedei.
on. Dorsal fin beginning well behind the very short pectoral fin, which is about two-fifths length of
ventral, the lattpr pxtpnding two-thirds distance to origin of anal; head 7.5 in length, longer than
the caudal fin; depth seventeen times in length; dorsal rays VI, 4G; anal, 44; cleft of mouth almost
vertical ; chpeks not tumid snyderi
532. [1054A] Taenioides lacepedei (Temminck and Schlegel).
We have a specimen of a Tcenioides, which is oliviously the species described
by Temminck and Schlegel, but certainly not the one called T. lacepedei by Jordan
and Snyder. This was collected l)y Hamada neai- Fukaoka. Dorsal rays \T, 44;
anal, 41 (counting the last ray as a double one).
533. [1054] Taenioides snyderi Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov. Warazubc = Straw-Goby
Tcenioides lacepedei Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXIV, 1901, p. 128,
fig. 33 (not Amhhjopiis lacepedei Temminck and Schlegel, which is the species
listed above).
We are unable to identify this species with any which have been described
from East Indian waters. Its characters are intimated in the key insei'ted above
and in Jordan and Snyder's description. Tamioides abbotti, described l)y Jordan
and Starks (Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXI, 1907) from Port Arthur, is plainly different,
having a much Icjnger jiectoral, reaching much beyond the ventrals, a longer
head.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAI'ANIOSK FISHES COLLKCTKD 1!)22. 811
l-nniily PAl^\l'I<:KrilXE.
534. [1055] Parapercis pulchella (Temniinck and S(.'lilegelj.
Tard-yi.su = Tigcr-gisu.
]\Iisaki (Aoki).
535. |1()5()1 Parapercis ommatura Jordan and Snyder.
T(il)a (Joi'dan and Yainanioto) ; Kobe (Jordan).
536. |1()5S] Neopercis sexfasciata (Temniinck and Schlegel).
Yokohama, Tokyo, and Kobe markets (Joi'<Ian); Misaki (Aoki); Toyania
(Yoshizawa) ; Fukni; Sliizuoka, wliere it is used foi- making fish-cni'd.
C'oloi- in formalin: general tone jiink on dorsal half of body, yellow on lower
sides, grading to whitish below; the colors due to the s]K)ts on th<> centei' of the
scales, the margins of the scales being broadly gray, daiker above, ])ale below.
Head with narrow lines of bi-illiant yellow, bi-eaking up into spots on cheeks and
opercles, the most i^rominent line running from the suborbital edge backward and
upward to eye, th(>n backwaid along the lower orl)ital mai-gin. Ui)per lip yellowish
posteriorly, becoming dusky toward symjihysis. Soft dorsal witli three longi-
tudinal sti-eaks, the jiroximal and mai-ginal ones yellow, the 1ow(m- median orange
and the upper median red; the dorsals blackish near base, whei-e the branches of
the body-bars extend a short distance upon the fin. Caudal barred upon u]ii)er
edge with black and white, mottled reddish and dusky medially, becoming blackish
toward the extreme white mai'gin yentrally. Anal with the front of each inter-
radial membrane yellow. Pectoial mostly \yd\v pinkish, but yellowish towai'd the
broad black mark at base of fin and along the lower edge; ventral pale dusky.
537. [105!)] Neopercis multifasciata (D()derlein).
Oli-tora-fiisu = Off-shoi'e Tiger-gisu.
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki).
Family TRIC'HODONTID.E.
538. 1 1066] Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner). //r//r/-//^//r/ = Gra.sshopper.
Kushiro (Tanaka) ; Toyama (Yoshikawa); Noo.
The numl^er of dorsal s]iines, which has been used as one of the chief generic
characters of Arctoscopus, vaiies fi'om nine to fourteen, and hence may be as
numerous as in Trichodon. The s])ines, however, are much more flexible and
weaker than in that genus, and the two doi-sal fins ai'e mucli nioi'c widely separated.
The pectoral rays are also nuich less thickened, and the dermal folds on the lips
mucli smaller.
312 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Family URANOSCOPID^.
Zalescopus Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Type: ZulescopuH toscv Joi'dan and Hubb.s.
This genus is closely related to Urnnoscopiis, with which it agrees in nearly
all characters, but from which it differs in having the nuchal region densely covered
with small imbedded scales, and the suborbitals wider. In Uranoscopus the nape
is naked. Th(> known species are uniform in coloration, or nearly so, whereas
those of Uranoscopus mostly show a highly variegated color-pattern.
Key to the Species of Zalescopus.
(I. Hes))iratniv v;ilvc jirdlciufieil into a very slender non-finibriate, hhifk filament, nearly two-fifths
length of head; top of head slightly eoncave; scapular spines stronger and longer, less tuberculate;
))reopereiilar spines four, stronger; dorsal rays, IV-14; scale-rows all directed downward and back-
wartl tosce.
an. Res|Mratory valve merely pointed, not prolonged into a retractile filament; top of head (excluding
minor concavities) about flat; spines of scapular plate shorter and more strongly tuberculate; pre-
opercular spines five or six; dorsal rays, I\'-13; several scale-rows below interval between the dorsal
fins usually directed downward and forward natsuma:.
539. [1()66B] Zalescopus tosae Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
(Plate XI; fig. 3.)
The type alone is known; it is 138 mm. long to the caudal base, and was
collected at Kochi in Tosa on the island of Shikoku by Yojiro Wakiya. C. M.
Cat. Fishes, No. 7945.
This species is very distinct from the other Japanese species, with which it is
compared in the foregoing key. It corresponds in most respects with descriptions
of Uranoscopus crassiceps (Alcock), a species inhabiting considerable depths in
the Indian Ocean. It appears, however, to have a smaller head and a shorter
retractile filament, and jjerhaps further differs in the scaly nape (a character not
described bj' Alcock).
Dorsal rays, IV-14; anal, 13; caudal, 12 (10 branched) ; pectorals, 18; ventrals,
I, 5. Head from middle of margin of upper lip to tip of opercular fringe 2.8 in total
length to caudal base; greatest depth of body, 4.15; least depth, 3.45 in head;
width of head, 1.15; depth below occiput, 1.45; length of orbit, 5.4; of snout, 6.3;
least interorbital width, 5.65; length of interorbital fossa, fi'om front of lip, 3.85;
extreme width of gape, 2.35; length of upper jaw, 2.45. Form of head and body
and course of contours as in the next species, except that the top of the head is
slightly concave. Armature of the head and the surface sculpturing are as de-
scribed for Z. satsumce, except that the tubercles are somewhat coarser, the pre-
orbital definitely ridged, the preopercular spines only four in number, spines of
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l'.)2_\ 313
scapular plate freer of tul>ercles and longer, tlie largest aliout as long as orbit, and
directed almost straight backward, the hunicral s])ine less deeply gruDVcd, and
directed almost as nnich l)a('k\vard. Upper Up obscurely, lower lip strongly but
simply, fimbriate; respiratory valve smooth-edged, produced into a very slender,
flat, unfringed retractile filament of blackish color, nearly two-fifths as long as
head. Teeth, opercular, branchial, and gular menil^ranes as described foi- Z.
satsumcv; the process on the inner edge of the shoulder-girdle much more obtuse.
Squamation as in Z. satsutme, e.xcept that none of the scale-rows are reversed in
direction. Fins as described for Z. satsumce, except that the fourth dorsal ray is
half as long as head, the pectoral and ventral rays less thickened.
Color unifoiinly purjilish l)rown over entire body, even on belly behind
ventral fins, but much darker above than below; first dorsal jet-black, excei;)t for
a narrow white l)ase; second dorsal dusky, with a darker streak on each meinbrane,
and traces of spots along the sides of the rays; caudal hght dusky with narrow
borders, blackish above, and whitish behind and below; pectoral darkish on both
sides, except along the exserted tips of the lower rays; anal and ventral each with
considerable dark pigment, that on the ventral located in a long indefinite blotch
near the inner margin of the fin.
540. [1067] Zalescopus satsumae Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
Nirame-okose = Star-Okose. {Okose = Poison-fish) .
Uranoscopus oligolepis Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Jap., XVIII, 1914, pi. 88, fig. 286;
XIX, 1915, p. 327 (description and figure, but not name, nor synonymy).
Type 166 mm. long to caudal fin, collected by Wakiya in Kagoshima Bay,
Province of Satsuma, C. !M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7949. A paratype, 182 mm. long,
with the same data, is preserved in the Stanford Collection. A specimen 120 mm.
long, taken bj' Aoki at Misaki, probably belongs to the same species. It agrees
with the specimen from Kagoshima in all important respects, except that the
color is darker and more variegated dorsally, especially toward the nape, where
distinct blackish reticulations on a light ground-color may be seen.
Zalescopus satsumce seemingly is closely related only to Z. tosa\ to whicli it
bears a striking similarity. The two species, however, apparently differ widely in
structural features, as indicated in the foregoing key.
Dorsal rays, IV-13; anal, 13; caudal 12 (10 branched); pectorals, IS; ventrals,
I, 5. Head from middle of margin of upper lij) to tip of opercular fringe, 2.65
(2.6) in total length to caudal base; greatest depth of body, 4.1 (3.75); least depth
of caudal peduncle, 3.9 (3.5) in head: width of head, 1.12 (1.15); depth below
314 MEMOIHS OF rilK ('AKNK(;ilO MUSKUM.
occiput, l.() (1.5); length of orbit, 5.5 (5.(1); length of .snout, 5.5 (5.()); lea.st intcr-
orhital width, 5.3 (5.55); length of interorl^ital fossa from fi'ont of i)i-emaxillarie,s,
3.G5 (3.8); extreme width of gape, 2.15 (2.2); length of upper jaw, 2.45. Ventral
contour nearly straight, rising from ])ubie si)ines to ehin at an angle of about 120°;
dorsal contour very slightly curved from tip of snout to dorsal fin, and along base
of second dorsal; head and trunk depressed; tail (nniipressed, becoming thinner
toward caudal. Head angidated \'eiitrolaterally, rounded dorsolaterally, flat on
top. Bones of head widely exposed, covered with moderately coarse sculpturing,
composed of tubercles, which are at once united to form a reticulation, and aligned
to form radial ridges; the sutures marked by rather sharp channels; no definite
oeciintal lobes develo])ed; preo])ercular limb joined with opercle by broad bony
ridges; preopercle with five or six spines, and sub()])erele with one spine at lower
mai'gin; pre<)rl)ital projecting sharply over ui)i)er jaw, with coarsely emarginate
borders, but without definite ridges (except in smaller .specimen from Misaki);
suborbitals widely exjjanded, almost covering upper jiart of cheeks, separated from
pn^opercle by a naked strij), only one-fifth to one-sixth as wide as the oi'liit; inter-
orbital fossa widely dilated, rather than constricted anteriorly, not extended
backward to line joining posterior margins of orbits; scapular plate covered with
tubercles to, or almost to, extreme tips of spines, of wliich one to thi'ee of small
size point inward and backward, the largest one (shoiter than oi'bit) outward and
backward; humeral sjjine long and sharj), smooth, except foi' longitudinal ridges
and grooves, directed backward and a little ui)wai'd, its length one-half gieater
than that of orbit. Upper lip obscurely, lower lip rather strongly, but simply,
fimbriate; lower (main) respiratory valve smooth-edged, obtusely pointed, not
prolonged into a retractile filament. Teeth in jaws pointed, larger in the lower
than in the Ujiper jaw, in two series on fi'ont of mandible, in one series laterally
(where they are few in number) very large, spaced, sharp, triangulai', witli com-
pressed bases; premaxillary teeth in two series widely se]iarated by a band near
symphysis and more narrowly by one seiies on median (anterioiO half of sides,
converging to meet at end of band; teeth in a patch on each side of vomer and
on each side of palatine. Opercular membrane finely fringed; gill-membranes
largely free from isthmus, forming a fold in front of the thive pubic spines, and
covered by a foKl of the gulai' membiane; inner edge of shoulder-girdle with a
rounded fleshy lobe. Scales arranged on ol)li(iue ridges (about fifty to fifty-six to
caudal base) nuicli as in Urandscopiis, Init several rows below interval between
dorsal bases directed reversely, that is, downward and forwai'd; ridges continuous
and strong on caudal peduncle; entire area between lateral lines dorsally covered
JORDAN AND IIUBBS: JAl'ANKSE FISHES COLLKCTKD 1!)2_'. 315
by .small iiiibtHklecl scak'S. Body naked on belly and backward to a line lunninjj;
from base of humeral spine toward the anal origin, and in a stiiji, narrowing pos-
teriorly, along anal base. First dorsal small, extremely flexible, a rounded
triangle in outline, nairowly separated from the .second or main dor.sal, in which
the ra.vs are abmptly lengthened to the fourth (or thiid), which is al)out two-fifths
as long as the head, and about twice as high as the anal; caudal sliari)ly truncate,
when half expanded; posterior margin of pectoral truncate above, rountling off
gradually below into the lower margin, the fin-margin moderately incised between
the thickened tips of the lower rays; first three ventral I'ays much thickened.
Color purplish brown, somewhat jiuncticulate, but practically uniform in
effect dorsally, becoming whitish below (the specimen from Misaki shows dark
reticulations above); first dorsal jet-black, excej^t for a cleai' base, which is very
narrow medially; second dorsal light dusky, with olive sjiots along the edges of
the rays; caudal similarly, but less distinctly, marked; pectoral on both faces
dusky, with the free tips of the thickened rays whitish, and with traces of dark
reticulations just inside this light border; anal and ventrals whitish.
Genus Uranoscopus Linnteus.
Key to the Jap.\ne.se Species of Uranos<opits.
a. Respiratory valve smriotli, merely poiiited, not pruhiiigiMl into a retractile filaiiiciit in tiie ailiilt"'';
interorbital fossa smaller, not extended backward to line joininfj; posterior rims of nrliits, and normally
more or less constricted anteriorly; suboriiitals smaller, the largest little or no loniicr than orliit;
preopercular spines three (a fourth rarely interpolated); head less than one-third the standard
length. Occii)ital lobes well developed; sculpturing of exposed bones of head so fine as to feel velvety
to the touch; dorsal rays, IV or V-13 or 14 (usually 14)''^; scale-rows 40 to (i4, (usually nmre than
50) everywhere aligned along definite folils; iijiper half of boily abruptly darker than lower parts,
and marked with more or less rosette-like spots "of rosy or yellowish;" the i>attern sinnlar, but
finer, on top of head japoiiicus.
aa. Respiratory valve prolonged into a slightly fimliriate retractile fil.-unent at all ages; interorbital fossa
larger, extending backward t<i ;i linr j<iining the posterior orbital margins, and widely dilated
anteriorly; suborbitals wider, the largest nearly twice as long as orbit; preopercular s|)ines four
(rarely six, in U. bichirtiin); sculjituring of head coarser, feeling granular to the touch; head more
than one-third the standard length.
b. Retractile filament broad and flat, sliort(>r than orbit, rarely reduced in adult to a sh.arii angle;
occipital lobes well developed; head oidy moderately rough; dorsal rays, IV or V-12 or 13; anal,
13; scales larger, the rows 30 to 47, everywhere alignetl along definite folds; upper half of sides
' darker, marked with irregular, but entire (/. c, not rosette-like), "rosy" spots, the i)attcrn ob-
solescent on head oligolcpix.
'■''^ The yfiung, 7 to .S cm. long tii caudal fin, have a retractile filament of moderate length, ))ale in
cf)l()r, membranous and foliaceous, which liecomes reduced to an angle of the valve at a length of
about 9 cm.
"'' The last soft ray is divided to liase in botli dorsal and anal fins, as in fishes generally. Throughout
this paper this double ray, having but one interneural, is counted as one.
316 MKMOIKS OK I'lll'; CAHNIOCilK MUSIOUM.
/)/). l{ctractilr lilaiiii-nt thick, alKiut twice as \i>u<^ as dibit; occipital l(il)cs olisolcscciit ; head cxtrcriirly
rougli; traces of light spots on young onl.\-; tlic l)o(ly cidsscd liy two blackish liars, dorsally more
or less (lisriiptcd into streaks; top of liead transversely streakeil; a large hhitcdi on cheeks.
bicinctua.
541. |1()GS] Uranoscopus japonicus Iloiittuyn.
7V/////(o/i(/r/r-(*/,7Asr = ()hs("rv;it()ry-Sciilpiii.
Tokyo and Osaka markets (Jordan); Wakanoura ("^'aiiiamoto) ; Koclii; Kago-
shima Bay (Wakiya) ; Toyama (Yoshizawa) ; Misaki (Aoki); Miyazu; Noo. C.en-
erally common in the markets.
The scale-rows are highly irregular, being often fused or divided, varying
from 40 to 64. None of the rows, liowever, .show any t(>ndency to he reversed in
direction, as tliey are in Zalcscoputi ndlsuiinr.
542. 11067] Uranoscopus oligolepis Bleeker.
Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Fukui (Xonaka); Tokyo market (Jordan and
Snyder, 1900, not pieviously recorded).
Tanaka has confused this species witli Zdlcsmpus satsuma'.
543. [1061)] Uranoscopus bicinctus Temminck and Schlegel.
Mc(j(uu'-uu'u = Spectacle-fish.
This species was not obtained in our collection made in 1922, Init we have
examined specimens taken by Jordan and Snyder in 1900 at Tokyo, Misaki, and
Wakanoura.
544. [107]] Gnathagnus elongatus (Temminck and Schlegel).
A<i-)iiisliii>i(i = Blue Lookout-fish.
Miyazu, Noo.
Family CALLIONYMID.E.
545. [1077] Calliurichthys doryssus Jordan and Fowk-r. A' »//;r77' = Dragonet.
Toba market (Jordan and Yamamoto).
546. [1078] Calliurichthys japonicus (Houttuyn). Yoine-guchi = Brk\e-koc\n.
Tokyo market (Jordan) ; Wakanoura (Yamamoto) ; Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya) ;
Misaki (Aoki).
547. [1081] Callionymus lunatus Temminck and Schlegel. Numcri-l-ocJii.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Mikawa Bay (M. Ishikawa); Misaki (Aoki); Noo;
Obama.
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JATAXESE FISHKS COLLECTED r.l_'2. ol7
In females the spinous dorsal may \n- <'ntir('ly black; in males tlie first doisal
spine may be long enough to reacli, when depressed, beyond the end of the second
dorsal base; the othei- spines, of which the fourth is longest, ai'e nevci- i)roduced.
These small fishes, like the species of Platycephalida\ go in tlie markets under
the general name of Kaclii (gncJii in composition).
548. [1082] Callionymus richardsoni Bleeker. Nczu)iii-(i(n-hi=l{-M-knv\\\.
Tokyo, Yokoliama, and Kobe markets (Jordan); Toba (Jcjrdan and Vania-
motoj; Mikawa Bay ['SI. Ishikawa) ; Fukui (Xonaka).
Jordan and Fowler'-^' have transferred tlie name Calliiiinjnius nilcitcicniu'c
Temminck and Schlegel (altering the spelling to i'(ilcncicnnc><i) to the piesent
species, and renamed the true valcnciennci as a new sjx'cies, ('(dUnnijiuu^ Jbinria.
The chief distinctive feature of "C flagris," namely the produced dorsal spines, is
specifically mentioned and figiu'ed for valenciennei by Schlegel. The \alid name
for the present species appears to be C. richardsoni. The name (^(dlionyntus
punctatus Langsdorff, apjilied to the species by Richardson, has no standing,
having been based upon the following remark by Valenciennes:
"Dans son etat de dessication il parait uniformement brun. a\ec dii noir a la
dor.sale; mais il y a lieu de croire que ce poisson, frais, avait (luelques taclics ou
points, car M. Langsdorff, (jui le rapportait au genre des platyccphales, hii avait
donne I'epithete de punctcdus."
In other words, Langsdorff had merely misidentified the fish as Pbdyccphidus
punctcdus = Cocius cwcodilus.
In the young of both sexes the spinous donsal is marked with an ocellus. In
the females the ocellus persists throughout life, while in the male it usually- (lis-
appears, being gradually replaced by a black border on the fin. Both ocellus and
border exLst together in half-grown, and even occasionally in large adult, males.
549. [1083] Callionymus beniteguri .loi-dan and Snyder.
Tobi-numcri= Hawk-Dragonet ; Bcfti-iiyuri = Red Dragonct.
Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Kobe (Jordan); Tatoku Island (Mikimoto) ;
Mikawa Bay [M. Ishikawa).
550. [1086] Callionymus valenciennei Temminck and Schlegel.
CaUionymus valenciennei Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna .Iai)onica, Pisces, 1845,
p. 153, pi. 78, fig. 3.
'^^ Proc. U. S. X. M., XXV, 1903. ]i. 9.50, fig. fi.
31cS mp:moirs of thk carnkoie museiim.
('(tlll<in!i/niisJl(i(/rls,]i)n\)\N and Fowlkr, I'roc. U.S. N. M., XXV, 1903, p. 952, fig. 7.
K()1)0 market (Jordan); T()l)a market (.lordaii and ^'amamoto).
Jordan and Fowler adopted the name "iuihnciciutc><i" i'oi' ('(iHidiiiiiitu^ riclutrd-
sdni Rleeker. Temminck and Schlegel's figure certainly does not re])re.sent that
species, but it is a fair, though not perfect, representation of tlie form named
"//ar//-/.s" ])y Jordan and Fowler. The produced dorsal si:)iru's and caudal rays, the
foi'm of the i)reopercular spine, and the coloration, all agree much bettei' with
('. Ildf/ris than with C. richardaoni. As in ('. richnrdHoni, the dorsal ocellus is
present in the young of both sexes, but becomes lost with maturity in the males.
The fin-rays also are but little produced in tlie young males.
Family BLENNIID/E.
551. |1()',)9] Blennius yatabei Jordan and Snyder. /.sfwy//;/;(> = Surf Silver-fish.
Tatoku Island (Mikimoto).
Dasson Joi'dan and IIul)bs, gen. nov.
Type: Aspidoiittis troasulus Jordan and Snj'der.
A genus of Blcnniida' characterized by having the jaws with fixed comb-like
teeth, a huge, slightly curved canine in the lower jaw, and a small posterior canine
in the upjjer jaw; gill-opening leduced to a small poie al)Ove the pectoi'al fin;
dorsal fin nowhere elevated. It differs from Pdroscirtes in having the doi'sal rays
all low, and from Aspidontus in the greatly restricted gill-opening.
This genus will include all of the Japanese species heretofore j^laced in Aspi-
dontus. These are: [1102] Dasson ioxo2:omiS (Jordan and Starks) ; [1103] Dasson
elegans (Steindachner) ; [1104] Dasson trossulus (Jordan and Snyder); and [1105]
Dasson japonicus (Bleeker) .
552. [1105] Dasson japonicus (Bleeker).
Wakanoura ( Yamamoto) ; Misaki (Aoki).
The lower band may be indistinct on the body, but is always represented on
the head by a dark shade, along which a few dark spots are placed ; a similar spot
is located on the base of the pectoral, and several more on the stripe behind the
eye. There are 2,9 to 32 teeth in the upper jaw, 29 to 30 in the lower jaw, not
counting the pair of small canines of the upper jaw, or the pair of strong, but only
gently curved, mandibular canines. The lowei- angle of the caudal fin is scarcely
produced in specimens smaller than the type; the tyi)e has only the lower lobe
produced, while larger ones have both lobes i^roduced. The species attains a
length of 90 nnn. to caudal.
.loRDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES ('( )LLE(Ti;i) I'.tL'L'. .il'J
Oncestuks .I(ii(1;iii and Iluhh.s, ji;t'ii. iiov.
Ty|)(': I'ctrdsrirtcs Jluciudtis \V(>ber.
Jaws with coinh-likc teeth fixed in tiie l)()ne, with one oi- twti smah |)()slei-ior
canines in the upixT jaw and a very larji;e canine ahiuptly bent hackwai'd in the;
lowei' jaw; j>;ill-oponing small, sliorter than in Aspidontits, hut much w idei- ihan in
Dassoii and Pctroscirtcs; dorsal fin I'ven, not emarginate, nowheic elevated; hirm
elongate, not strongly compressed.
The only species known is a little fish living in floating sea-weed in the East
Indies, ranging northwaid to Japan.
553. [ll()5Aj Oncesthes fluctuans ( \\'el)er).
Petrn.scirtcs fluctuans Weber, Notes Leyden Mus., XXXI, 1SS8, p. 14(i; Fische
d. Siboga-Expedition, 1913, p. 541, fig. 113.
One specimen, 42 mm. long to caudal, was taken, Nov. 15, at Wakanoura. It
agrees fairly well with Weber's descrijition of the s])ecies, based ui)on si)eciniens
taken in the East Indies. The -wide range of the species may Ije attributed to its
habit of accompanying floating sea-weed.
Body moderately compressed, slender, the greatest depth thiough the pectoral
region being contained G.4 times in the length to caudal fin; length of head, in-
cluding opercular membrane, 4.0 times, excluding the membrane 4.35 times in
body. Head conical in outline, the snout .slightly attenuated, narrowly rounded
at tip, and very slightly overhanging the mouth, its length e([ual to oi'l)it, contained
3.6 times in length of head (with membrane), a little greater than interorbital
width. Mandibular canines long and fang-like, bent abruptly backward nearly at
a right angle; premaxillary canines two in number on each side, either the anteiior
or the posterior one the larger; eighteen smaller teeth across the front of each
jaw, of which the outermost two of each .side are reduced in size. No liaibels.
Gill-opening about as wide as the ba.se of pectoral, about two-thirds of its length
opi)o.site that fin. Dorsal extending from the occiput to, but not Ix'yond, the
extreme anterior end of the procurrcnt caudal rays. Dorsal rays, 36; anal rays, 27.
Height of the dorsal, when ex]ianded, less than half depth of body, but the longest
ray is two-thirds depth. Length of the truncate caudal a little greater than half
of head. None of the fin-rays produced.
A wide dark Ijrown band extends from the eye to the caudal base, shaiply
separating the body into an upper dark and a lower lightei- half; the lower edge of
the band runs along the mid-line of the .sides, extending to near the caudal Ixise,
where the band dips downwai'd to join the black spot on the base of the caudal
320 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
fin. Tlic Ixxly is crossed by e'glit iiairow lij^lit wcdfrcs, widest and most distinct
dorsally, wlicrc tlicii- ceiitci's are darkened. l\\v dart: cross-hais bet ween the liii;ht
ridges are e.xteiided into the dorsal and anal tins, which also le.ss definitely show a
subniedian dark longitudinal streak, which runs just within a i)ale streak.
Family PHOLID.E.
554. |1114| Enedrias nebulosus (Temminck and Schlegel). G';7(/w = Silver-fish.
Tokyo market (Jordan); Toba (Jordan and Yamamoto) ; Mikawa (M. Ishi-
kawa); Misaki (Aoki). Generally conim()n in the markets.
Family STICH.FID^.
555. 1 1141] Dinogunellus grigorjewi (Herzenstein). iVa^azuA:w = Long-straight.
Nog.
556. [1144] Lumpenus fowleri Jordan and Snyder.
A^MWte-(/a2;j = Stitch-eye BIcnny.
Kushiro (Tanaka).
Dorsal spines, 75 to 77. Abundant northward, used in making Kamoboku,
or fish-curd.
Family ZOARCTD.E.
557. [1151B] Furcimanus nakamurae Tanaka.
Furciinanus ndkdinurcc Tanaka, Fig. Desc. Fishes Japan, XVIII, 1914, p. 303,
p\. 82, fig. 276.
One specimen of this recently named species is in the collection from Hachi,
collected by Nonaka, and one from Xoo. These confirm the distinctive features
of the species, as outhned by the describer.
Genus Lycogramma Gill^ert.
Lycogramma Gilbert, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLVIII, 1915, p. 364.
This genus, based on Maynea bninnea Bean, was defined by Gilljert as follows:
"A deep-.sea Lycodid, without ventral fins, with wide gill-slits continued well
forward under the throat, the two narrowly separated anteriorly; the bones of the
head deeply channeled for sensory canals; the body scaled; the lateral lines distinct,
two in number, the anterior running high on sides, parallel with the back, discon-
tinuetl at a point about one orbital diameter behind the vent; the posterior line
beginning below and slightly in advance of this point and running along middle of
sides of the tail."
JORDAN AND HI:BBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1!)'22. 321
• To tliis we may add that the scales completely cover tlie l)ody to the occiput
and to the isthmus, with the exception of an area about the u])per end of the jiill-
opening. The vomerine and palatine teeth are of moderate size, and aiian<i;ed in
from one regular to two irregular rows. Tlie head is liroad; the sensory cavities
are about as broad as long.
The type-species ranges in deej) watei' fi'om Southern C'alifoi-nia to Alaska.
558. [1157] Lycogramma zesta (Jordan and Fowler). SJiiro-genge = White Bean.
Bothruccmi zesta Jordan and Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXV, 1902, p. 749, fig. 3.
—Jordan and Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (1904) p. 601,
fig. — Jordan, Tanaka, and Snyder, Jour. ("oil. Sei., Tokyo, XXXIII,
1913, p. 400.
This species corresponds fully with the diagnosis of Lycogrammn given above.
The obscure lateral lines, although described as absent, appear to follow the
courses as descrilied for Lycogramma, and they are so indicated in the type-figure.
The premaxillary teeth comprise a narrow band toward the symjihysis; the
palatine teeth form two rows; while the vomerine teeth are strictly uniseiial,
considerably enlarged, and only five in nimiber, thus fewer than in L. brunnea.
Zestichthys Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Tliis genus agrees fully with Lycogramma, as described above, with the
following exceptions: the body is scaleless toward the head, on tlie nape, in a
strip behind the jjectoral fins, and on the antei'ior half of tlie abdomen; the latei'al
lines are veiy faint, tlie upper one short, apparently without pores; the teeth of
the jaws, vomer, and palatines form villifoi-ni liands; the head is narrow, the
sensory cavities much longer than broad. Type-S])ecies, Zesticlitln/s htnakir.
559. |1157A] Zestichthys tanak£e Jordan and Ilubljs, sp. nov.
(Plate XII, fig. 1.)
Type, a specimen 49 cm. long to caudal fin, collected by Shigeho Tanaka at
Kushiro; C. M. ("at. Fishes, No. 7951.
Dorsal rays approximately 112; anal not accui'ately countable; ])ectoi'al, 14.
Head and trunk together contained 1.7 times in length to caudal; head, 5.85;
depth of body, 10.8. Depth vertically Ijelow tij) of occipital crest, 1.9 in heatl;
width of head, 2.5; width of moutli, 4.4; length of ()rl)it, 2.5; length of eye, 5.65;
least interorbital width, 9.6; jireorbital length of snout, 5.2; preocular length of
snout, 2.8; length of ui)pei- jaw, 2.5; mandible, 2.2; distance from lower end of
322 MEMOIRS OP^ TIIE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
ji;ill-()])('niii<i; to l(i\v(>r vd^fv of pcctofal base, 2.8, and to ti|) of mandil)le, 1.65; length
of sill-slit, 1-9. Head and body conipicsscd, l)econiinf2; thin ])ostenorly, the tliinness
accentuated l)v tlie height of the doisal; dorsal and ventral contours of head
similar. Heatl very soft and cavernous; the cavities elongate, irregular in form;
maxillary reaching front of eye, wIkmi the mouth is shut; teeth in a narrow band,
thos(> of outer row enlarged and well spaced; mandibular teeth in a rathei' wide
band on fioiit of jaw, in three I'ather even rows laterally, those of outer row less
enlarged than in u])]X'r jaw. Vomerine and palatine teeth rather .small, villiform,
in a small x'oinerine ])ateh and long palatine rows. Gill-rakers 3+13 = 10; short,
clavate, spiny at tip, soft and translucent. P.seudobranchise present at edge of a
pit. Body scaleless on the nape, the anterior half of the abdomen, and a connecting
stri)) behind tlu^ ]i(>etoial base; th(> head wholly naked; bf)dy elsewhere covered
with very small moderately imbricated scal(>s; the fins partly scaled, the scales
becoming reduced in size and isolated towai'd the margins of the fins. Individual
scales vertically oval in shape, with the focus a little basad of center; the circuli
concentric with the margin; tlie radii numerous, strong, symmetrically radiating
in all directions from the focus. Principal lateral line median, beginning over the
vent, preceded by a crease without poics; u])])er lateral line a series of pale spots
extending a short distance backward from the upper angle of the gill-opening,
a])paiently without pores. Vertical fins completely confluent; dor.sal beginning
behind head a distance ecjual to length of eye, very high, rising to two-thirds depth
of body over the anus, and exceeding the height of tail posteriorly, its greatest
height 2.S in head: anal much low(>r; pectoi'al somewliat jiointed, 1.55 in head;
ventrals absent.
( "olor a light brown, becoming darker on the belly; fins du.sky, darkening
towai'd margins, and becoming blackish towai'd caudal. Named for Dr. Shigeho
"Fanaka, who collected the type.
Allolepis .Jordan and Hubbs, gen. nov.
Ty]ie: Allolepis holhindi Jordan and IIubl)s.
Doisal fin composed of .soft rays only, nowhere especially modified; ventral
fins absent; jM'ctoral fins normal; gill-openings wide, but not extended far forward
below; the gill-membi'anes attached to sides of isthmus; premaxillary teeth in an
e\-en outer row, considerabh' enlarged anteriorly, and in a very narrow band,
nanowing to a single inner .series laterally; mandibular teeth in a rather wide
b.'iiid, with the outer series not much enlarged; vomerine teeth forming a small
patch; palatine teeth in a band, with the imiei' row somewhat enlarged; pseudo-
br.anchia" pi-eseiit ; gill-iakers reduced to stubs; head covered with rounded scales
JORDAN' AND IIUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 323
behind eyes; body covered with elongate non-imbricatc scales arranged at right
angles as in Anguilla, Syiia phobranchus, and other eels, as well as in Otnplu'ditun
and Murcenolepis (all these unrelated forms); no distinct lateral line.
06(1. Allolepis hollandi Jordan and Hul)l)s, sp. nov.
(Plate XII; fig. 2.)
Type, 322 mm. long to caudal, collected near Fukui on the Sea of Jajian, by
Nonaka; C. M. Cat. Fishes, Xo. 7952. A somewhat smaller paratyp(\ also from
Fukui, is retained at Stanford University.
Dor.sal rays, about 115; pectoral, 17. Head and trunk, 1 .9.') in length to caudal ;
head (i.l"); d('i)t]i, 9.0; depth vertically lielow tip of occiiiital cre.st, 1.8 in head;
width of head, 2.G; width of mouth, 4.0; length of orbit, 3.0; length of eye, 3.S;
least interorbital width, 6.8; preorbital length of snout, 4.9; preocular length, 3.5;
length of uj^jicr jaw, 3.0; mandible, 2.G; di.stance from lower end of gill-opening to
lower edge of pectoral ba.se, 3.2, and to tip of mandible, l.O; length of gill-slit, 2.2.
Head and body rather evenly comj^res.sed throughout; orbit entering dorsal jirofile;
snout obtusely jwinted and projecting a little beyond mouth; maxillary reaching
below front of pui)il. General texture rather soft; head with large sensory cavities
and pores. Dentition and sciuamation as described under the generic heading.
Skin lax.
Individual .scales, very small, une([Ual, always elongate, with various outlines
and .set at different angles; the focus .submedian: the circuli jiarallel witli margin
of .scales; radii o'f each scale numerous, strong, radiating in all directions fiom the
focus. Lateral line not evident, reduced to faint creases. \'ertical fins completely
confluent; dor.sal beginning behind head a distance equal to length of pupil; the
fin of moderate height, nowhere as deep as body at same jioint, the longest rays
2.3 in head; anal much lower, but symmetrical with dorsal near caudal; i)ectoral
somewhat pointed, 1.65 in head; no trace of ventrals.
Color pale pinkish brown, darker along dor.sal ba.se and top of head, and on
opercle. Vertical fins indistinctly margined with blackish.
Family CARAPID.E (Fiemsjcrickv).
561. [1159] Jordanicus sagamianus (Tanaka). A7//,»/T-(/»'r( = Hiding Fish.
Campus sagamianus Tanaka, Annot. Zool. .lap., VII, 1908, ]). 40; Fig. De.sc.
Fishes .Tap.. 2, 1911, ]i. 26, pi. 27. fig. 2 (Misaki).
(?) Carapus sagatnius Fra\z. Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., \'ol. I, Sujijil. 4, 1910, ji. 31,
1)1. 5, fig. 25 (Misaki).
324 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Eight t()i)otypes, like tlic types, taken hy Aoki at Misaki. If Franz's state-
ment as to liis specimen tioin Kagosliima, tliat tlie gill-membranes are broadly
j()ine<l to the isthmus is eoncct, his fisli must belong to another genus. His figure,
liowcxcr, closely reseml)les Jordntnciis saf/diiinuius.
Family AMMODYTID.'E.
562. [11()3| Hypoptychus dybowskii Steindachner.
A number of ixistlarval, but very young, si)ecimens, apparently belonging to
tills species, wei-e found in the stomach of a small Oncorhjnchus from Miyazu.
Ilj/pojiljichiis ^tcinihirlincri P'ranz"" does not a])i)eai- to be sufficiently char-
actei'ized, and is ])i-oliably the same as H. (Ifiboirskli.
Family BROTULID.F:.
563. [1165] Brotula multibarbata Temminck and Schlegel.
Ildclii-iiird = Weasel-fish.
Misaki (Aoki).
564. [1166A] Monomitopus kumae Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov.
(Plate XII; fig. 3.)
Type a specimen 363 nun. long to caudal fin, collected at Misaki, Japan, by
Kumakichi Aoki (usually affectionately known as "Kuma"), for whom we name
th(^ s])ecies. The specimen is in the Carnegie Museum, (\ M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7954.
No other si^ecimens were secured.
This species is similar in many ways to Monomitopus tongiceps Smith and
Iladcliffe,'" but differs more oi- less in nearly all the counts and measurements. It
is p(>i-haiis even closer to Monomitopus microlepis, described l>y the same authors.
Dorsal rays, 100; cautlal, 9; anal, 86; pectorals, 28. Head, 4.7 in standard
length, gibbous and cavernous, rather broadl\- tiuncated anteriorly; depth of
body, 5.6; eye, 6.8 in liead, elliptical in outline; snout, 3.75; very broadly rounded
when viewed from above; interior face of rostral fold with a membranous projec-
tion on each side; a deep recess on each side of premaxillary processes; maxillary
broad and emarginate posterioi-ly, extending the length of the eye behind eye;
length of ui)i)er jaw, 1.9; interorbital rounded, its least width 3.5 in head; least
sul)oibital width, 8.5; nostrils without definite tubes, but the posterior margin of
each a little elevated, the second .separated from \\w eye by two-fifths the ocular
'''■' iM-anz, Al.li. I'.aycr, Akud. Wis<., V..1. 1, Su|)|)l. 4, li)ll), p. S, ].!. .-). fig. 2S.
"' l{,-i(lcliiri", Pnif. U. S. N. M.. XI. 11, I'.UM, p. 14'.t, pi. il, fii^. 2 (China Sea, off Hong Kong; 524
ftithdiiis).
JORDAN AND HUBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED 1922. 325
diaineter, and from the fii'st hy half the length of the eye. Teeth all subgranuhir,
in moderate bands on the jaws; a long broad patch on vomer; the two arm.s of the
vomerine teeth united anteriorly into a rounded cluster; the premaxillary band
almost entirely expo.sed throughout its length, when the mouth is clos(>d. Opercle
with a single strong spine; preopercular margin very thin, emarginate between
three verj' weak spinous jirojections; suborbital bones forming the inner and outer
boundaries of large sensor}' canal, the last inner lamina extended backward to
within the length of a ]iupil from the jireopei'cular ridge; gill-rakers 5+ 18 or 19 = 23,
6 or 7 rudimentary; pseudobranchiae large, but two in number on each side;
pyloric coeca nine, extended in a broken ring around the gut near the pylorus,
one end of the series divei'ted backward toward end of gall-duct. Scales small,
cycloid, deciduous, al)out 12 from origin of first dorsal to, but not including, lateral
lines; fins scaly at base; head completely scaled. Each .scale long and narrow,
rounded oblong in outline; the focus apicad of middle; circuli not angulated, con-
centric with scale margin; radii numerous and wide on basal field, Init mdimentary
or absent on the lateral and exposed fields, where the circuli are joined by reticu-
lations. Lateral lines indistinct, owing to loss of scales, traceable backward about
to middle of length of tail. Dorsal and anal continuous with caudal; distance
from tip of snout to dorsal origin, 4.0; to anal oiigin, 2.5; distance of anal from lower
end of pectoral base, more than nine-tenths length of head; pectoral fin 2.1, ventral,
3.0 in head.
Color blackish biown, Ix'coming blackish on fins and aliout the gill-opening
and moutli; Iniccal, l)ranchial, and peritoneal cavities black.
5G5. [1169] Hoplobrotula armata (Temminck and Schlegel).
Shizuoka (Jordan); Kochi (Wakiya) ; Miyazu. In this genus, the ventrals are
inserted far foi'wai'd under the eye, almost as in Opliidium. the species in fact
much resembling Otophidium iisiro in form and coloi\ The scales, however, are
different.
Genus Watasea Jordan and Snyder.
We regard the jiresence of two instead of a single s])ine on the preopercle as
sufficient gi'ound for the ])rovisional retention of Watasea as a genus distinct from
Neobytlutes.
566. [1170] Watasea sivicola Jordan and Snyder.
Two specimens, 22 and 23 mm. long, one from Aoki at Misaki, the other from
Miyasu, Kyoto-Fu, on the Sea of Japan.
32G MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Tlicse confinn the characters attiil)Utc(l to this species by Jordan and Thomp-
son in 1914. '^^ Measui'cnients in Immhcdths of l('nji;th to caudal base; length of
upper jaw, .11; pectoral fin, .11 ; veiitial fin, .14 oi' .155; length to anus, .41 or .43;
length to dorsal origin, .24 or .20. T:)orsal rays, 94 or 95; anal rays, 77 or 79. Donsal
pale, with a dark border posteriorly; anal pale anteriorly, with a dark base, which
widens posteriorly; body light brown, jialing v(Miti'ally, with irregular longitudinal
rows of jiale circles on dorsal half of sides.
Family BREGMACEROTID/E.
5()7. [1173] Bregmaceros japonicus (Tanaka).
Three specimens from the Sea of Jajian, fi-om Toyama (Yoshizawa) 50 to
52 mm. long to the caudal fin, show the following characters: Head, 5.0 to 5.9;
dejith, 0.7 to 7.3; eye, 3.7 to 4.0, ecjual to or longer than snout. Dor-sal rays 1-47,
the anterior lobe of the main fin containing 14 or 15 rays, the following rays .short
and largely disconnected, but grachially becoming more connected and higher
backward, until they form the low rounded second dorsal lobe; anal rays, 48 or 49;
scales about 63 13. The detached dorsal ray extends only three-fourths the
distance from occiput to the oi'igin of the doi'sal fin proper; the main dorsal and
anal lobes are each higher than the head is long.
Family GADID.E.
568. 11174] Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius. 7'rrra = Cod; Madara = True Cod.
Osaka market (Joi-dan), said to have been .shipped fi-om extreme northw^estern
Japan; Ku.shiro, (Tanaka).
569. |1175| Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas). ,S»/,T/o-r/r//7/ = Skating-cod.
Noo.
Dorsal rays, 12-17 or 18-19 to 20.
570. 1 1182] Physiculus japonicus Hilgendorf. C///(/<;-(/(;m = Baby Cod.
Lotella phycis Gunther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., IV, 1862, p. 346.— Jordan and
Snyder, Proc. U. 8. N. M., XXIII, 1901. p. 376 (not of Temminck and
Schlegel).''"
"* Mem. Car. Mus., \'.,l. VI, p. mi.
'■" Soiiii- (ithiT rcccirils (if " Ldti 11(1 jilii/rls" may refer to this species.
JOUDAX AND IIUBBS: JATANKSK FISHES COLLECTED l'.)22. 327
I'lujsiciiliis jiiptitiicus lIiLdENDonF, Sitzuii^sl). (los. Natviif. Frt'unde, Berlin, 1879,
p. 80.— Jordan and Stahks, Bull. U. S. Fish ( ninm. XXII, 1902 (1904),
p. 601.— Smith mid Pope, Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXI, 1900, ]>. 494.— Franz,
Ahh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Vol. I, Su])pl. 4, 1910, ])]). 27, 111, p. 5, fio;. 20 and
pi. 10, fi<;. 10 and 11.— Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., XLII, 1912, p. 450.—
Radcliffe, Proe. U. S. N. M., XLIII, 1912, p. lOO. — Jordan and Jordan,
Mem. Car. Mus., Vol. X, 1922, p. 23.
PIii/!^iriiliis Icdiij)! GiJNTHER, Challenger Rei)orts, Deep Sea Fishes, 1887, p. 88,
1)1. 17, fig. A. (not of Poey).
Physiculus (hihrigkii Steindachner antl Doderlein, Denk. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
1887, p. 279.
Shizuaka (Jordan); Misaki (Aoki).
Tlie pul)lished figui'es of this s])ecies err in showing tlie abdomen too long; in
Franz's figui-e of the adult (though not in his figure of the young) the entire anterior
portion of the anal is not i'ei)resente(l. The origin of the anal lies l)elo\v the first
dorsal fin. Glinther's figure shows scales on th(> veitical fins, wliich is doubtless
an error.
In Phj/siciilus jdjxitiiciix the teeth of the jaws become strengtliened outwai'dly,
but are not abrui)tly laiger in an outer series. Highly characteristic of Physiculus
is the scaleless fossa on the midventral line, undeilying a gland having a duct
leading to the anus. This structuic has been described by Franz for the Japanese
species, and w(> have found a similar fossa in thix'e Anieiican species: fulriis,
nematapus, and nistnili(jrr.
Family ( '( )RYPH/EN()IDID.E {Macrn,irid(p).
571. |1201| Coryphaenoides nasutus C.iiiithei-. SoLixlani = ]\'vp-wM('v ("od.
Misaki (Aoki).
572. 1 1214 1 Coelorhynchus japonicus (Tenmiinck and Schlegel).
Hige = Moustache ; Tojin = Stranger.
Misaki (Aoki).
573. [12()5A] Caelorhynchus gilberti Jordan and Hul)l)s, sp. nov.
Type: a specimen 184 mm. long to arms, or 402 nmi. long to tip of tail, found
by Di-. Joi-dan in the fish-market at Shizuoka. (C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7900.)
Tills sjiecies is entii'ely unlike any other known from Japan, the Philii)pines,
oi- the East Indies. It most resembles two Hawaiian species, C. dorys^sus and
328 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
(\ nnilruui, and two Atlantic spocios, ('. occa and ('. tdlismani, but differs from all
in tlic weaker spination of the scales, the obsolete denticulation on the dorsal
spine, the reduction of the teeth in tlie lower jaw- to a single irregular lateral series,
in projiortionate measurements, etc. Gilbert and Hubbs'^" have published a very
useful analytical key to the known species of Ccelorhynchus.
First dorsal, II, 8; jiectorals,' 17-18; ventrals, 7. The dorsal and ventral
contours are strongly arched, converging rather gently behind the trunk; dorsal
contour of snout very slightly concave; base of fii'st dorsal scarcely oblique. Great-
est depth of body ))elow origin of first dorsal 2.35 in length of head; greatest width
across pectoral bases, 2.65. Sides of head converging rather evenly in a slightly
convex curve to ti]:) of the narrow acuminate snout. Preoral length of snout,
2.5 (2.65); its width at iiase 3.45; its width at anterolateral angles nearly one-
fourth less than its length anterior to that point. The infraorbital, occipital,
postorbital, supraorbital, supranarial, and mediorostral ridges are for a Coelorhyn-
chus moderately elevated and spiny; preopercular ridge and margin pi'oduced
backward; subopercular flap long, pointed, directed downward and backward;
oi'bit an oblong-oval in outline; its length greater than the interorbital width, a
little more than twice the least distance between occipital ridges, 4.0 in head, 1.65
in snout, 1.35 in postorbital. Upi)er jaw extending from below membrane between
nostrils to below middle of space betw'een pupil and posterior margin of orbit, its
length slightly less than that of orbit, contained 4.15 times in head. Barbel slender
and of moderate length, contained 3.75 times in postorbital. Teeth in jaws of
moderate size, a little strengthened and enlarged in outer series of the rather
nairow j^i-emaxillary band; those of the mandible in a narrow band at the symphysis,
which narrows to a single irregular row laterally. Six l)ranchiostegals. Distance
between isthmus and base of ventral, 1.65 in interval between ventral base and
center of anus. An irregular ventral fossa of small size is located on the midventral
line, separated by only two scales from the scaleless isthmus. Scales smaller than
in many species, being in six or seven I'ows from the oi'igin of the first dorsal fin
to the lateral line, five and one half between the anterior ])ortion of the second
dorsal and the lateral line. Scales armed with a median row of strong half-erect
imbricate spines, increasing in strength to the last, which extends bej'ond the
scale-margin, and by one to five more or less convergent rows of very much
weaker spines on each side; the numbei- of latei'al rows averages higher on the
tail than on the trunk; one or two rows adjacent to the median one are usually
incomjilete. Scales on the head and na]ie between bony ridges are pi'ovided with
"" Sec Bulletin U. S. N. M., 101), 1!I2(). p. 432.
JORDAN AND HIBBS: JAPANESE FISHES COLLECTED l!t22. 329
one to five (usually three) strongly divergent rows of large subeiiual spines. Seales
of the infraorbital ridge from tip of snout to ])elo\v middle of eye in a single seiies,
bearing rows of spines radiating everyway fioni a jjoint near the lower front
corner of the scales; scales on posteiinr half of the ridge in two series, bearing fewer
but stronger ridges; last scale is unpaired, armed witli spines of especial strength.
Terminal rostral scale forming a moderately sharp straight-edged, slightly de-
pressed spine, bearing about twelve radiating rows of spines. The nine scales
which follow on the median rostral ridge are highly specialized; the first shield-
shaped, broader anterioi-ly; the second very long and slender, widening posteriorly;
the next six with parallel sides and posterior margins forming ol)tuse angles; the
last produced backward, but not pointed; all bearing numerous rows of spines
radiating in every direction from near the front margin. Scales on lidges about
the eye somewhat resembhng those of infraorbital ridge, but on tliose of the oc-
cipital ridges the spines are very strong, and largely restricted to a single row;
median occipital scute, preceded by a small naked area and armed by three strong
imbricate spines and one other; under surface of head wholly scaleless. Second
dorsal spine weak, smooth, flexible distally, only slightly produced Ix-yond the
soft rays, its length contained 2.9 times in head. First dorsal base slightly shorter
than interdorsal space, contained 2.35 times in postorbital; first ray of second
dorsal nearly as long as pupil. Pectoral bluntly pointed, its length about equal
to postorbital, or to outer ventral ray, which is filamentous, about one-half longer
than the next ray, not nearly reaching anus.
Color pale brown, nearly uniform; lining of buccal cavity gray; that of branchial
cavity, blackish; first dorsal dark dusky, lighter at base; second dorsal and anal
black; pectoral and ventrals blackish.
Measurements in hundredths of length to anus; (184 mm.) length of head,
.076; orbit, .19; postorbital, .255; least interorbital width, .165; least suborbital
width, .10; distance between orbit and angle of preopercular margin, .26; pre-
ocular length of snout, .32; preoral length of snout, .30; width of snout, at base, .23;
width of snout at end of ethmoid portion of infraorbital ridge, .185; barbel, .07;
depth of body below origin of first dorsal, .32; width over pectoral bases, .295;
center of anus to base of outer ventral ray, .25; ventral base to isthmus, .19; height
of second dorsal spine, .255; length of first dorsal base, .11 ; interdorsal space, .105;
length of pectoral, .25; length of outer ventral ray, .25.
In general outline, Gilbert's figure of C. doryssus fits this species almost
perfectly.
330 MEMOIRS OK IIIK CAFiNKCilK Ml'SKUM.
Family LOPIIIID.K
574. 1121S| Lophiomus setigerus (N'alil). .1 /(/,o = Sc;i-(lc\il.
Tokyo aiul Osaka iiiaikcts (Joi-daii) ; Wakaiiouni (Yamainolo) ; Ivoclii;
Kagoshima Bay (Wakiya); Misaki (Aoki); Miyazu.
In the younj; the longuc is black, with white spots, but this color bccoiiics
faded and indefinite with a,ii;c.
Family ANTENNAHIID.E
57"). 11219, 1220, 1221, 1222| Antennarius tridens (Temminck and Schl('<;('l).
Iz(iri-uu'(> = C'ripijle-iish.
Tn a seri(>s from Misaki (.\oki), there are re])res('iit cd the color phases, whi(;h
have l>een named tridcii.s, .'icripli.'isiiHUS, satiguij'luii.'^ and iiax; we think all these
are forms of one highly variant species, as Fi-anz, with Jordan, Tanaka, and Hnyder
have already indicated. They aic all a])paientl.\- color-phases of a single species
which widely varies in coloiation, according to its en\ironnient. The form called
tridens is by far the most abundant, l)eing found at a less depth than tlu' others.
Family C'HAUNAC'ID/E
576. [1225] Chaunax fimbriatus Ililgendorf. />////'//(-nAv).sr = Danger Sting-fi.sh.
One six'cimen SO nun. long fi-om tip of snout to caudal, Kagoshima, (Wakiya).
Upper {xvrts covered with round dark spots. Dorsal rays, 10; anal, 7. The
spinules are sharp and coarse. This specimen was obviously taken with the ab-
dominal sac dilated, and the [Jelvic fins entirely retracted, in the fashion of a
glove, so that at first sight they seem to be wanting.
Family OCCOCEPHALID/E
577. [122S] Halieutaea stellata (Vahl). .l/,7/f////,s// = Red Gutsu.
Misaki (Aoki); Fukui (Nonaka).
332 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATK V.
Fig. 1. Psychichthys ciclolon, ,I(inl;ui ami Hulihs, sp. nov. Type, from Misaki, Japan. (C. M. Cat.
Fishes, No. 7779.)
I*"iG. 2. Oncorhynchus adonis Jordan and McGregor, sp. nov. Type, from Lake Ilakone, Saganii, Japan.
(C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 77S4.)
Fig. 3. Oncorhynchus knwamurtc Jordan and McGregor, sp. nov. Type, from Lake Toyama, Ugo, Japan.
(C. M. Cat. F'ishes, No. 77!S5.)
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X, No. 2.
Plate V.
«^
Pxijc/iic/it/tijs uiul ()iii-iiilii/iithii>
334 MEMOIRS OK THE CAHNECilE MUSEUM.
KXI'LA NATION OF PLATK VI.
Fi(i. 1. Oncorlii/iirhus ishlkau'w Jordan and McGregor, sp. nov. Tjiic. Lake Biwa at Otsu, Japan.
(C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7780.)
Fig. 2. Oncdrhi/tichus macroHnmuif (CUiiither). Lake Biwa at Otsii, Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7791.)
Fig. 3. Otirorhi/nchus macroMnmus (Ciiinther). Type. Lake Hakone, Japan. (CM. Cat. Fishes,
No. 771)0.)
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X, No. 2.
Plate VI.
-?^
M:-"%
- 1
^
^i^^>
I htrnyhviirlius
336 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL
Fig. 1. Oiicurlujnchus rhndurus Jorilan and McGregor, sp. ni)v. Ti/pr. Lake Hakone, Sagami, Japan.
(C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 77il4.)
Fig. 2. Salvvlinus idurius (Hilgendorf). Sliinshu near Nagano, .Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7790.)
Fig. 3. Snlrdinus imbrius Jordan and !\Ic( !ri'g<ir, sp. iiov. Ti/jir. Hanuida, Iwami, Japan. (C. M.
Cat. Fishes, No. 7797.)
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X., No 2.
Plate VII.
.:iiMiiiipa^^
:iy/wM&<'>'v'jJ&>:vM'M&
;^0!^'
ff »*[-
^^illfi Ml»'
,,-,S«li*^ -
"^'
.fiJSiiiiiiSii.,
\-
Utinir]iiiiii-)riix and Siilrrliniis.
338 MEMOIRS OF TIIK CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
EXJ>LANATI().\ OF I'LATIO VIII.
(Scales of Japanese Salnioiiid;!'.)
Fk:. I. ()}ir(}rliiiiirhiis rlKKliinix .\i>ri\:ii\ -Awd Mc( ;ici;(ir, Lake ilakone.
Fifi. 2. Oiirorln/nclnix rhoduruit Joi'daTi and McClrcsor, Lake Hakone.
Fir,. :■!. Oiirorhi/ncliuf: gorliuschri (Walliaum), Hokkaido.
Fjc. 4. OiiiDiiiiiiichufi adiiiiis .Lirdan and MeCiresor, Lake Ilaknne.
Via. 5. Oiiroiin/nchut; kdiiuimurir Jordan and Mcdregor, I'.ilo.
I'ic. G. Oiirorhi/iirlivK isliik'awa' Joidan and McClrogor, Lake Hakone.
Fic. 7. Ilurhii /nrri/i (i'rexoort), Nanetsu, Ecliigo.
Fi(i. S. Oiirorhijiirluiti riKirrosiomus (Oiinther), Sliii)uka\va.
Fk;. il. ()iicorhi/i)rhv>: mficroslomiis (CiCnitlifr), Shilnikawa.
Fio. 10. I'linighissuf; (///n'fh's Temminck and SchlcK'd. Korea.
I''ii;. II. Oiirorliyiirlius kcid (Walhauin), Sapporo.
I'^ic. 12. I'Irroglrisxus (dlirclif: Teinniinrk and Scldeficl, Kuniamoto.
Fio. \.i. Siilrrliintfi l( tn-dtiunus (PnWa^), Petropavlovsk.
I''io. 14. Siili'cliirufs pliiriiis (Hilgendorf), Shinshu.
I*'i(!. 15. Stilrcliiiiit! i III hr inn ,]()r<\i\n and Medrefjor, Iwanie.
Fio. 1(1. Sitlvrliiiiis iiiiihmi (Walhauni). I't. Hope. Alaska.
Fic. 17. Sulnliiiiix Kpii-inhilis Giravd, Montana.
Fid. IS. (Iiiioiliiiiiiliiis fiiriiinftaiiiis (Jordan and Osliiina), Sarainoa, Formosa.
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X, No. 2.
Plate VIII.
■^cale.s of Japaiie.-<e Sulnuiniiln
340 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
Fig. \. A'f/(/?/K/ o.sY/A'(r,J(irclan ;iik1 Kas.'iw.a, s]). iiiiv. Tijpe. Osaka, .Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7808.)
Fi(i. 2. Gnaduipognn majinnc Jordan anil IIuli))s, s]). nov. Type. Ping-yang River, Korea. (C. M.
Cat. Fishes, No. 7S1G.)
Fui. 3. Belligobio eristigiim .Ionian and Iliihlis, sp. nov. Type. Okayama, Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes,
No. 7820.)
Fici. 4. Ocyrri ii.-i j(i ponieus (Doderlein), gen. nov. Tokyo market, Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes, No. 7859.)
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X, No. 2.
Plate IX.
®
.\ctuiii(i, (Jnidhuixiyiiii, BcUiyubio, Uvycii w^.
342 MIOMOIUS OF THE CAKNKGIE MUSEUM.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fifi. 1. lAopempheris anxnkii .Icirdaii and Hulilis, s]i. iiov. Tiipc- Tnhn, Sliima, Japan. (C. M. Cat.
Fishes, No. 7S(iO.)
FHi. 2. MiiliikirJithi/f! »v(A-///rr .Jordan and lIuMis, sp. nov. 7'////r. Kasosliinui, ,Iapan. (C. M. Cat.
Fishes, No. 7S(',:}.)
Fic. :5. Hrarliiru.'i hcUu.'f .hirdan and Uuhl.s, sp. nov. Tijpc. Misai<i, Saganii, .Japan. (C. M. Cat.
Fishes, No. 7894.)
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X, No. 2.
Plate X.
/I
^'* 1^ :- '!' '^ ''I ii
1 1
\/
V \.
'/?,
Lu)j)iiiiplnii!i, M(itiil:iiliUii/-'<, llnic/iiitis.
344 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
EXPT.AXATIOX OF PLATE XI.
Fig. 1. Iburiella kasawic Jordan ami Hulilis, sp. nov. Type. Ku.-hiro, Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes,
Xo. 7906.)
Fig. 2. Encaura erides Jordan and Huhb.-^, sp. nov. Type. Wal^anoura, Japan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes.
Xo. 7931.)
Fig. 3. Zo/f.5fo/jM.s to.w Jordan and Hubbs, sp. nov. Type. Kachi River, near Nagoya, Japan. (CM.
Cat. Fishes, Xo. 7945.)
*f
c»:
/N
!^/'
N
346 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
KXPI.AXATI(»X OF I'LATK XII.
Fk;. 1. Zt'Mirhllii/x tanakfr Jordan and Huiilis, .sp. nov. Ti/pc. Kushiin, .lapan. (C. M. Cat. FLshes.
No. 7!I51.)
Fic. 2. Allolciiif; IwUnndi Jdi'ilan and Hulilis, sj), nov. Tupc Fukui, .lapan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes,
No. 7952.)
Fig. 3. Monnmitnpnx kuimr .Ionian and Hulil).^, sp. nov. Ti/pc. Mi.'<aki, .lapan. (C. M. Cat. Fishes.
No. 7'J54.)
MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, Vol. X, No. 2
Plate XII.
1
ijjj j'Pjii
Zestichlhys, Allohpi.-i, Mutioinilniiufi.
INDEX
abbrcviatiis, ( ioiKuliyuchus, loli
alxloniiiialis, Ahudcfduf, ()8
Abe, Mr. Ryohei, 94, 99
Al)lennes hians, 18
Aboma lactipes, 307
tsiisbima:^, 307
Abudefduf al)dominalis, 68
imparipiunis, 08
saxatilis, 249
sindonis, 68
sordidus, 68
al)uraco, Hexagramnios, 276
abyssali.s, Lepidotrigla, 289
Acahara, 177
Acahara hakoneasis, 178, 182
jusanensis, 180
phalacrocorax, ISO
Acanthias, 5
Acanthias blainvillii, 10(i
megalops, 106
mitsukurii, 105
squalus, 104
sufklii. 103
vulgaiis, 105
Acanthidium, 107
Acanthidium pusillum, 107
Aeanthocepola krusenstenii, 248
Acanthocha^todon septentrionalis, 253
Acanthocybium, 213
Acanthocybium pet us, 34
sara,'34, 213
solandri, 34
acanthogenys, Zacco, 184
Acanthogobius flavimanus, 308
Acanthurida\ 65, 253
Acanthuiu.s achilles, 65
argent eus? 65
atramentatus, 65
l)l()chii, 65
dussumicri, 65
elongatus, 65
gUntheri, 65
guttatus, 66
hy])sek)ptei-us, 66
leucopaieius, 65
matoides, 65, 253
olivaccus, 65
saiidviceii-^is, ()(>
strigosus. 6()
triostegus, 66
unil)ra, 65
xaiithopterus, ()5
Aehcilognathus cyanostigina, 162
intermedia, 162
hmceolata, 162
linil)ata, 1()2
rhonibea, 161
tabira, 162, 1(53
aehiHes, Acantliums, 65
Aelnrid^e, 301
acipenscrinus, jMataMK'epliakis, 22
acrages, Pseu(k)triakis, 102
Acroponia japonieum, 231
Acropomidse, 231
acideatus, BaUsta])US, 85
Gasterosteiis, 200
aculeatus, 201
Kentrocapros, 256
acuniinatus, Chirtodon, 61
acus, Dakitias, 108
acuta, Ophisoma, 195
acutii)inni.s, Sciuakis, 107
acutii'ostris, Eurymyctera, 17
Acutonientum iracundus, 268
niatsul)ara>, 2()0
scythropus, 269
aeutus" Fodiator, 19
adanisii, ^Nlinc^is, 275
adenomas, Diapkus, 12, 15()
adonis, Oncorkvnckus, 123, 127, 136,
332, 338
aMiviorea, ( "ongermura'na, 196
aniuoreus, Le])tocepkakis, 13
aerosa, Scaridea, 75
411
412
MK.MOlliS OK rilK CAKNECillO MIJSKUM.
Aoto));iti(la\ no
Aetobatus iianiuiii, 5
t()l)ij('i, 1 1()
affine, ^Nlyctophum, 11
af finis, Caranx? 38
Chilomyctonis, iSS
Eutliymuis, 220
Gaml)iisia, 92
Synaiiliobi'anchus, 191
agilis, C'aniarasauiu.s, 352
Agonidse, 290
agoo, ('vi).s(>lurus, 204
Agostiiu, A., 348
agranimus, Agi-ammus, 27(5
Agianinius agi'ammus, 27(')
Agi-iosphyi'a'iia, 30
ahula, Scarus, 75
Ainocottus ensigcr, 278
fasciatus, 278
Ainosus geneionemus, 309
ajax, Carangoides, 41
akajei, Da.syatis, 114
Akitani, Mr. K., 95
Ahpops pliiithus, 298
alalaua, Priacanthujs, 47
alalunga, Germo, 33, 217
alata, Lcpidotrigla, 288
alba, Fkita. 190
"Albatross," S. S., 1
all)oscens, Echeneis, 294
Remorina, 77, 294
alliiflora, Xibea, 243
albisona, Dascylkis, 67
albofasciatus, ^^el:)asticus, 271
alboplumbeus, Sphoeroides, 258
all)()ininctatus, Gobius, 78
all)()ta'iiiatum, Sicydium, 79
alboti^niatus, Lepidaplois, 68
all)()vittatus, Stothojiilis, 69
Albida, 6, 7
virgata, 6
Allmlidsp, 6
Ak'ichthys alcicornis, 280
alcicornis, Alcichthys, 280
alcocki, Xeoscopelus, 10
Promylkuitor, 13
Aldrovandia, 9
kauaicnsis, 9
])i-()b((sci(k'a, 9
vcrtifaHs, 9
Ak'ctis ciliaris, 41, 224
indicus, 41
allctoratus, luitliynmis, 31, 32, 220
AUocongcr, 192
Alloconger flavirostris, 195
Allolepis liollandi, 323, 346
aloha, Roos(>v(>ltia, 48
Alopias vulpos, 4
vulpinus, 101
Ak)piida\ 101
Alticus, 83
altirostris, Seorpsenopsis, 55
akivelis, Plecoglossus, 147, 338
altus, Dryosaurus, 394-402
Alutera liturosa, 86, 255
monoceros, 86, 255
scri])ta, 86
Aniciuiidte, 91
Anu'iurus nobulosus, 91
American Museum of Natural History,
1, 96
Amia, 42
Amioides, 44
Ammodytida?, 324
Ampliicoelias, 368
Amphioxides pelagicus, 3
Anii)hi]:)rioiiiclithys unipiima, 54
ani})kis, Ganiptosaurus, 392, 393
Anampses cuvicri, 71
evermaniii, 71
godeffroyi, 71
Anago, 191
Anago anago, 193
anastomella, Tylosurus, 206
Anchovic'Ua, 8
aueitenso, Thalassoma, 72
AnguiUa jai^onica, 190, 194
anguiUaiis, Pk)tosus, 158
anguillicaudatus, Misgurnus, 160
Anguillida^, 190
anguineus, Ghlamydoselachus, 99
anguk)sus, Cautliidcrmis, 85
angustirostris, Limandella, 299
anomala, Psenopsis, 226
Triacanthodes, 253
anonyma, ?8olea, 302
Antennariida', 90. 330
INDKX.
4i:i
Antennai'ius l)ijiil)l)us, '.K)
commersoni. 90
drombus, 90
duescus, 90
laysaiiius, 90
k'prosus. 90
nexilis, 90
nox, 330
sandviceusis, 90
sauguifluus, 330
scriptissimus. 330
tridens, 330
antennatu-s, Bathypterois. 10
anteorbitalis, Diaplius, 150
Lamprossa, 150
Anticitharus dcbilis, 25
Antigonia eos, 58
steindacluieri, 58
Antimora microlepis. 22
aiitranis, Hymenoccplialus, 21
Antrodemus. 355, 300
Antrodemus fragilis, 355
Aoki, 'Sir. Kuniakiclu, 95
Apatosaurus, 300, 3G8. 370. 372, 374
Aphareidff, 51
Aphareus flavivultiis, 51
furcatus, 51
Aylocheilus, 198, 199
Aplodactylida^, 247
Apoeryptes chinensis, 304
Apodes, 13
Apogon, 42, 43
Apogon kiensis, 231
lineatus, 230
maculiforus, 42
iiiger, 230
semilinoatus, 230
Apogonichtliys, 44
Apogonichthys cariuatu.s, 230
waikiki, 42
Apogonida', 42, 230
appendix, Entosphenus, 98
Aprion, 50
Aprion microdon, 49
sieboldi, 49
virescens, 49
Apristurus platyrliynclius. 99
spongiceps, 3
Apsilus. 50
Apsilus mici'odon, 48
Atiuatic Resources of the Hawaiian
Islands, 1
aquilolo, Macn)pliai\\ngodon, 70
Ai'aias ai'ioninius, 298
arati'uni, ('(elorhynclius. 21
Arclianiia, 43
Arctoscoinis japonicus. 311
arcuatus, C'lux'todontoplus. (12
Areliseus joyneri, 302
interruptus, 302
])urpureoniacu!atus, 30:^)
arenicob, Scicops, 25
ai'ge, U])eueoides, 52
argentatus, Latilus, 248
argenteostriatus, ('oris, 71
argenteus?, Acanthurus, 65
PamiKis. 220
Argentina semifasciata, 152
Argentinidi3e, 152
argentiventris, Lai)i'aeoglossa, 239
argentivittatus, Germo. 33
Argo steindachneri, 225
argus. Cephalopholis, 4(3
Opliicephalus. 207
argyrea, Synagrops, 43
Argyriimiis. S
cphippiatus, 8
argyromus, [Nlyripristis, 27
Argyrojieleciis, 9
'heatlii, 9
argyrophanes, Saurida, 155
ariakensis, Parasalanx, 153
Ariidse, 157
Ariomma evermanni. 35
lurida, 35
ariommus. Ai'aias, 298
Arisoma, 195
Ariiis maculatus, 157
armata, Hoplol)i-otula, 325
armiger, Rliechias. 14
Arnoglossus ja]K)nieus. 295
tenuis, 295
violacens, 295
Arothron ophryas, 87
arsius, Pseudorhonilnis. 290
Aseraggodes koliensis, 301
asotus, Parasilums, 159
asper, Rogadius. 280, 288
asperella, Sebastapistes, 54
asperrimum, C'lidodcrina, 300
414
MEMOIRS OK TIIIC CAKMOCilK MUSEUM.
Asi)iil()ntus (rossulus, olS
Asten'(){)tei'yx st'mipuiiclatus, 77
Ast(M'()si)()ii(lyli. Ij
astriiiius, C'alliurichtliys, 80
Astroeonger, 192
Asti'ofongcr niyriastor, 195
Astrone.stliichr," S, 153
Astronesthes iijiniai, 153
lucift']-, S
martcnsi, 153
Ateleopidse, 24
Atele(i])us jilicatcllus, 24
ater, Eiichelyurus, S3
aterrimus, Hymonoci'i^halus, 21
Atliorcsthi's cvcrnianni, 298
Athoiina bleekeri, 207
tsurugfe, 207
Ath(>nnida\ 29, 207
atlicrinoides, Hynnoclus, 44
athorodon, ()]:)t()niinis, 20
Atkinson, William Sackston, 97
AtUinto.saurus montanus, 355
atramentatus, Aeanthurus, 65
atraria, Cyclothonc, 8
atficcps, C'tenogolnus, 309
atrilatus, Pseudaspius, 177, 182
atiipes, Enneapterygius, 82
atrisignis, Cypselurus, 20
atromarginatus, Dalatias, 108
Atido, 38
Atuk' polita, 38
Aulichthys japonieus, 199
Auk)])idse, 153
Aidopus japonieus, 153
Auk)rliyn('lud3e, 199
AiUostomi. 27
AiUostomidtr, 27
Aidostomus chinensis, 27
valentini, 28
aurantiacus, Pseudobagrus, 159
auratus, Carassius, 91, 190
aureohis, Canthidermis, 85
aureovittata, Scriola, 222
aureus, Ciri'liitichthys, 247
auriflamma, MuUoides, 51
aurora, Pikea, 40
Auxis bisus, 220
hira, 221
maru, 220
rochei, 220
taiw'inosorna, 31, 220, 221
t hazard, 31
Awai, Mr. K., 94
Awaous, 78
awoara, Epin('])li('lus, 23(i
axillaris, Ilinalca, 09
lulis, 69
aygula, Coris, 70
azonus, PIcurograinnuis, 276
azurcus, Sectator, 51
azurio, Chcerodon, 249
BagritUf, 159
l)ahiensis, Cypselurus, 20
baldwini, ?I('mii)t(n-onotus, 74
balia, Scaridea, 75
Balistapus aculeatus, 85
icftangulus, 85
Balistida-, 84, 254
ballieui, Coris, 71
Scbastapistes, 54
Thalassonia, 72
balteata, Hinalea, 69
Banjos banjos, 238
Banjosida:', 238
liarbarus, C;1Tiinoa, 100
Barl)atula, 160
Barbatuki oreas, 161
):»arberi, Brachirus, 56
barbouri, Bathyalo])ex, 118
barbus, Hemibarbus, 172
Barbus homogenes, 165
homozonus, 169
Barilius platypus, 184
Barosaurus, 368
bataviensis. Scar us, 76
Bathyalopex, 116
Bathyalopex barl)ouri, 118
bathybium, Euthyopteroma, 240
Bathygobius fuscus, 78
Bathypteroidae, 10
Bathypterois antennatus, 10
Batoidei, 5
beani, Serrivomer, 14
bedfordi, Ctenogol)ius, 305
Belligobio eristigma, 172, 173, 340
bellus, Brachirus, 274, 342
BelonidcT, 18, 206
Bembradida^, 56, 283
Bembradium roseum, 56
INDEX.
41:
Bcinbras jai)()nicus, 283
Beml)roi)s filifora, 79
beniteguri, Callionyinus, 317
bennetti, Scarus, 7()
bcnsasi, Upeneoides, 245
Boppu, ]\Ir. Yoshimo, 94
bergi, Pseudaspius, ISO
borndti, Gymnothniax, 16
Myripiistis, 27
Polyniixia, 26
bernissartensis, Iguanndon. 396
Hero zanclus, 280
Berycidse, 209
Berycoidei, 26
berycoides, Doderleinia, 236
Beryx splendens. 209
Bibliography of Hawaiian Fish Fauna, 2
l>icinctus, Uranoscopu.s, 316
bicolor, C'hsetodontopkis, 61
bicoloratus, Kareius, 300
bidens, Op.sariichthys, 189
bifasciatus, Tridentiger, 309
Uponeus, 52
bifer. JuHs, 73
bigililius, Antennarius, 90
bilinoata. Lcjiidopsetta, 299
l)imacula, ( 'irrhitoidca, 53
bimaculatus, Cheilinus, 73
binoculata. Raja, 111
bipinnatulus, Elagatis, 37
Bishop Museum, Bernice Paualii, 2
liispinosus, Holacantluis, 62
biwtr, Cobitis, 160
Clnathopogon, 171
Golno, 169
Leucogol)io, 172
bixanthopterus, Caranx, 37, 39. 224
blarkistoni, Salmo, 145
l)lainvinii, Acanthias, 106
l)leckeri, Atlieriiia, 207
Ebosia, 274
Enchelynassa, 15
Halichceres, 251
Blennies, 82
Blennidse, 82
Blennius soi'didus, 82
yatabei, 318
l)lochii, Acanthurus, 65
Boaxodon cvanescens, 47
Bola, 242
Boleophtliahiuis pectinirostiis, 304
boops, 8combr()i)s. 231
borborus, Scai'us, 75
Bothida^, 294
Bothrocara zesta, 321
Boulcngcrina, 41
bowersi, Gadomus, 20
Leptocejihahis, 13
Bowersia ulaula, 49
Brachirus barl)cii, nV)
l)enus, 274, 342
chloreus, 56
jordani, 273
brachycc])halus, Exonautes, 204
bi'achygramnia, Foa, 42
Bracliyopsis rostrata, 293
bracliyptcra, Remoropsis, 294
i)racliypterus, Parexoca'tus, 19
Brachysomophis henshaAvi, 15
bracliysomus, Syna])hoI)ranf'hus, 13
Bianiidie, 35, 225
branchiostega, ?Goryphania. 248
Branchiostegidir, 248
Bi'anehiostegus japonicus, 248
Brancliiostoma, 3
BranchiostomidiP, 3
Ijrandti, Ricliardsonius, 177
braueri, Myctophuni, 11, 12
Bregmaceros jajionieus, 326
Bi't'ginacerot ida>, 326
Brephamia, 43
breplioo(']ihalus, Cottuncuhis, 279
Brevig()l)i(), 161, 189
Brevigobio kawal)ata^, 161, IS!)
brevirosti'is, Xaso, 66
Squalus, 10()
Triacanthus, 254
l)revis, P^xahias, 83
Ijrevispino.sus, Pungitius, 203
brighami, RooseveUia, 48
Brontosaurus, 409
Bro()k-lami)i-c'ys, 98
Brotula marginalis, 83
muUiliai'bata, 324
muUiciirata, S3
BrotuHda^, 83, 324
iirowni, Gamptosaunis, 3SS, 392, 393
l)i'unneus, lu'tcnias, 225
Glossogol)ius, 307
Scarus, 75
416
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Bryan, William Alaiisoii, 2
Hi-\tt()sus kawamebari, 235
l)UiTaj>;ei, Macroiirus, 21
bui'sa. Sufflamen, 85
Butterfly-fishes, 58
liutyiinus, 6
cacopsis, ScorpaMiopsis, 55
Cielorhynchus gilhorti, 327
cffTulaiireus, Csesio. 239
ca'rulcouotatus, Callionymus, SO
ca>i'ul(M)piiiiiatus, Caranx, 40
csprulesocns, (iiiathopoj^oii, 1()7
Leviciscus, 107
Sciualiii.s, 107
Cffsio CBPrulaurcus, 239
clirysozonus, 239
luiuuis, 239
Ctpsionidye, 239
California State Fisli anil Clanie Coni-
niission, 90
oaliforniensis, Chiloniyctems, SS
Calleelielys luteus, 15
C'allifantlius garretti, 07
lituratus, 67
nietoiiosojiliron, 67
( allioMymi(la\ 80, 310
C'allionymus beniteguri, 317
ea^nileonotatvis, 80
coralliiuis, 80
flagris, 317, 31 S
limatus, 31()
l)unctatus, 317
richanlsoni, 317
iul)i'Ovinctus, 80
valenciennei, 317
valenciennesi, 317
('a!liui'ichthys astrinius, 80
decoratus, 80
doryssus, 316
japonicus, 316
zanectes, 81
Callyodon, 75
ealvarius, Silunis, 159
C'amarasavirus agilis, 352, 353, 355
grandis, 352, 353, 371, 377, 378,
380, 382
iini)ai-, 352
lentus. 352, 354-384
lejitodiius, 352
i-()bustiis, 352
supreinus, 352, 353, 360, 367, 369
370, 371, 376, 378, 380, 382
Caniarasaurus: carpus of, 378; caudal
vertel)rff', 371 ; c(>rvical ril)s, 374;
cervical vertebra', 308; clievrons,
373; dorsal vertebrae, 369; ex-
ternal openings of skull, 364;
fore foot, 378; hind limb and
foot, 380; hyoid arch, 367; lower
jaw, 3()3; i)elvic girdle, 380;
osteological features of, 351;
ribs of, 374-375; sacrum, 370;
sclerotic ring of eye, 366; skull,
358-363; sternal plates, 377; teeth,
365; vertebral column of, 367.
Camptosauiida', 376
( 'amptosaurus, 363
Camptosaurus, amplus, 392, 393
l)rowni, 388, 392, 393
depressus, 392
dispar, 388, 392, 393
medius, 385-393, 410
nanus, 388, 392, 393
caiididius, Ctenogobius, 305
Rhinogobius, 305
canescens, Zanclus, 04
canina, Cyclothone, 8
Enchelynassa, 15
Snyderidia, 84
( 'aninoa liarbarus, 100 .
canis, Mustelus, 100
Cantherines albojjunctatus, 80
carol ae, 86
howensis, 255
modestus, 254
nigromaculosus, 86
sandwichiensis, 86
tessellatus, 254
C'anthidermis angulosus, 85
aureolus, 85
rotundatus, 254
Canthigaster bita-niatus, 87
cinctus, 87
epilamprus, 87
jactator, 87
jantliinus, 87
oahuensis, 87
psegma, 87
I'ivulatus, 87
indf:x.
\
('aiithig;astcrida>, 87
(•apisti'atus, Sufflanien, 85
Capoeta eloiigata, Ki")
gracilis, 168
C'api'odoii sc'hlogoli, 2'AV)
Cajiroida', iyH
Capropygia spiloiiota, S9
C'aracantluda% 54
Caracanthus niaculatus, 54
Carangidae, 1, 37, 222
Carangoides ajax, 41
cciuula, 224
evermanni, 41
gymnostc-tlididcs, 40
jordani, 40
Carangus hippoides, 39
rhabdotus, 39
Caranx affiiiis, 38
bixanthoptcrus, 37, 39. 224
bo<)ps, 38
fa'rulcoi)iiiiiatu.s, 40
dassoii, 40
elacate, 40
foi'steri, 39, 224
heberi, 39
hi]ilioidos, 39
igiiobilis, 39
latus, 39
luna, 40
marginatus, 39
melampygus, 39, 224
pnnctatus, 40
i-habd.otus, 39
stellatus, 40
thnm]isoni, 40
C'arapida>, 323
C'ai'apus, 84
C'arapus sagamianus, 323
(?)sagamius, 323
Carassius auratus, 91, 190
Carcharhinida', 3
Carcharias, 3
carcharia.s, Carcharodon, 5
Carcharinus insularum, 4
nesiotes, 4
melaii()])terus, 4
phorcys, 4
Carcharodon carcharias, 5, 102
Cardinal-fishes, 42
cai'dinalis, Evynnis, 241
KoUoggelia, 78
cai-iiiatus, Apogoiiichtliys, 2;!0
carlsmithi, Rhyacauthias, 4()
carnegiei, I)i])l<)d(H'us, 355
Carnegie Muscuni, 1
carpio, Cy])rinus, 91, 190
Cai'iKis and foic foot of ( 'aniarasanius,
37S
castanea, Chloea, 307
castaneus, CJoliius, 307
Catalog of the Fishes of Japan, 90
Catalufas, 47
Catalupha ja])onica, 227
umbra, 227
cataphractiis, (Jasterosteus, 200
Catfish, 91
catocala, Scoi'pa:>nopsis, 55
Catidus, preoccupied, 3
r'audal vertebra:^ of Camai'asaurus, 371
( 'aulol('])is longiilens, 20
cayuga, Notro]:)is, 1(59
celer, Laosaurus, 403
Centrarchida", 92
( 'entrolii-anchus, 12
chtt'rocephalus, 12
gracilicaudus, 12
Ccntrolophidse, 22G
Centi'olophus japonicus, 22(1
Centi'ophorus, 108
centropomus, \'ellitoi-, 2S1
Centropyge diacantha, 02
])otteri, (J2
tutuilse, 02, 63
Centroscyllium nigrum, 5
ruscosum, 5
Centroscymnus owstoni, 107
Cephalacantliida^, 57
Cephal()i)holis argus, 46
Cephalo]:)terus, 6
cei^ihalus, Mugil, 29, 207
Cepola schlegeli, 249
CepolidEP, 248
c(>rasina, Pseudojulis, (J9
Ceratiida>, 90
Ceratosaurus nasicoi'nis, 355
Cervical ribs of Camarasaurus, 374
Cervical vertebi'te of Camarasaurus,
368
Cetorhinida^, 102
418
MEMOIKS OF TIIK CAKNEGIK MUSEUM.
Cftorliimis iiiaxiinus, 102
riupiiogobius mucrognathos, 307
CluPiionuigil chaptalii, 29
('luiTojulis, 250
Clurtodon acuminatus, (il
corallicola, (iO
('l)hii)i)iuin, 59
ffeml:)lii, 59
liiu'olatus, 5S
kinula, 59, 252
mantellisor, 59
iiiiliaiis, 59
oriiatissimus, 59
]niiu'tatofasciatus, 59
(luadrimaculatus, 59
setifer, 58, 252
trifasoiatus, 59
unimaculatus, 59
C'ha^todontichr, 58, 252
ChiiPtodontoplus arcuatus, (52
])icolor, (il
CluTtodontops, 59
C'lurto])tei'us diibius, 49
CluTturichthy.s liexaiuniia, 308
chalecjgianima, Theragra, 326
Chalinura ctonomelas, 20
challcngeri, Polyacanthonotus, 199
(liaml)erlain, Henry, 93
('lianii)sod()n fimbriatus, 80
Chanida', 7
dianos clianos, 7
('V])riiiella, 7
olianos, C'lianos, 7
phai)talii, C'luvnoniugil, 29
Chascanoi^setta proiigera , 25
Cliasniiehthvs gulosus, 308
(/haunacid^e, 90, 330
Cliaunax fimbriatus, 330
vinibrinus, 90
( 'hcilinoides jordani, 73
Cheilinus t)imaculatus, 73
hcxagonatus. 73
.sinuosus, 73
triloba! us, 73
zoiuu'us, 73
( 'licilio incrmis, 71
clu'ilo, Urasjns, 40
( ']ieilodaptylida\ 53
("heilodastylus, 53
C'lieilodipterus, 44
C'lii'lidoiiifhtliys kuiiiu, 288
C'helidoperca hiniiidiiKicra, 236
Clu'lon, 29
Chevixms of ( 'amarasauius, 373
cliileusis, Sarda, 32
C'hiloniyctcrus affinis, 88
californicnsis, 88
C'hima?ra, 116
('hinurra mitsukurii, 119
phantasnia, IKJ, 119
purpurescens, 6, 117
riiinui'iidiP, 6, 116
CliiiuaM-oidei, 6
chinensis, Apocryptes, 304
Aulostoiiius, 27
C'hlaniydes lati('e])s, 78
Chlamydoselachidse, 99
C'lilamydoselaclms anguineus, 99
(.'hloca ca.staiiea, 307
nakamurjF, 307
senl)cp, 307
cldoreus, Biticliiius, 56
( 'hlorophthalmida', 1 ( )
Chloroiihtliahmis ])roridcns, 10
t'hloro.si)ilu,s, Platopliiys, 24
choerocephalus, C'entrobranchus, 12
Clurrodoii azurio, 249
( "hondrichthyes, 24
Chonophorus genivittatus, 78
stamincus, 79
Chromides, 67
Chromis elaphiais, 67
not at us, 249
verater, 67
chrvscres, C'hrionema, 79
Myriliristis, 26
ehryserydros, Upcncus, 52
chrysonemus, Upeneus, 52
Chrysoplii-ys swinliouis, 240
chrysorhyiifhus, Diaphus, 12
chrysozonus, Caesio, 239
cluia-tsi, Sini]K'rca. 235
ciliaris, Ak-ctis, 41, 224
cinctus, Cauthigaster, 87
Pk'ctorhynclius, 258
cinerascens, Kypliosus, 242
cinereus. Conger, 193
i\Iur;pnesox, 198
eiinianiomeus, Pseudoi-lionibus, 296
cirrhifer, Monacantlius, 254
INDEX.
410
( 'ill-hit ichtliys aureus, 247
( 'inliitida', 53, 247
( 'irrliitiformcs, 53
("irrhitoiclea biniacula, 53
C'irrhitus niannoratus, 53
cirrhosa, Scoipjenopsis, 272
Cirrostonii. 3
Citliaroedus, 59
citrincUus, Tipnianotus, 55
citrinus, Hoplichthys, 57
clarescens, \'itraria, 78
Clarias fuscus, 92
Clariidfe, 92
Cleisthencs herzcustcini, 298
pinetorum, 298
C'lidodcrma aspci'rimum, 300
C'linidiP, 82
Clupanodoii jHuictatus, 120
C'lupoa pallasii, 121
Clupeidae, 7, 121
clypeata, Elcheueis, 294
coarctatus, Plato])ln'vs, 24
CobitidfP, 100
C'obitis biwtP, 160
C'ocius crocodilus, 280, 287
coelestis, Pomacentrus, 249
Coeloccphalus, 22
( 'cclorhynchus arati-um, 21
doiyssus, 21
S2;ladius, 21
japonicus, 327
Cogseshall, Arthur S., 348
Coggcshall, Louis S., 348
Coilia ecteiies, 122
coitor, Scia^na, 242
eolias, Pnoumatophorus, 211
Scomber, 210
Collection of Fishes from Fiji with
notes on Certain Hawaiian
Fislies, 2
Collylnis di'achm(>, 35
Cololabis saira, 2()G
coloratus, Sebastapistes, 54
commersoni, Ant(>nnarius, 90
Cybium, 214
concatenatus, Lactoplirys, 256
Conchoderma, 19
concolor, Lentipes. 79
Conger, 13, 191
( 'onger cinereus, H)3
conger, 194
liabenata, 195
japonicus, 194
vulgaris, 194
conger. Conger, 194
Congermursena aMiuorea, 19()
nasica, 196
Congrellus, 13
CongridEe, 13
( "ongrina, 191
Congrina ret rot i net a, 197
Congriscus. 191
Congriscus megastonnis, 193
Congrogadidie, 83
Congrogadus marginatus, 83
coniorta, Sebasta])istes, 54
consoi's, Laosaurus, 396, 403
copei, Hemii)teronotus, 74
Coradion modestum, 252
corallicola, Cha'todon, (J(J
Tifia, 60
StOxistajnstes, 54
corallinus, Callionymus, 80
Samariscus, 25
Coreoi)erca herzi, 235
Coris argent cost riat us, 71
aygula, 70
ballieui, 71
eydouxi, 71
flavovittatus, 70
gaimardi, 70
greenovi, 70
lepomis, 70
pulclienima. 70
rosea, 71
venusta, 71
Cornet-fishes, 28
cornuta, Lactoria, 256
Pleuronichthys, 298
coronatus. Hippocampus, 199
cornutus, Zanclus, 64
CorypliEena equisetis, 35
hippurus, 35, 225
?Cory])hana brancliiostega, 248
Coryi)lisenida?, 35, 225
Cory])lia'noides, 21
Coryi)ha^noides nasutus, 327
CoryphsenoididaN 20, 327
Cottid;r, 277
420
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNECilE Ml-.SEUM.
Cottiusfulus goiu'z, 279
Cottunculus l)replu)cophalu.s, 279
Cottus kazika, 277
pollux, 278
crasprdurus, Epiiu'itlichis, 235
crassilabris, Upeiu'iis. 52
C'roa.ser and Hubbs, 98
crocodilus, Cocius, 28G, 287
oruentatu.s, Priacanthus, 47
cnimoiialis. Pelecanichthys, 25
ci'umcnophthalnia, Traohur()i).s, 38
("ryptocentrus filifer, 307
Crystallias matsu.shima\ 293
Ctenocluietus stiiatus, G6
CtcMiogobius atriceps. 309
bedfordi, 305
oandidius, 305
hadropterus, 306
siniilis. 305
virgatulus, 306
ctonomelas, ( 'halimii-a, 20
Cubiccps, 35
cupido. Tlialassoma, 251
curta, Hymenophysa, 160
curtus, Pai-al>embras. 281
cuvicri, Anamp.ses, 71
cyanescens. Boaxodon, 47
ovannstigma, AclKnloanatlms. 162
('ybiida\ 212
( 'vl)ium. 213
( 'ybium commersoni, 214
( 'yclothono, 8
atraria, 8
ranina. 8
ihodadenia, 8
ryolurus, Leptoscarus, 75
Cymolutes leclupoi. 74
Cyiiias manazo. 100
C'ynoglossidfe, 25, 302
C'ynoglossus iniisita. 302
I'obustus, 302
oypho. t^alarias, 83
Cyprinidfe, 91, 161
('yi)rin()dontida\ 92. 198
Cyprinus carpio, 91, 1!)()
leucisous, 177
Cypselurus agoo, 204
atrisignis, 20
liahionsis. 20
hirundo, 204
simus, 20
spilonotoptcrus, 20
C'yttomimus stelgis, 23
dabryi, Micropercops, 304
Dactyloptena orientalis, 57
Dactyloptcridse, 290
Daicocus i)eterseni, 290
dainiio, Pterogobius, 308
Dalatias acus, 108
atromarginatu.s, 108
dahvigkii, Physiculus, 327
Damsel-fishes, 67
Dascyllus albisella, 67
trimaculatus, 67
dasson. Caranx, 40
Dasson japonicus. 318
loxozonus, 318
trossulus, 318
Dasyatida?, 5, 114
Dasyatis akajei, 114
lunvaiiensis, 5
lata, 5
sclera, 5
sp.?, 115
ushiei, 114
Dasj'cottus ja])oiiicus, 277
setiger, 277
Dasj'scoi^elus, 10
prist ilepis, 10
spiiiosus, 11
dea, Iniistius. 251
Deania, 107
Deania eglantina, 107
histricosa, 108
nocturnus, 108
rostrata. 108
dobilis, Anticitharus, 25
Decapterus lundini. 38
maruadsi, 38, 223
nuiroadsi, 223
piniiatulus, 37
decoratus, C'alliurichthys, SO
delicatissimum, Longirostrum, 224
Dendrochirus jordani, 273
dent ex, Osmerus, 149
Denticidse, 240
denticulatus, Metopomycter, 14
depauperatus, Hemirham]ihus, 18
depressus, Camptosauru.s, 392
INDEX.
421
Description of Deep-sea Fishes from
the Coast of Hawaii Killed Ijy
a Lava-flow from Mavina Loa, 2
Devil-rays, (i
Dexistes kitahartr, 300
rikuzenius, 298
diacantha, C'entro])vstN 62
diadema, Holocentrus, 27
diai)hana, Lactoria, 256
Sternoi^tix, 9
Diaphus adenomus, 12. 156
ant eorbi talis, 156
chrysorhynchus. 12
filandulifer, 157
latus. 156
urolampus, 12
Dibranohus erythrimis, 91
stellulatus, 91
diego, Pneumatoi)horus. 31, 211
Dinoiiunelhis iifigorjewi, 320
Dinosaur National Alonument, 347
Dinosaurs, Ornithopodous. 385-410
SaurojMidous, 347-384
Diodon holacanthus, 88
hystrix, 88
nudifrons, 88
Diodontida\ 88
diphreutes, Heniochus, 253
Diplodocus, 354, 355, 358. 364, 368,
370, 374
carnegiei, 355
Diplophos, 9
pacificus, 9
Dipterygonotiis leucojii'ammieus, 47
Discoceiihali, 77
dispar, Camptosaurus, 388, 392. 393
Ditrema temmincki, 249
dodeeaedi'on, Occclla. 291
Doderleinia, 50
berycoides, 236
doderleini, Epinephehis, 235
Dolphins, 35
dorobae, Leuciscus, 182
Dorosomidje, 120
Dorsal vertebrse of Camarasaurus, 369
doryssus, Calliurichthys, 316
C'celorhynchus, 21
draehme, C'ollybus, 35
Draciscus sachi, 293
Drac'onnetta hawaiiensis. SO
Di'aconettida^, 80
drombus, Antennarius, 90
Diyosaurus altus, 394 402
dubius, (lurtopterus. 49
Hippoglossoides, 298
Scams, 75
ductor, Xaucrates, 37
due.scus, Antennarius, *)0
Dules, 41
malo, 41
mato, 41
duperrey, Thalassoma, 72
dussumicri, Acanthurus. ()o
DussumieriifUe, 7. 120
Duyma^i-ia flagellifera, 250
dybowskii, Hypoptychus, 324
Ebosia bleekeri, 274
starksi, 273
F>heneid2e, 77, 294
Echeneis albescens, 294
clyiteata, 294
Echidna leihala, 17
nebulosa. 17
obscui-a, 17
psalion. 17
tritoi'. 17
vincta, 17
zel)i"a, 17
zonata, 17
zono]iha\i, 17
echigonia, Lefua, 160
(>chigonius, Alinous, 275
ectenes, C'oilia, 122
Alacrourus, 21
p]ctenias brunneus, 225
ectenurus, Le])tocephalus. 196
Rhyncocong(M', 196
edentulus. Salarias, 83
Eels, 13
eglantina, Deania, 107
egregius, Vesi)osus, 24
eidolon, Psychichthys, 332
elacate, Caranx, 40
elaphrus, C'hromis, 67
Elasmobranchii, 3
clegans, Dasson, 318
Kyphosus, 51
Sebastodes (Sel)ast(»cles), 270
422
MKMOIUS OF TllIC CARNI'XilE xMUSEUM.
Elegatis bi])iiinatulus, 37
pinnatulus, 37
cloiigatus, Cluathagnus, ;)1()
Lu('i()j2;o])ius, 309
Eleotruhr, 77, 303
Eleotris oxycepliala, 304
satuhviconsis, 77
eloiigata, Ilisha, 121
elongatus, Acanthurus, ()5
Cliiatli(>])()iu;()ii. 105
El()i)i(la', 0, ll't
Elo]),s hawaiicnsis, (J, 119
niachnata, 119
Embiotocida', 249
emblemarius, Helioolciuis, 272
Enimelas, <>;laii('iis. 200
Eninu'lic'lithyiche, 47, 245
Encseura evides, 303, 344
Enclu'lyiiassa lilcckcri, 15
raiiina, 15
Enchclyurus atcr. S3
Encdi'ias iicbulosus, 320
Engraulida\ 8, 121
Engraiilis jaiionicus, 121, 248
engyceros. Peristedioii. 50, 57
Ennoaiieoti's, 82
Enneapterygius atripes, 82
ensifer, Holocciitrus, 27
ensiger, Ainocottus, 278
entargyreus, Xovaculichtliys, 73
Eiit()S])lu'mis ap])cndix, 98
japoiiicus, 98
mitsikurii, 98
COS. AiitigDiiia, 58
Stethoi)rist('s, 23
ophij^piatus, Ai'gyii]inus, 8
(>})hi])piinn, Cluetodon, 59
Epigomis, 45
Ei)inephelida\ 235
Ei)in('pli('lus, 45
Epini'ijliclus awoara, 23G
crasi)edurus, 235
dodei'lciiii. 235
(■l)ist ictus. 235
moara, 23G
moi-i-luia . 235
qucnius, 46
septcmfasciatus, 236
tsiiimeiiai'a, 236
(_'pil)liaiie.s, Eviota, 77
Eptativti(hp, 97
Eptatretus Inirgeri, 97
okinoseanus, 97
ociuisetis, Coiyphiiena, 35
('(juula, Carangoides, 224
ercodes, Gymiiothoi-ax, 16
Rudarius, 255
<>r('b(Minus, L('i)t(K'eiilialus, 194
Erik'pida', 276
Erilepis zonifer, 276
cristigma, Belligobio, 172, 173, 340
Erosa erosa. 275
eryngia, Pallasina, 293
orythrseus, Holocentms, 27
Ichthyocanipus, 28
Eiythi-iehthys, 47
orytlirinu.s, Dil^ranchus, 91
Mulloidcs, 51
Prist iai)ogon, 42
Ervthi-ocles schlegeli, 47, 245
seintillaiis, 47
('lythi'odon, Scaius, 76
cso, Saurida, 155
esocinus, Pseudogdbio, 174
Etclides, 50
Etelinus, 50
Etclinu.s niarslii, 49
Etelis. 45, 50
Etolis evLirus, 49, 50
Etinr)i)t('ius, 107
Etmoptci'us villosiis, 5
Etmiiiciis iniei'oiius, 7, 120
othonops, 7
Eugaleus, 3
eugenius, Quisquilius, 77
Eule]it()rhamphus longirosti'is, 18
Eumcgistus illusti'is, 35
eurostus, Gymnothorax, 16
Eiiryniyctora acutirostris, 17
Euthyniius alk'toratus, 31, 220
affinis, 220
lincatiis, 220
pehiinis, 31, 220
yaito, 220
Euthyoptoronia liatliybium, 240
virgatum, 240
cvanidus, Pseudoclicilinus, 73
Evcntognatlii, 91
Evei'inanii, Barton Warren, 1
INDKX.
423
evt'i-iiKiuiii. Anainpsc's. t 1
Athort'stos, 298
Arionuna, 35
Canuigoicles, 41
Lepidamia, 42
]\Iyc'tnpluini, 11
evide.s. Encirura, 303, 344
Eviota ci)iphunes, 77
evolaiis. Zacco, 184. 185, 188
Evolaiitia microptera, 19
evurus, Etelis, 50
Evyimis cardinalis. 241
Exallias Ijrevis, S3
excelsa, Loa, (Roa) 01. 252
Exoca'tkhr. 19. 203
Exoctt'tus: rulx'Sfcn.s, 19
splendens. 203
uiiicolor, 19
volitaiLs, 19, 203
Exonaute.s brachycephalu.s. 204
,dllK>rti, 19
External opeiiing.s of .skull of Caniaia-
saurus, 364
evdouxi. ( "oi'is. 70
fai'cinicn. (i()l)i()i)tem.s. 77
fasciata, Oplcgnathu.s, 245
fasciatu.s, Ainocottus, 278
Trachidermus. 277
fcrmaiidcziaiius, S(iualus, 107
fil)ulatum, ^lyctoplium. 11
Ficra.sfer homei, 84
inicrodoii, 84
Ficra.sferidge, 84
filifer, Cryptocentrus. 307
filifcra, Bembrop.s. 79
fiinbriatus, Champ.sodon, 80
Chaunax, 330
fishei'i, Hij^pocampus, 28
Xiphypojis. 64
Fishes of Samoa with a ("lieck-hst of
the Fishes of Oceania. 2
Fishing-frog.s, 90
Fistularia petiml)a, 28. 200
.serrata, 28, 200
Fistulariida?, 28, 200
flaselhfera, DuyuKtria. 250
fkigris. CaUionymus, 317
Flammeo, 27
t kiln mens. ,--eliastode.s (Sel)a.stosoinus;,
2(iS
fL'ivescens, Zel)rasoina, 66
fl;i\'icaiulus, Si)liaiieli|-an('luis, 14
fkivinianus. Acanthogokius. iiOS
fkivii'osti'is, Alloconger. li)5
Lei)tocei)iiahis, 195
fhi\i\-ultus, Aphai'eus, 51
flavoniai'ginatus, (iymnotiioi'ax. 16
fkivovittatus. ('oi'is. 70
floi-eahs. Sphei'oi(h's. 'S(\
fhictuaiis. Oncesthes, 319
Petroscirte.s, 319
Fluta all)a. 190
Fhiti(he, 190
Flying-fishes. 19
Flying Guinards. 57
Foa, 44
Foa iM'acliygiannna. 42
Fochator acutus. 19
I'ostratiis. 19
fontinalis. Salvelinus. 144, 145
Forci]iiger longirostris, 58
formosanus, Oneofhvnclius, 133. 338
formcj.sus, Scarus, 76
foi'steri, C'aranx. 39. 224
fowlei-i. Fumpenus. 320
Mierodonophis. 14
Fowieria. 44
fi'agilis. Antrodemus. 355
Seepterias, 45
fi'aterculus, Upeneus, 52
fi'eml)Iii, Chjetodon, 59
Fiigat e-niackerels, 3 1
fujiyamse, Rlieopreslje, 278
fulvidiaeo, Pelte()])agius. 159
Funduhchthys. 199
Fundulichth\'s virescens. 177
Fundulus. 199
Fundulus virescens, 199
Furcaria leucufa. 67
ovalis, 67
furcatus, Apharevis, 51
Furcimanus nakamufir, 320
Fufcina ishikawa-. 280
osinia', 280
fusca. Raja, 110
fuscescens, Rosicola. 260
Sebastodes. 261
Teuthis, 253
421
MK.MOIHS OF THE CARN'KCIIK MirsiOUM.
I'u.sfipiiiiiis, ( )(l()ntaiitliias, 40
fascoliiieatus, Sufflaincii, <S5
fuscus, Batlivtiohius, 7S
("!aria.s,"92
Kypliosus, 51
SyiKulus, 154
'i'lialassoma, 72
rroloplius, 115
Catlida-, ;!2(i
Oudomus howcisi, 20
inclaiioptcrus, 20
(iadus niacroct'phalus, 32(5
gaimnrdi, ('oris, 70
.sialactacnia, Scl)astai)i.stes, 54
Galeocerdo tigriiius, 4
galeodon, Lactoria, 89
C;al(M)ihinida;", 3. 100
Clalcorhinus, 3
Galeoiiiiims japoiiicus, 3, 101
( ialeus, 3
(ianilnisia affinis, 92
garretti, Callicanthus, 67
Ttenianotus, 55
Cia.sterosteida% 200
Gasterosteus aculeatus, 200
aculcatus, 201
niicroccpliaki.s, 202
williamsoni, 201
(■atai)hractus, 200
iiisculi)tus, 200
loricatus, 200
ol)olarius, 200
santa-anuif, 200
traehurus, 200
Gee, Mr. Gist. 95
Gempylidie, 34, 221
Gempylus serpens, 35
thyrsitoides, 35
geneionemus, Ainosus, 309
genivittatus, Chonophorus, 78
geoffrovi, Macropharvngodon, 70
Germo," 21(3
Germo alalunga, 33, 217
argentivittatus, 33
germo, 217
macropterus, 32, 33
pacifieus, 217
sibi, 33, 218
germo, Germo, 32
gihher, Maciourus, 21
gil)hifrons, Rupiscartes, 83
gibbosa, Scorpsena, 272
Scorpsenopsis, 55, 272
gibbosum, Ostracion, 256
gibbosus, Tetrosomus, 256
gigauteus, Tylosurus, 18
Gilbert, Charles Henry, 1, 2
gilberti, Goelorhynehus, 327
Exonautes, 19
Peristedion, 57
Scarus, 76
?Telescopias, 231
Gilmore, Charles W.: A Nearly Com-
plete Articulated SkeU'ton of
Camarasaurus, a Saurischian
Dinosaur from the National
Dinosaur Monument, Utah,
347-384
Osteology of Ornithopodous Dino-
saurs from the Dinosaur Na-
tional Monument, Utah, 385-
410
Girella punctata, 241
GirelUdie, 241
gissu, Pterothrissus, 119
giui'inus, Gobius. 305
Rhinogobius, 305
gladius, Coelorhynchus, 21
Istiophorus, 30
Xiphias, 30
glanduhfer, Diaphus, 157
Pantophos, 157
glauca, Isuropsis, 4
Prionace, 4, 101
glaucus, Emmelas, 260
Isurus, 102
glossa, Plagiopsetta, 301
Glossamia, 43
Glossogobius brunneus, 307
Glvptocephalus ostroumowi, 301
sasiT?, 301
Gnathagnus elongatus, 316
Gnathanodon speciosus, 41
Gnatholepis knighti. 78
Gnathopogon biwa^, 165, 171
cserulescens, 164, 167
chankanensis, 1(34
coreanus, 164
elongatus, 163, 165
INDEX.
12.")
(iuathopo^ou jiracilis, 1G4, 1()8
horzensteiui, 1()4
iijiinir, 165
ishikawte, 169
jaiiouicus, 164, 171
jordani, 167
longifilis, 164, 169
majimiie, 164, 167, 340
mayedse, 171
.strigatus, 164
suwa', 163, 166
ti3eniatus, 164
tsuchigte, 164, 170
Gobies, 77
Gobiida?, 77, 304
Gobio biwa\ 169
mayediP, 171
Gobioidei, 77
Gobiopterus farcimen, 77
Gobius alljo]:)unetaiis, 78
castaneus, 307
giurinus, 305
sandvicensis, 78
yokohama?, 305
godeffroyi, Anampses, 71
goklsboroughi, Gymnothorax, 16
Gomphosus sandwichensis, 71
tricolor, 71
varius, 71
gonez, Cottiusculu.s, 279
Goniistius vittatus, 53
zebra, 247
zonatus, 247
Gonorhynchidse, 153
Gonorhynchus abbreviatus, 153
Gonostomidff, 8
gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus, 123, 129, 338
grac'ilicauda, Gj-mnothorax, 16
gracilicaudus, Centrol)i'ancluis, 12
gracilis, Capoeta, 168
Gnathopogon, 168
Laosaurus, 385, 403, 410
Saurida, 10
Grammicolepida^, 24
Grammatonotus laysanus, 47
grandis, Camarasaurus, 352
grandisfiuama, Scseops, 295
grandisquamis, Saurida, 155
grandoculis, Monotaxis, 51
granulosus, S(|ualus, lOS
Great W'liite sharks, 5
greenovi, C'oi'is, 70
grex, Pneumatopliorus, ;!!, 211
grigorjewi, Dinogunellus, 320
Xystrias, 297
Cirinuell, Fordyoe, Jr., 1
grinnclU, Physicuhis, 22
griseus, MaUikichtliys, 23:!
Mustehis, 101
gueutlieri, Lepidot ligla, 2S'.)
Leucogobio, 165
guntheri, Sel)astodes, 261
Teuthis, 65
gulosus. Chasm iclitliys. 3()S
guttatus, Aeautliurus, 66
Gymnocanthus herzensteini, 279
intermedius, 279
Gymnodontes, 86
Gymnosarda, 213
Gymnosarda iiuda, 215
unicok)r, 31
gymnostethoides, Caraiigoides, 40
Gymnothorax l)erndti, 16
ercodes, 16
eurostus, 16
flavomarginatus, 16
gdldsljorouglii, 16
gracilicauda, 16
hik)nis, 16
kiysanus, 16
leucacme, 16
leucost ictus, 16
nieleagris, 16
mucifer, 16
nuttingi, KJ
jM'teUi, 16
pictus, 17
reticukiris, 198
steindachneri, 16
tliakissopterus, 16
inuUdatus, 16
vinok'ntus, 15
waialua'. Hi
xanthostomus, 17
hadropterus, Ctenogobius, 306
ha>matocheiki, Liza, 208
ha'niat<)i)t('rus, Lethi'iinis, 240
426
MKMOIKS OF TIIK CAHMOCIK MISKIM.
liakoiu'iisis, Acaliara, 17<S, 1S2
Lciiciscus, 1S2
liakuciisis, Lcut'iscus, 178
llalic'liiiTcs hlei'kcri, 251
iridescens, 70
lao, 70
onuitissiimis, 70
IKrcileptcius, 2n{)
j)yn'lio,u;i'aiiinius, 2')()
tcnuiyijinus, 250
IlalieutiPa retifera, 91
steHata, 330
Ilalocypselus, 19, 203
llalosauricUp, 9
lIal()sauroi)sis, 9
"Ilaniiner-hfad," 4
Haplacanthasaiirus, 3(i7, 372
Ha]ial(tj>;enys mucronatus, 239
iiigril)iimi,s, 239
Haplocheilus, 198
Ilaiildini, 92
llareiij>;ula zunasi, 121
hasselti, Selar? 38
liawaiiensis, Dasyatis, 5
Draconnetta, 80
Elops, 6, 119
Alacroi-lianiphosus. 28
Makeot'L'plialus, 22
Moringua, 15
Pa?cilo])setta, 24
Sca^ojxs, 25
Hazeus, 78, 304
Htizcus otakii, 304
Head-fishes, 88
heatlii, Argyropelecus, 9
lu'lfctatus, ^laei'oums, 21
Ilelicoknius emblemarius, 272
rufescens, 54
heliotropinus, Pseudoscarus, 70
hcneri, Spliyra^na, 29
helvolus, Uraspis, 40
Hemiharlnis barhus, 172
Hemicoris kek-ipionis, 71
remedius, 71
IIemi,<ii-amni()cyi)i-is rashoiclla, Kil
IIeniii)teron()tus l)ald\viiii, 74
copei, 74
jeiikiiisi. 74
unibrilatus, 74
HemirhamphidiTe, 18, 205
189
Ileiiiiiiiaiiipluis (lepaii|)ci-atits, 18
Heiiiisalaiix progii.'itlios, 153
Ileiiiil rciiiia steiiidacliiieri, 181
lleiiiiulis, 250
Heniochus dii)lu-euU's, 253
macfolepidotus, 01
heiishawi, lirachysoinoijhis, 15
Hepsetia insularum, 29
iKM'zensteini, ('k'istlienes, 298
Civninocanthus, 279
Protopsetta, 298
hei'zi, C'()re()]X'rca, 235
Puiigtuiigia, 170
heterodon, Notropis, 1()9
IleterodontidiP, 99
Heterodontus iai)()iiicus, 99
zebra, 99 '
lietcM'ogiiatlios. Myi'oijliis, 190
lieteroniycteris japoniea, 301
Heterosomata, 24
hexagonatus, Clieilimis, 73
llexagiaminida', 270
Hexagrammos aburaco, 276
otakii, 270
liexanema, Cha'turiciitliys, 308
hians, Ablennes, 18
Peristedion, 57
hilonis, Gyinnotliorax, 16
Hippocampus, 28
Hime jai^oniea, 153
Hinalea axillaris, 69
balteata, 69
Hind limb and foot of C'amarasaiirus,
380
Hipi^icampidse, 28
Hippocampus coronatus, 199
fisheri, 28
hilonis, 28
jaiionicus, 199
Hijipoglossina punctatissimus, 299
Hi]ipoglossoides dubius, 298
])unctatissimus, 299
hi})poides, Carangus, 39
hippui-us, Corvphsena, 35, 225
hira, Auxis. 221
hireguro, Alicrostomus, 301
hirundinacea, Chelidoperca, 236
hirundo, Cyiiselurus, 204
hispidus, Tetraodon, 87
Histiophorus, 30
INDEX.
42/
Histioi)tcrida\ 47, 245
Histi()i>teru.s typus, 47, 24-3
histricusa, Deania, 108
Holacanthus bisijinosus, G3
diacanthus. 02
diutlon. 88
fisheri, 64
tricolor, 61
hollandi, AUolepis, 323, 346
]\Ivctophum, 11, 12
Holocentridjp, 26, 209
Holoccntrus diadema, 27
ensifer, 27
erythra^us, 27
macrourus. 21
microstomus, 27
punctatissimus, 27
sammara, 27
scythrop.s, 27
spinifer, 27
spmosissimu^?, 209
xanthcr-vthrus, 27
Holocephali, 6
Holotrachys lima, 26
homei, Fierasfer, 84
homogenes, Barbus, 165
homozonus. Barl:)us, 169
Hojilichthyidse, 57, 288
Hoj^lichthys citrinus, 57
langsdorfi, 288
platophrys, 57
Hoplobrotula armata. 325
Hoplostethus mediterraneus, 209
hoshinonis. By nodus, 154
howensis. Cantherines. 255
Hubl)s, Carl Leavitt, 93
Hubbs and Creaser, 98
Hucho hucho, 146
perryi, 145, 338
hucho, Hucho, 146
Hymenocf'])hakis anti'anis, 21
ateirinuis, 21
striatulu.s, 21
tenuis, 92
Hymenophysa curta, 160
Hynnodus atherinoides, 44
Hyoid arch of f'amarasaums. 'Mu
Hypentelium, 174
Hyperoglyphe, 226
Hypodytes rubriiiinnis, 275
hyponielas, Stemonidiuni ,
Hypomcsus japonicus, 151
olidus, 151
pretiosus, 151
Hypoptychus dyijowskii, 3
steindachncri, 324
Hyporhamphus kummcus,
pacificus. 18
.sajori, 205
Hypostomides, 28
hyixseloptcrus, Acanthurus
hvstrix. Diodon. 88
. 152
124
205
, 66
iburia. Iburina, 291
Iburiella kasawff, 290, 291. 344
Iburina iburia, 290. 291
Ichthyocampus erythranis, 28
Ichtliyophis, 17
ignobiUs, C/aranx, 39
Iguanodon, 392
Iguanodon bernissartensi.-^, 396
iijimai, Astronesthes, 153
Psettina, 295
Ihsha elongata, 121
illu.stris, Eumegistus, 35, 36
imbrius, SalveUnus, 140, 142. 144. 145.
336, 338
immaculatum, Ostracion, 256
inipar. Camarasaurus, 352
inii)aripinms. Aliudefchif. 68
Imperial University of Kyoto. 94
incipiens, Xaso, 66
incisum, Pteropsaron, 80
indicus, Platycephakis, 286, 288
Upeneus, 247
Inegocia japonica, 286, 287
Inermia vittata, 47
inliaghitsch, Sahno, 151
inerniis. C'heiUo, 71
Platophi'ys, 24
Scolopsis. 239
Sebastes, 263
Seba.stodes, 261, 263
Sebastosomus, 261
Iniistius dea, 251
leucozonus, 74
mundicorpus, 74
niger, 74
pavoninus, 74
verater, 74
428
MEMOIIJS OF TIIK CARNEGIK MUSIOUM.
Iiiiniicus j.'iponicus, 275
Inoniata.Mr. S., 94
iuornata, Kaja, 1 12
Insidiator, nu'crdciAooi'ti, 2S(), 2.S7
iiisvilaruin, ( 'ai-cliarinus, 4
llep.setia, 2«)
intermedia, Acheil().u;iiathu.s, 162
Hei-iolina, 223
intermedium, Ciyniiiocantlius, 27'.)
intcrmi)tus, Areliscus, 302
innsita, Cynoglossus, 302
Iraeundu.s .signifer, of)
iracundus , Acutomen t u n i , 2(18
Sel)ast()des, 208
Irex, 37
iridescens, Halichcries, 70
iridorum, Limanda, 299
irradians, Leptoscams, 74
ischyrus, Pseudup(Mieus, 247
Upeneus, 240
Lshilvauia steenackeri, 189
Ishikawa, Mr. Masashi, 94
Dr. Chiyomatsu, 94
ishikawse, Furcina, 280
^nathopogon, 1G9
Oncoi-hvnchu.s, 123, 124, 132, 130,
334, 338
Is()s])()ndyli, 0
Istiophoruhr, 30, 222
Isti()l)lu)ru.s gladiu.s, 30
orientalis, 222
Isuroi)sis glauca, 4
Isurus glaucus, 102
oxyrhynchus, 102
izensis. Sc()ri)a:>na, 272
jactatoi-, Canthigaster, 87
japonica, Anguilla, 190
HeteromycterLs, 301
Hinie, 153
Incgoeia, 280, 287
Lepidotrigla, 289
Mol:)ula, 6
Nil)ea, 107, 244
Polyniixia, 209
Pteroplatea, 115
Rhinoi)lagusia, 302
Sillago, 248
Sphyrsena, 206
Siiuatina, 108
Syiiagr(i|)s, 2.'! I
japoiiicuni, Acrdponia, 231
japonieu.s, Auliclitliys, 199
Aulopus, 153
Arctoscoinis, 311
Bembra.s, 283
Branchiostegus, 248
Bi-egmacei-()s, 326
Calliuriehthys, 316
Centroloijluis, 226
Ccelorhynchu«, 327
Conger, 194
Dasson, 318
Da.sycottus, 277
Engraulis, 121, 248
Entos])henu.s, 98
Galeorhinus, 3, 101
Gnathopogon, 171
Heterodontus, 99
Hii)p<)campus, 199
Hypome.sus, 151, 152 -
Inimicus, 275
Lateolabrax, 234
Leptocephalus, 194
I^epto.scariis, 252
Leuciscus, 171
Monocentris, 209
Mulloides, 246
Oevcrius, 22(), 340
Ostichthvs, 209
Pempheris, 227, 229
Pliysicukis, 23, 326
Pneumatophorus, 31, 211, 212
Priacanthu.s, 232
Pristiophorus, 108
Pseudoblennius, 281
P.'^eudolahru.'^, 250
Sc()m):)er, 210
Sicyopterus, 309
Spratelloides. 121
Sciualius, 171
Squalus, 105
Svnodus, 154
f rachurus, 223
Trisenopogon, 309
Trichiurus, 222
Uranoscopus, 310
Zebrias, 302
Zeus, 252
INDEX.
429
jcnkiiisi, Heiniiitoroiiotus, 74
Pomacentrus, 68
Scarus, 70
Syiiai)h()l)i-aiichus, 191
Jcnkinsii'lhi iiiacgresoii, 15
Joliuius, 242
Jordan, David Starr. 1, 2, 93, 122
Jordan. Eric Knight, 1
Jordan and Dickerson, Mary Cynthia, 2
Jordan and iSIetz, Charles Wilham, 2
Jordan and Snyder, John Otterbein, 2
jordani, Hraohirus, 273
Carangoid(^s, 40
Cheihnoides, 73
Dendrocliirus, 273
Gnathoiwg'on, 1G7
Leucog()l>io, 107
IMalthopsis, 91
Nyctimaster, 157
Pseudoscaru.s, 70
Jordanicus sagamianus, 323
umbratilis, 84
jouyi, Leuciscus, 182
Moroco, 182
jovneri, Areliscus, 302
Sebastes, 204
Seba.stodes, 204, 205
Sebastosomus, 204
Jugulares. 79
JiUis axillaris, 09
bifer, 73
jusanensis, Leuciscus, 179, 180
kagoshimana, Scorpirna, 272
Scorpa^nojjsis, 272
kaianus, Synodus, 10
kail^arte, Pygosteus, 202
kaihur, Mui'spna, 15
kallosoma, Novaculichtliys, 73
Kareius bicoloratiis, 300
Kasawa, Mr. Masanosiike, 90
kasawie, Il)uriella, 291, 344
Katsuwonidse, 219
Katsuwonus pelamis, 220
vagans, 219
kauaiensis, Aldrovandia, 9
kaupi, Physiculus, 327
ka\val)atie, Br('vigol)i(), 101, 189
kawamebari, Bryttosus, 235
Kawamura, Dr.'T., 95, 99
kawaniiira', ( )iic()iii\iichiis, 12)5, 128,
332, 338
Kay, Lelloy, 348
kazika, Cottiis, 277
Rlieopreslie, 278
kel('ii)ionis, Ileniieoris, 71
Kelloggella eardinalis, 78
oligok'pis, 78
kcUoggi, Pseudanthias, 40
Seorjia^nodes, 54
kenojei. Raja, 110, 113
Kentroca])ros, 89
Kentrocapros aciUeatus, 250
keta, Oncorhynehns, 129, 338
kiensis, Apogon, 231
Kishinoella, 210
Kishinoella I'ara, 219
kisliinouyi, Lepidotrigla, 290
kisutch.'Oncorhyncluis, 123, 124, 131
kitaharie, Dexistes, 300
LtPO]:)s, 295
Lanibdopsetta, 295
Microstomas, 300
Tanakius, 300
kiusiuanus, Leptocephalus, 194
knighti, Gnathok'])is, 78
kobensis, AscM'aggodes, 301
ki'usensterni, Acanthocepola, 248
KuhUa malo, 41
mato, 41
rujjestris, 232
ta^niura, 42
Kuhhi(hT^, 41, 232
Kujiensis, Raja, 109
Kama, Dr. Toshiyasu, 93
kvun;e, Mononiito])us, 324, 34()
kuniu, r'Ju'Hdoniclithys, 288
kurodei, Rhinogobius, 30()
kurumeus, Hvporiianiphus, 205
Rhodeus, 103, 242
Ky])liosi(h^N 51, 242
Kyphosus cinera.scens, 242
elegans, 51
fuscus, 51
.sandvicensis, 51
Tiabracoglossa argent iventris, 2;59
Labi'acoglossicUe, 239
Lal)ridie, 249
Lal)yrinthici, 92
430
MEMOIUS OF THE CARNECilE MUSEUM.
laceix'dci, Ta'iiioides, old
lacrymatiis, Tetraodon, 87
lactipcs, Aboma, 307
Lactophiys concatiMiatus, 256
ti'iti'opis, 25()
Lactoria coi'imta, 25(5
diai)hana, 250
galeodoii, 89
scblemnKM'i, 89
Lady-fishes, G
La^monema rhodochii', 22
La^)ps lanceolata, 295
laevis, Mustelus, 100
Lag'oc('i)halus lunaris, 257
oceanicus, 80
spadiceus, 257
Lambdopsetta kitahara 295
Lamna nasus, 102
Laninida', 4, 102
Lampanyctus, 12, 13
oinostignia, 12
Lainpctra i)laiK'ri, 98
lampi-a, Murana, 15
Lampreys, Sea-run, 98
Lampridse, 29
Lanii)iis regius, 29
Lamprossa anteoibitalis, 15()
lanceolata, Aelieilognatbus, 102
La^oi)s, 295
lanceolatus, Masturus, 89
Osnierus, 149
Spiiinclms, 149
langsdorfi, Hoplichthys, 288
Lantcrn-fislies, 2
lao, Halielueres, 70
Laosaurus celer, 403
consoi's, 390, 403
gracilis, 385, 403-410
lata, Dasyatis, 5
Lateolabrax japoiiicus, 234
laticeps, C'blainydes, 78
latifrons, Ovoides, 87
Latilus arg(>ntatiis, 248
latipes, Oi-yzias, 199
latus, Caranx, 3i)
Diaiihus, 15()
Si)arus, 240
laiiia, Scams, 70
Lava-flow from Mauna Loa, Deep-Sea
Fishes from the ( 'oast of Hawaii,
Killed by, 2
laysanius, Antennarius, 90
Grammatonotus, 47
(lymnothorax, 10
Leather-jackets, 80
leclusei, C'ymolutes, 74
Lefua echigonia, 100
nikkonis, 160
leihala, Kchidna, 17 • ■
Leiognathus nuchalis, 225
rivulata, 225
Leiui'anus semicinctus, 14
Lentipes concoloi', 79
seminudus, 79
lentus, Camarasaurus, 352
Lepidamia, 43
Lei)idamia evermanni, 42
Lepidaplois albota^niatus, 68
modest us, 69
sti'ophodes, 68
LejiidochfEtodon, 59
Lepidopsetta bilineata, 299
mochigarei, 299
Lepidotiigla alata, 288
abyssalis, 289
gueiitheri, 289
jai)onica, 289
kfshinouyi, 290
st ranch i," 289
lepomis, ('oris, 70
leprosus, Antennarius, 90
Tjei)tocar(lii, 3
Leptocephaliche, 13
Leptocejihalus acjuoreus, 13
l)Owersi, 13
ectenurus, 196
ert'bennus, 194
flavirostris, 195
ja])onicus, 194
kiusiuanus, 194
marginatus, 13, 195
myriastei', 194
nystromi, 195
retrotinctus, 196, 197
riukiuaniis, 193, li)5
leptoihynchus, Sarritor, 293
INDEX.
431
Lt'ptoscarus cyclurus, 75
ii-radiaus, 74
japonicus.
252
.saiidvicciisis, 75
snyderi, 75
Icptodirus, Caniarasaurus, 352
Leptostornias inacronema, 8
lepturus, Ui'oconger, 196
Lcstidium nudum, 10
Lctlicnteron, *.)S
Lethrinus ha>matoptcius, 240
m>mataeauthus, 241
leucacme, Gyninothorax, 16
Leuciscus caM-ulescens, 167
dorob??, 1S2
hakuensis, 178
ja])onicus, 171
jouyi, 182
jusanonsis, 179, ISO
macropus, 185
minor, 185
plialacrocorax, 179, ISO
platyi)us, 184
taczaiiowskii, 179
leuciscus, C'ypriuus, 177
Leuc()gf)l)io l)i\va^, 172
fi;ucntli('ri, 168
jordaui, 1()7
mayechp, 169, 171
leuc()o;rammicus, Dipterysonntus, 47
leucoma:'nis, Salvelinus, 140, 142, 338
leucoi)areius, Acantluuais, 65
Leucopsarioii pctcrsi, 310
leucostictus, (iymnothoiax, 16
leucozonus, Iiiiistius, 74
leucura, Furcaiia, 67
leucurus, Uropterygius, 17
lima, Holotrachys, 26
Limanda iiidorum, 299
punctatissima, 299
schrencki, 299
Limandclla angustirostris, 299
yokohama>, 299
limbata, Aclicilognatluis, 162
liml)atus, Trachinf)C(>i)lialus, 9
lincatus, Apogon, 230
Euthynnus, 220
Tctraodon, 87
lincolata, l^arda, 32
lineolatus, Clurtodon, 58
liuet)inuictatus, Xaiitliichthys, S5
Linophoi'a, 58
Li()])agrus reini, 159
Liopcmijheris sasakii, 228, 342
vaiiicolensis, 229
Lipari(la\ 293
List of the Fishes of Hawaii, with notes
and Descriptions of New Sjiecics,
1-92
of the Fishes <jf Jai)an, Collected
1)\- D. 8. Jordan, 1922, 93-34().
littoialis, ScorjnTMiodes, 271
Sebastella, 271
lituiatus, C'alhcanthus, (57
litui-osa, Aluteia, 86, 255
Liza hannatocheila, 208
menada, 208
Lizard-fishes, 9
Loa, 61, 252
Loa excelsa, (il
lonchotus, Oxyui'ichthys, 78
longiceps, Monomitopus, 324
longicirrhus, Macrourus, 21
longidens, C'aulole])is, 26
longifilis, Cinathoi)ogon, 169
longii-ostris, Euleptorhamphus, 18
Forcipiger, 58
Longirostrum delicatissinium, 224
LophiidiP, 90, 330
Lophiomus miacanthus, 90
setigeius, 330
Lophobi'anchii, 28
loricatus, Gastei'osteus, 200
Lotella phycis, 326
Lower jaw of Camai-asaurus, 363
loxozonus, Dasson, 318
lucifer, Astronesthes, 8
Luciogobius elongatus, 309
luetkeni, Myctoi)lium, 11
Lumpenus fowleri, 320
luna, C'aranx, 40
lunare, Tlialassoma, 72
lunaris, ( Vsio, 239
lunatus, Callionymus, 316
lundini, Atule, 38
D(>capterus, 38
lunula, dia^todon, 59, 252
luiida, Ariomma, 35
lutescens, Thakissoma, 72
luteus, Callechelys, 15
432
MEMOIRS OF THE f'ARNEfilE MUSEUM.
Lutianidit', 4<S, 237
Lulianus russelli, 237
vaigeiisis, 237
vitta, 237
LveodaiKxlichr, 84
Lycodontis, 10
Lycogranima zosta, 321
INIaccullochina, 44
Macdonaldia, 199
macgregoi'i, Jenkinsiclla, 15
maehnata, Elops, 119
Maekeivl, 31
Mackcivl-shai'ks, 4
maciacaiithus, Priaeantluis, 232
maci'ocephala, Ak'iinthe, 55
macrocephalus, Gadus, 326
Sparus, 240
macrochir, St'bastolohus, 259
macr(>ti;natlios, Chsenogobius, 307
maeiolcpidotus, Heniochus, 01
Xc'oscopelus, 10
nuKToleins, Onigocia, 287
Saurida, 155
macT-oncma, Leptostomias, 8
Alacropharyngodon aciuilok), 70
geoffroyi, 70
Macrojiodus operculai'is, 207
macroiw, Synodus, 154
macropterus, Germo, 32
Ncotlummis, 219
maci'oi)iis, Barilius, 185
Leuciscus, 185
jMaeroihampliosidip, 28, 200
Macroiliamphosus hawaik'nsis, 28
sagifue, 200
macrorliynehus, ()i;)liisurus, 198
macrostomus, Oncorlivnclius, 123. 125,
134, 135, 334, 338
Maeroui'id;r. 20
Macrourus l)Ui'i-ag('i, 21
ectenes, 21
giblxT, 21
helietatus, 21
holoc(Mitrus, 21
knigicin-lius, 21
()l)li(iuatus, 21 *
propiiKiuus, 21
inacuhitu.s, Ai'ius, 157
Garacanthus, 54
Sarcocheilichthys, 176
Sikirus, 157
macuHfcrus, Apogon, 42
magnificus, Myrichtliys, 15
Majima, Mr. T., 95
majimse, Gnathopogon, 1()7, 340
majoi', Pagrosomus, 241
makua, Ranzania, 89
MalacanthidiP, 53
Makioanthus parvipinnis, 53
Malacoceplialus hawaiiensis, 22
Malakichthys griseus, 233
wakivi^, 233, 342
malma, Halvelinus, 140, 141, 144,338
malo, Kuhlia, 41
Malthopsi.s jordani, 91
mitrigera, 91
Manabe, Prof. Y., 95
manazo, Gynias, 100
maiicus, Platophrys, 24
Man-eaters, or Great White Sharks, 5
mantelliger, Ghaetodon, 59
Mapo, 78
mai'garitatum, Myctophum, 11
marginalis, Brotuki, 83
maiginatus, Garanx, 39
( 'ongrogadus, 83
Lei)tocei)hahis, 13, 195
marina, Vulpecuki, 102
marinoi'atus, Girrhitus, 53
Ruj^iscartes, 83
Sebasticus, 271
Uropterygius, 17
marshi, Etelinus, 49
martensi, Astronesthes, 153
maru, Auxis, 220
mariiadsi, Decapterus, 38, 223
Masturus kmceohitus, 89
Mata^ocephalus acipenserinus, 22
matoides, Acanthurus, 65, 253
matsubarse, Sebastes, 268
matsushimce, GrystalHas, 293
niauritiana, Trachurus, 223
mauritianus, Selar, 38
Maurolicidao, 8, 154
Maurolieus pennant i, 154
maximus, Getorhinus, 102
INDEX.
400
mayc'clu', Gn;itlu)p()<>;()ii, 171
Gobio, 171
Leucogobio, 1G9, 171
Maynea bruunea, 320
McGregor, Ernest Alexander, 93, 122
melxichi, Pai'athunnus, 218
Thunnus, 21S
mediterraneus, Hoplostethus, 209
medius, Camiitosain-us, 385-393, 410
meeki, Priacantlms, 47, 232
meerdervoorti, Insidiator, 286, 287
Raja, 111, 113
megacej^halus, Ratabulus, 286, 287
megastomus, Gongriscus, 193
Melam])lnies unicornis, 26
]\Ielam[)haida>. 26
melam])ygus, Garanx, 39, 40, 224
IMelanobrancluis micronenius, 20
melan()]iterus, Garcharinus, 4
Gadomus, 20
melanosticta, Sardinia, 121
Melanostoma, 43
meleagris, Gymnothoiax, 1()
INIelichthys radula, 85
menada, Liza, 208
menesemus, Pristiapogon, 42
mento, Xantliichthys, 85
jNIerintlie macrocephala, 55
Metoi)omycter denticulatus, 14
metopnso]:)ln-on, Gallicantluis, 67
miacanthus, Lo]ihiomus, 90
Micracanthus strigatiis, 61
microcephalus, (lastei'ostcus aoulcatus,
202
niici'odon, Apiion, 49
Apsilus, 48
Fierasfer, 84
Ralangiclitlivs, 153
Ulaula, 49
Microdonopliis fowlcii, 14
microlepis, Antimora, 22
Mononiitoinis, 324
micronenius, I\Ielano!)ranchus, 20
AIicroi)crcops dabryi, 304
Micropliis ])l('urottmia, 28
Micropterus sahnoides, 92
micropus, Etrumeus, 7, 120
^licrostomus liireguro, 301
kitaliariP, 300
stelleri, 300
mici-ostonius, llolocciitms, 27
Mikamo, Mr. K., 94
Mikimoto, Mr. K., 95
miliaris, Gha^todon, 59
niiniatus, Scarus, 75
minor, Barilius, 185
Leuciscus, 185
Minous adanisii, 275
echigonius, 275
monodactylus, 275
Mionorus, 44
Mi()l)saras my()])s, •)()
misakius, Pseudoi'liombus, 2!)6
iNIisgurnus anguillicaudatus, KiO
mitrigera, Malthopsis, 91
mitsukurii, Acanthias, 105
Ghimipra, 119
Entosi)henus, i)8
Nibea, 243
Phasmichthys, 119
Pteroix)dus, 270
Scisena, 242
Sebastodes, 270
Squalus, 5, 104, 105, 10(;
Tetrapturus, 30, 222
Zacco, 187
Mit.sukui'ina owstoni, 102
Mitsukuiiniche, 102
moara, l*]pin('pliclus, 236
Molnda, 6
japonica, 6
Mobulida\ 6
mochigarei, Lei)id()i)s('tta, 299
modestmn, Goradion, 252
modestus, Ganthoi'ines, 254
Le]iidaplois, 69
Pseudas))ius, 181
mola, Mola, 88
Mola mola, 88
Molida:', 88
molucca, Pempheris, 228
Monacanthidtp, 86, 254
Monacantluis cirrhifei-, 254
Monocentrida-, 209
Monocenti'is japonicus, 209
monoceros, Alutera, 255
Monoclonius, 377, 408
monodactyla, ScorjiaMia, 275
monodactylus, Minous, 275
434
MEMOIR!^ OF THE CARNECUE MUSEUM.
M()iu)iiiit()i)us kunur. 324. ;)4()
l<)iigic('i).s, 324
mirroh^pi.'^, 324
Monotaxi.s gran(loc'uli.s, 51
m()n()i)terygiu.s, Pknirogrammus, 276
niontamis, Atlaiitosaiuus. 3.'>.")
Moon-fishes, 29
morii. Sarcocheilichthys, 175
Moringua liawaiiensLs, 15
^Moringuidip, 15
Moriwaki. Mr. I. 95
^Nloroco, 177
^Nloroco hoigi, 181
jouvi. 181, 182
•steindachneri. 181. 182
vamamotis, 181. 182
IMoiwaurus, 379. 380, 409
morrhua. Epinephelus, 235
^iloi'iison formation, 347
mucifer, Gymnotliorax, 10
mucronatus. Hapalogenys, 239
^Nliisil cephalus, 29, 207
^lugilidff, 29. 207
Mullets. 29
MuUidte, 51. 245
Mulloides auriflamnia. 51
erythriniis, 51
japonicus, 24()
l)flugeri, 52
preorbitalis. 52
samoensis. 52
vanicolensis, 52
]Mullus pleurot tenia, 240
multil)arbata, Brotula, 324
multirellus, Tclestes, 177
multieirrata. Brotula. S3
multifasciata, Neopercis, 311
multifasciatus, Upeneus, 52
multimaeulatus, Pseudomonacanthus,
86
multiradiatus. Myripristis, 26
mundic()r])us, Iniistius. 74
Mupus. 226
]\Iura>na balearica, 196
kaikuT. 15
lampra, 15
Murtienesocidir. 14. 198
Murtpnesox eincreus. 198
]Mura'ni(hf, 15
^Murakami, Mr. T., 95
murdjan, Myi'ii)ristis, 20
muroadsi, Deoai)terus, 223
Mustelus canis. 100
gri-seus. 101
Isevis, 100
.stellatus, 100
mustelus, Scjualus, 100
Myctophida\ 10, 156
Myetojihum affine, 11
braueri, 11, 12
evermanni. 11
fibulatum. 11
hollandi, 11, 12
luetkeni, 11
margai'itatum, 11
nitidulimi, 1 1
reinhaixlti. 11, 12
Myliobatidt?. 5
myoi)s, }^Iiopsai'as, 90
Traehinocephalus, 9, 155
Myoxocephalus raninus, 278
myriaster, Anguilla, 194
Astroconger, 195
Leptocephalus, 194
Myrichthys magnificus. 15
stypurus, 15
Myripristis argyromus, 27
berndti, 27
chryseres, 26
multiradiatus, 26
murdjan, 26
sealei, 20
symmetricus, 26
]\Iyro])his heterognathos, 196
Myxiiiidne, 97
]\Iyxus pacificus, 29
nagoyiie. Rhinogolnus, 305
nakamurse, Chloea, 307
Furcimanus, 320
Xakano, S., 99
Nannobraehium, 13
nigrum, 13
reinhardti, 13
nanum. Fleet rogenium, 55
nanus, Camptosaurus, 388, 392, 393
narinari, Aetobatus, 5
Stoasodon, 116
Xarke japonica, 109
nasica, Congermuraena, 196
INDEX.
43^
nasicornis, ('cratosaurus, 35.3
Naso brevii'ostris. ()()
inoi])irns, 66
unicornis, 67, 253
nasus, Lamna, 102
nasutus, Coryplaa^noides, 327
Xauorates ductoi', 37
indicus, 37
Xcalotus tripes. 221
Xeamia, -44
neanis, Thala.ssoma, 72
nebulosa. Echidna, 17
nebulosus, Amciurus, 91
Enedrias, 320
Zenopsis, 252
Xeedle-fi.shes, 18
neglecta, Scorpaena, 272
neglectus, Thescelosaurus, 3SS
nematacanthus, Lctlu'inns, 241
Nematognathi, 91
Xcmatoiirora polygonifci'a, 14
Xcniiclitiiyidae, 14
Xeobythites, 325
Xeoditrema ransonnetii, 249
Xcopercis multifasciata, 311
roseoviridis, 79
sexfasciata, 311
Xcoscopelus alcocki, 10
macrolepidotus, 10
Xeothunnus, 216
Xcothvnuuis macroptcrus, 219
nerka, Oncorhynchus, 123, 126
nesiotes, Carchariniis, 4
Ncttastomida^, 14
Xetuma osakse, 96, 157. 340
thalassina, 157
nexilis, Antcnnarius. 90
nibe, Xil)ea, 243
Xibea allnflora. 243
japonica. 107, 244
mitsukuiii. 24:5
nibe. 243
schlegeli, 107, 243
Xichols, John Treadwell, 1
niger, Apogon, 230
Iniistius, 74
Sufflamen, 254
nigripinnis, Hapalogenys, 239
nigroniaculatus, Pseudomona cant has,
255
nigroniaculosus, ( "anthei-ines, 254
nigrum, ('entro.scylhuni, 5
Xannobrachium, 13
nikkonis, Lefua, KiO
nimbaria. Vincigueri'in, 9
Xiphon spinosus, 234
ni])h()nia, Sawara, 214
Xi])honida>, 234
ni]ihonius, Pseudopriacanthus, 233
nitidukuii, !Myct()i)huni. 11
nocturnus, Deania, 108
X"omeida\ 35
Xotacanthidte, 199
Xotacanthus ri.ssoanus, 199
notatus, (lironiis, 249
Xotes on Fishes of Hawaii, with l)v
scriptions of X'ew Species, 2
Xotropis cayuga, 169
heterodon, 169
X'nvacuUchthys entargyi'ens, 73
kallosoma, 73
tffniourus, 73
tattoo, 73
woodi, 73
Xozawa, Prof. S., 95
nuchalis, Leiognathus, 225
nuda, Gymnosarda, 215
nudiceps, Pehet)bagrus, 159
nudifrons, Diodon, 88
nudum. Lest i( Hum, 10
nuttingi, (iymnothoiax, 16
Polyiimus. 9
Xyctamia, 43
nycteris, Sufflamen, 85
Xyctimaster jordaiii, 157
nystromi, Rhynch()eyml)a, 195
oahuen.sis, C'anthigaster, 87
oljhfiuatus, Macroums, 21
obscura, Echidna, 17
obscurus, Odontobutis, 304
Trid(Mitiger, 309
obtusata, Splivrirna, 206
Occa, 290
Occa verrucosa, 290
Occella dodecaedron, 291
Occocephalidff", 330
Oceania, Fislies of, 2
oceanicus, Lag()cei)hakis, 86
Pihiii()S('()|)ehis, 1 1
4::!()
MKMOIUS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
occliatus, Rhodc'U.s, Hiij
ocellifer, Psoud()rlu)int)Us, 297
octotaniia, Pseudochcilimis, 73
Ooycrius japonicus, 22(3, 340
Odoiitanthias fusciiiinnis, 40
Odoiilolnitis ()))scui-us, 304
Ogeuceplialida?, 91
olidus, Hypomesus, 151
oligodon, Osmerus, 151
Pseudorhombus, 29()
oligolepis, Kclloggella, 78
Tarphops, 297
Uraiioscoi)us, 313, 31()
Oligoridpe, 233
olivaceus, Acauthurus, Go
Paralichtliys, 297
onimatura, Parapercis, 311
omostigma, Lampanyctus, 12
Oncesthes fluctuans, 319
Onoorlivnchus adonis, 123, 127, 130,
332, 338
formosanus, 123, 338
goflmscha, 123, 129, 338
isliikawiP. 123, 124, 132. 130, 334.
338
kawamun^, 123, 128, 332, 338
kcta, 129, 338
niacrostomus, 123. 125, 134, 135,
334, 338
noi-ka, 123, 120
rhodunis, 123, 125, 134, 130, 137,
330, 338
t.schawytscha, 124, 131
Onigocia maerolepis, 285, 287
opcrcularis, Macropodus, 207
()l)liiceplialidiP, 92, 207
()l)hicephalus argus, 207
striatus, 92
()phichthyida>, 14, 198
()])hi,sui'Vis macrorhyiK'hus, 198
o]ihryas, Arothron, 87
()plcgnathida\ 245
Oplcgnathu.s fasciata, 245
])Uiiet;ita, 245
()l)sarii('litln's hiik'iis, 189
l)acliycei)halu,s. 184, 187
jilatypus, 184
iinciro.sti'is, 188
Optomirus atlierodon, 20
Orcynu.s .scldcgeli, 21()
oreas, Barbatula, Kil
Oreias, 100
Oriental Steamship Company, (Toyo
Kisen Kaisliaj, 93
oiientalis, Dactyloptena, 57
Istioi)liorus, 222
Sarda, 32, 215
Scomberoides, 222
Thunnus, 32, 33
oi'natissimus. C'htPtodon, 59
Halichcpres, 70
()i-nitliopodous Dinosaurs, 385-410
Orthagoriscus oxyuropterus, 89
Ortln-ias, 100
Oryzias hiti])es, 199
osakiie, Netuma, 157, 340
Osbeckia scripta, 80
osiniiY, Furcina, 280
Osmeridffi, 149
Osmerus dentex, 149
hinceohitus, 149
oligodon, 151
Os])hronemida\ 207
Ostichthys jai)onicus, 209
]iill\vaxi, 20
Ostorhynchus, 42
Ostraciidfe, 89
Ostrarion immaculatum, 250
gil:)bosum, 250
k'ntiginosum, 89
oahuense, 89
sebie, 89
stellifer, 250
Ostracodermi. 89
ostroumowi, (dyptocephalus, 301
Osurus sehauinslandi, 79
Ota, iMr. T., 94
Otaki, Prof. K., 95
Ot;
d<ia, 10;i
Otakia rasboriua, 107
otakii, Hazeus, 304
Hexagrammos, 270
Othonias undovittatus, 244
otlionojis, Etrumeus, 7
ovalis, Furoai'ia, 07
Ovoides kitifrons, 87
owstoni, Centroscymiuis, 107
^Nlitsukurina, 102
Seljastodes (Pi-imospina), 200
oxycephala, Eleotris, 304
INDEX.
■vr,
oxycci)lialus, Wtito, ()9
oxyrhynchus, Isui'us, 102
Tlierapon, 237
Oxyurichthys lonchotus, 78
oxyui'oi)terii.s, Orthagoriscus, 89
pacliyci'phalu.s, St't)a.studes (Ptero-
podus), 270
Zacco, 184
pacificu.s, Dii)lopli()s, 9
Germo, 217
Hyporhani])hus, IS
Myxus, 29
Ruvettus, 34, 221
pachyocphalus, 0])sarii('hthys, 187
Zaeco, 187, 188
Pagrosomus major, 241
])allasii, C'liiix'a, 121
Pallasiiia eryugia, 293
Palometa, 226
lialuca, Scarus, 70
PampicUr, 220
Pami)U8 ai'gciiteus, 220
Panchax, 198
Pan-Pacific Educational Conference, 1
pantherinus, Platoiihrys, 24
Pant()i)hos glandulifer, 157
papilio, Pegasus, 28
Parabembradidse, 281
Parabenibras curtus, 281
Parachseturiclitliys polynema, 308
Paracirrhites arcatus, 53
cinctus, 53
forsteri, 53
Parajulis, 250
Parale])idida\ 10
Paralichthyida", 290
Paralichthys olivaceus, 297
Paramyxine atami, 97
Paraperci(he, 79, 31 1
Parapercis omniatura, 311
])ter<)stigina., 7!)
pulchella, 311
Parapristipoma trilincatum, 238
Parasalanx ;u'i.akensis, 153
Parasilurus asotus, 159
Parathunnus, 210
Paratlunmus mebaclii, 218
•sibi, 218
pardalis, Spluei-oides, 259
Pareiopiitic, 54
Parexocoetus bracliy|)t('iiis, 19
Paronotus, 220
Parrot-fishes, 75
l)arva, Pseudogol^io, 177
Pseudoiasbora, 177
parvipinnis, Malacantluis, 53
Scorpsenodes, 54
parvis(iuaniis, Sillago, 248
pavoninus, Iniistius, 74
Pearl-fishes, 84
pectinirosti'is, Boleojihthalnuis, 304
Pediculati, 90
Pegasidse, 28
Pegasus pajiilio, 28
pelagicus, Amphioxides, 3
pelamis, Euthynnus, 31, 220
Katsuwonus, 220
Pelecanichthys erunienalis, 25
Peloropsis xenojis, 55
Pelt('ol)agrus fulvidraco, 159
nudiceps, 159
Pelvic girdle of Camarasaui'us, 380
Penipherida\ 227
Penii:)heris japonicus, 227, 229
molucca, 228
pennant i, Maurolicus, 154
PentanchidiP, 100
Pentanchus ])rofundic()lus, 100
Percesoces, 29
Perciformes, 30
percoides, PseudDlilcnnius, 281
Percomoi'i)hi, 2!)
Pei-iophtlialmida', 304
PeristediidfP, 50
Peristedion engyceros, 50
gilberti, 57
hians, 57
Perkinsia, 7
perryi, Hucho, 145, 338
Salmo, 134
perspicillatus, Scarus, 75
peterseni, Daicocus, 290
petersi, Leucopsaiion, :;10
Petroscii-fes fluctuans, 319
peruanus, Pneumatophorus, 211
petelli, Gymnothorax, 16
petimba,"Fistularia, 28, 200
PetromyzonidiC, 98
petus, Acanthocybium, 34
438
MKMOIUS OF TIIK CAHXKc;!!-: MUSKl'M.
l)Fl:uiini, Rliinoiiohius, oOG
])fliigi'i'i, MuUoidcs, r)2
l)lialacr()corax, Leuciscus, 179, ISO
pliantasnia, ChiiniTi'a, 110, 119
Phasiniclitlivs mitsukurii, 119
Pholi(la\ 32()
phorcys, ("arcliai'inus. 4
Phoxinus .septentrioiialis, 178
steindac-lmeri. 177, 181
phycis, Lotella, 82(5
Phy.siculus dalwigkii, 327
fulviLS, 327
}>;rinnelli, 22
japonicus, 23, 326, 327
kaupi, 327
neniatoi:)us, 327
rastrellif>;er, 327
pictus, Gymnotlioi-ax, 17
Plectorhynchus, 238
Pikea aurora, 40
pihvaxi, Ostichthys, 20
pinetorum, ("leisthenes, 298
pinguis, Sphyra'na, 206
pinnatiilus, Decapterus, 37
Pisoodonophis zophistiu-s, 198
Plagiopsetta glossa, 301
planeri, Lampetra, 98
Platophrys chkjrosjiiliis, 24
coarctatus, 24
inermis, 24
manous, 24
pantlierinus. 24
platophrys, Hoiilichthys, 57
Platyl)elone ]:)latyura, 18
Platvcephalidse, 285
Platycephakis indicus, 286, 288
platv]ius, Barilius, 184,
"Zacco, 184, 188
Platvrhina .sinensis, 109
Pkityrhinidff, 109
phityrliyncbus, Apristui'iis, 99
Scylliorhinus, 99
platyura, Platybelono, 18
pk'beius, Polynemus, 247
Pk^coglossidiP, 147
Plecogkissus altivelis, 147, 338
Pk^ctognatlii, 84
Plectorlivncluis cinctiis, 238
piotiis, 238
Plectrogenium nainim. 55
Pk'urograniinus azonus, 276
ni()no])t(M'vgius, 276
Pknu-onortida\ 24, 297
Pknironichthys cornutus, 298
pleurostignia, I'ikmipus, 52
pleurota^nia, ,Mi('n)])liis, 28
Ui^eneus, 246
plicatellus, Atck^oi)us, 24
plinthus, Ala^o])s, 298
PlotosidiP, 158
Pk)tosus anguillaris, 158
pluvius. SalvcHniis. 140, 141. 144.336,
338,
Pneumatoiiliorus, 210
Pn("umato])horiis aiistrakisicus, 211
colias, 211
diego, 31, 211
grex, 31, 211
japonicus, 31, 211, 212
jxM'uanus, 211
tapeinocephalus, 210. 212
pcecilepterus, Halichcrres, 250
Poecilopsetta ha^vaiiensis, 24
polita, Atule, 38
pollux, Cottus, 278
Polyacanthonotus challengeri, 199
Polydactylus, 30
]wlygonifera, Xomatoiiroi'a, 14
P()lyi])nus, 9
nuttingi. 9
Polyniixia herndti, 26
jai)onic'a, 209
Polymixiidfe, 26, 209
]X)lvnema, Parachseturichthvs, 308
PolynemickT, 30, 247
Polynemus plebeius, 247
sexfilis, 30
Pomacentridiip, 67, 249
Pomacentrus coelestis, 249
jenkinsi, 68
Pomadasidiie. 238
Pontinus spilistius, 55
Porcui^ine-fishes, 88
pori)hyreus, Ui)eneus, 52
potteri, Centropyge, 62
Prentice, Sidney, 348
preorbitalis, ]\Iulk)ides, 52
])retiosus, Hvpome.'^us, 151
Ruvettus, 221
Priacanthidff, 47, 232
INDEX.
■\:v.)
Priucaiithus alalaua, 47
cruentatus, 47
japonifus, 232
macracanthus, 232
meeki, 47, 232
l)iir'('i, St('i)han(ilepi8. 8(3
Primospina uwstoni, 2G0
sasakii, 2G0
Prionace glauca, 4. 101
Pricjnodon, 4
Pristiapogon erythiinus, 42
meiieseniu.s, 42
snyderi, 42
imstilepis, Dasysco]X'lus, 10
Prist iophoi-ichr." 108
Pris^tiophorus japonicu.s, 108
Pristipomoides violescens, 48
Prist iurus, 3
pr()l)()scidea, Aldrovaiidia, '.)
Proceedings of the U. S. National Mu-
seum, 93
profundicolus, Pentanelius, 100
prometheus, Prometichthys, 34. 221
Prometiclithys prometlieus, 34, 221
solandri. 34
Promyllantor, 13
alcocki. 13
propinquus, Macrourus, 21
proridens, Chlorophthalmus, 10
prorigera, Chascanojisetta, 25
Protopsetta herzensteini, 298
psaUon, Echidna, 17
p.segma, C'anthigaster, 87
Pseudanthias kelk^ggi, 40
Pseudaspius atrilatus, 177, 1S2
bergi, 180
modestus, 183
Pseudobagrus aurantiacus, 1.")'.)
Pseudol)lennius japonicus, 281
percoides, 281
Pseudocheilinus eva nidus, 73
octotsenia, 73
P.seudogo))io esocinus, 174
]:)arva, 177
PseudojuUs cerasiiia, 09
Pseudcjlabrus jajionicus, 2r)0
Pseudomonacanthus muhiiuacul.atus,
86
nigromaculatus, 255
Pseudoperialampus typus, 101
Pseudopriacanthus ni[)h(inius, 233
Pseudorasboi'a, 175
Pseudorlionibus aisius. 290
cinnanionu'Us, 290
niisakius, 290
ocellifer, 297
oHgodon, 290
swinlionis, 297
Pseudnrasbora parva, 199
Pseudoscarus liehotropinus, 70
jordani, 76
sunibawensis, 70
trosclieli, 70
vitrioHinis. 70
Pseudotiiakis aci-ages, 102
Pseudui)etieus ischyms, 247
Psenopsis aiiomala, 220
Psettina iijinui', 295
Psychichtiiys eidoli)ii. 117, 332
Pterogobius daimio, 308
Pterois hnudata, 273
sjihex, 50
Ptero])latea japonica, 115
Pter()])(idus initsukui'ii. 270
Pterojjsaron incisuni, SO
l)t(>rostigma, ParajX'i'cis, 79
Pterothrissus gissu. 119
Puffei's, 8(3
puk'heUa, Parapercis, 311
pulclieri'ima, Coiis, 70
punctata, Girelki, 241
()])legnathus, 245
]iunctatissima, Linianda, 299
punctati.ssinuis, llipi^oglossina, 299
Hi]ipoglossoides, 299
Holocentrus, 27
punctatofasciatus, Cluetodon, 59
punctatus, Caranx, 40
('lu])an()d<)n, 120
Pungitius brevisi)inosus, 203
])ungitius, 203
sinensis, 202
tymensis, 203
Pungtungia herzi, 170
hilgendoi'fi, 170
l)ui'pureonia('ulatus, Areliscus, 303
inu'purescens. Chimera, 0. 117
Seriola, 37, 223
pur})ureuni, Thalassonia. 72
puri)ureus, Stolei)horus, 8
440
.MK.M()ll{f^ OF THE CAHNECIIK MLSKIM.
Pyf2;()st('us, 20(1
Pyf>;()st('us kuihai'ir, 202
punii'iti\is, 2()o
stciiulaclmcii. 202
uiidccinialis, 20;5
|)\iTli()i;i';miiiius, Ilalicluvrcs, 2r)0
([Uadriniaculatus, ( 'liu'todon, 59
quenius, Epinephelus, 46
(luinqueradiata, ScM'iola, 37, 222
(^uis(iuilius (Higciiius, 77
Racliycentridi^c, 225
Racliycentron canadum, 225
ladiila, Melichthys, 85
Ta>niopsctta, 24
Kaia fusca, 110
Raja hinoculata. 111
" fusca, 110
inornata, 112
isotrachvs, 109
ken(>jei,'ll(), 112, 113
kujiciisis, 109
meerdervoorti. 111, 113
smirnovi, 110, 111
tciio-u, 110
t()ba\ 110, 112, 113
Rajid.T, 109
nuiinus, ]Myox()cci)halus, 278
ransonnetii, Neoditrenia, 249
Ranzania makiia, 89
truncata, 89
rara, Ki.shinoella, 219
i-asborella, Homisi'ainni()ev])i-is, KJl,
189
raslK)i'ina, Otakia, 167
Rastrelliger, 210
Ratal)ulus meji;acephalus, 28(), 287
Recoi'd of Fishes obtaiuctl by 1). S.
Jordan. 93
rectaugulus, Balistapus, 85
regius, Lampris, 29
reinhai'dti, ]\Iyctoplium, 11, 12
Nyctimaster, 13
reiiii, Liobagrus, 159
remedius, Heniicoris, 71
remiger, Setarches, 55
Remoi'a remora, 77, 294
remora, Remoi-a, 77, 294
Reiiiorina albescens, 77, 294
Remor()])sis bracliy|)tera, 294
reticularis, ( lyinnothorax, 198
reticulatus, Semicossy))hus, 250
retifera, Haiieuta^a, 91
retrotincta, Congrina, 197
retrotinctus, Leptocephalus, 196
rhabdotus, Carangu,s, 39
Caranx, 39
Rhechias ai'miger, 14
Rliegnopteri, 30
Rlie()])res]x> fujivamoe, 278
kazika, 278
Rhinobatida>, 108
Riiin()l)atos scldegeli, 109
Rhinogobius candidius, 305
giurinus, 305
kurodei, 306
nagoyoe, 305
pflaumi, 306
similis, 305
taiwanus, 305
Rhinojilagusia ja])onica, 302
Rhinoscopelus oceanicus, 11
tenuiculus, 11
rliodadenia, Cyclothone, 8
Rliodeus kui'unieus, 163
ocellatus, 163
rliodochir, Lffmonenia, 22
rliodurus, Oncoi'hvnchus, 123, 125, 134,
136, 137, 336, 338
rlioniliea, Acheikignathus, Kil
rlionibeuni, Zebrasoma, 66
Rhyacanthias carlsmithi, xvi, 46, 236
Rhynchoconger, 192
Rhynchoconger ectenurus, 19(5
Rhynchocymba, 192
Rlivnchocymba nystromi, 195
Ribs of Camarasaurus, cei'vical, 374
thoracic, 375
richardsoni, CalHonynius, 317
Richardsonius ]));uulti, 177
semotilus, 177
rikuzenius, Dexistes, 298
I'iukiuanus, L(>ptocephalus, 193
rivulata, Leiognathus, 225
ri\-ulatus, Canthigaster, 87
Roa, 252
robustus, Camarasaurus, 352
C'ynoglo.ssus, 302
rochei, Auxis, 220
INDKX.
44
H()('k-c()(l, 54
Rojiadius aspcr, 2S(), 288
Roosevelt i:i aloha. 48
britihami, 48
rosea, ( 'oris, 71
roseoviridis, Neopercis, 79
roseiim, BemlM-adium, 5(5
Rosicola fuscescens, 260
rostrata, Brachvopsis, 298
Deania, 108
rostratus, Fodiator, 19
rotundatus, Caiithidermis, 254
rubcscens, Exocoetus, 19
rul)rii)es, Sphcoroides, 258
rubripinnis, Hy]M)dytes, 275
rubroviuctus, rallionymus, 80
Riidarius ercodes, 255
Rudder-fishes, 51
rufescens, Helicolenus, 54
rupestris, Kuhlia, 232
Rupiscartes gibl)ifrons, 83
marmoratus, 83
variolosus, 83
ruscosum., Centroscyllium, 5
russelli, Lutianus, 237
ruthia\ Zanclus, 64
rutilus, Salarias, 83
Ruvettus pacificus, 34, 221
pretuosus, 221
tydcmani, 221
sachi, Draciscus, 293
Sacrum of Camarasaurus, 370
sagamianus, Carapus, 323
Jordanicus, 323
sagamius, (?)Carapus, 323
sagifuc, Macrorhamphosus, 200
Hail-fishes, 30
saira, C'ololabis, 206
sajori, Hyporliampluis, 205
Salangichthys niicrodon, 153
HalangidiB, 153
Salarias cypho, S3
edentulus, 83
rutilus, 83
zebra, 83
Salmo inghaghitsch, 151
perrvi, 134
Shasta, 139
salnioides, Micropterus, 92
Salnioiiida', by David Stai'i' Jordan and
iM'iiest Alexander MeCiicgor, 122
Salvelinus fontinalis, 145
imbi-ius, 142, 145, 330, 338
leucomoenis, 338
malnia, 141, 338
pluvius, 141, 336, 338
spectabilis, 140, 338
Saniarida\ 301
vSamariscus coi'allinus, 25
sammara, Holocentrus, 27
Samoa, Tlie Fishes of, 2
samoensis, Mullcjides, 52
sancti-petri, Scomberoides, 37
sandvicensis, Acaiithurus, (Hi
Antennarius, 90
Eleotris, 77
GoImus, 78
Gomphosus, 71
Kyi)hosus, 51
Lej^toscarus, 75
sanguineus, Verriculus, 69
sara, Acanthocybium, 34, 213
Sarcocheiliehthys niaeulatus, 176
morii, 175
variegatus, 175
Sarda, 213
Sarda ehik'nsis, 32
lineolata, 32
orientalis, 32, 215
sarda, 32
Sardinia mclanosticta, 121
Sarritoi- leptorhvnchus, 293
Sasaki, Prof. M", 95
sa.sakii, Liopempheris, 228, 342
Primospina, 260
Se))ast()des, 260
sasa\ Glyptocephalus, 301
satsumio, Lysodenna. 275
Sayonara, 2'M\
Zaliscopus, 313
Saurida argyro])hanes, 155
cso, 155
gracilis. 10
grandistiuamis, 155
tumlMl, 155
Saurus, 10
Sawara, 213
Sawara niphonia, 214
saxatilis, Al)udeftluf, 249
442
MIOM()U{S OF THE CAKNECilK MUSKIJM.
Sayoiiai'a satsuina', 2."^()
Sca'(){)s ai'ciiifola, 2")
grandisciuania, 20")
hawaiit'iisis, 25
xenaiidius, 25
scaliiriim, Xesurus, 253
Scat'ida', 252
Scaridca acrosa, 75
halia, 75
zonarcha, 75
Scarus ahula, 75
l)atavit'nsi.s, 7(5
bciiiK'tti, 76
borborus, 75
bi'uiiiH'Us, 75
tlubius, 75
eiythrodon, 70
formosus, 76
tiilbci'ti, 76
jciikiiisi, 76
lauia, 7()
miiiiatus, 75
])aluca, 76
perspicillatus, 75
Scoptcrias frasiilis, 45
scliauinslandi, Osunis, 7!)
schismatorliynchus, Tylosurus, 206
ychlegeli, CaiJrodon, 236
Cepola, 249
Ervtlirocles, 47. 245
Niix^i, 107, 248
Oreynus, 21()
Rhinobatos, lO'.)
Scbastudt's, 267
Scbastosoiiius, 267
Syngiiatlms, 199
sc'lilciiinu'fi, Lactoiia, 89
schi-cncki, Liiiiaiida, 299
St'ia'iia coif Of, 242
niitsukufii, 242
uinbia, 242
Sc'ia'nida>, 242
scici'a, Dasyatis, 5
(^cintillans, Erytlirock's, 47
Sclerodermi, 84
Sclerotic I'iiig in eve of C'ainarasaurvis,
366
Scolo])sis inerniis, 239
ScotnlKT. 31,210
Sconibcroides orientalis, 222
sancti-pctri, 37
tolooparali, 37
Scoiiibcroiiiorus, 213
Scombcroinorus sinensis, 214
Sc()nit)i-esocida', 206
Scombriche, 31, 209
Scombropidse, 231
Scombi'ops ])oops, 231
Scori)a'nidiP, 54, 259
Scorpsena gibbosa, 272
kagoshimaiia, 272
monodactyla, 275
neglecta, 272
Scorpsenodes kelloggi, 54
littoralis, 271
paivipinnis, 54
Scori)a?nopsis altirostris, 55
cacopsis, 55
catocala, 55
cirrhosa, 272
gibbosa, 55, 272
kagosliimana, 273
Scorpion-fishes, 54
scripta, Alutera, SO
Osbeckia, 86
Scuticaria tigrina, 17
Scylliorhinidti:', 3, 99
Scylliorhinus platyrhynchus, 99
scythrops, Holocentrus, 27
scythropus, Sel)asto(k's (Aciito-
mentuni), 269
Sea-l^iass, 45
Sea-bats, 91
Sea-t)i'(>anis, 35
Sea-(k'vils, 90
Scni-horses, 28
Scale, Alvin, 2
sealei, Myripristis, 26
Sea-niotlis, 28
Sea-run Lampiey, 98
Sea-toads, 90
seba\ Ostracion, 89
Sebastapistes asijcrelki, 54
ballieui, 54
coloi'atus, 54
coniorta, 54
- corallicola, 54
galactacma, 54
Sebastelhi littoralis, 271
INDEX.
443
Sebastcs iiiermis. 263
joyueri, 204
matsubarse, 268
ventrico^^us. 263
Sebastichthys. 259
Sebasticus albofasciatu.s, 271
marmoratus, 271
tsuraara, 271
Sebastodes elegans, 260, 270
flainmeus, 260. 268
fu;>ccscens. 260, 201
guntheri, 260, 261
inermis, 260, 261
iracuudus, 208
joyneri, 264, 205
mitsikurii, 270
uigi'ocinctus, 258
owstoiii, 200
jiachycephalus, 270
paucispinis. 258
sasakii, 200
schlegeli, 207
scythroi)us, 209
stcindachneri, 200, 2(57
tac'zanowskii, 200. 207
thompsoni, 200, 205
tokionis, 200, 263
trivittatus, 270
ventricosus, 261, 263
vulpes, 270
Sebastolobus maf-rofhir, 259
Sebastopsis, 271
Sebastosomus flammeus, 260
inermis, 260, 201
itinus, 200
joyneri, 264
sciilegeli, 207
steindachneri, 200
taczanowskii, 260
thompsoni. 200
Sectator aziuvus, 51
Selar hasselti? 38
mauritianus, 38
Selenichthyes, 29
semicinctus, Leiuranus, 14
Semicossyphus reticulatus, 250
semifasciata, Argentina, 152
semilineatus, Apogon, 230
seminudus, Lentipes. 79
semipunctatu.s, Asterroptei'yx, 77
semotilus, Rieliard_sonius, 177
senboe, Chloea, 307
sentipellis. Trachoiiurus. 22
septemfasciatus. Epinephelus, 23()
septentrionalis, Acanthocluetodon. 253
Phoximus, 178
Seriola aureovittata,^222 ^
purimrascens, 37, 223
([uin(iueradiata. 37. 222
sparna. 37
Seriolina intermedia. 223
serpens, Gem]\vlus, 35
Serranidii^, 45, 230
serrata, Fistularia, 28, 200
Serrivomer lieani, 14 _
servus, Therai)on. 237
Setarches remiger, 55
setifer. Cluetodon, 58,_252
setiger. Dasycottus, 277
setigerus, Lopliiomus, 330
sexfasciata, Neopercis, 311
sexfilis, Polyn(Hiuis. 30
Sharks, Mackerel, 4
Thresher, 4
sliasta, Salmo, 139 ^
sibi, Germo. 33, 218
Parathunims. 218
Thunnus, 218
Siboma, 177
Sicydium alljotspniatum. 79
stimpsoni, 79
Sicvopterus japonicus. 309
sieboldi, Ulauhi. 48, 49, 237
Zacco, 186
signif(>r, Iracundus, 55
Sillaginidfe, 248
Sillago japonica, 248 ^
parvisciuamis, 248
Sihuida^, 159
Sihu'us calvarius, 159
Silversides, 29
simihs, Ctenogobius, 30.)
Rhinogol)ius. 305
sinuis, C'ypselm-us, 20^
sindonis, AV)udefduf. 08
sinensis, Pungitius, 202
Scomberomorus. 214
Sini])erca chua-tsi. 235
sinuosus, Cheihnus, 73
sivicohi, Watasea, 325
444
MKMOlliS OK rillO CAKNKCIK MUSIOUM.
Skull of Cainai-asaurus, ;^r)3-;3()3
SlcCjKM'S, 77
sminiovi. Raja, 1 1 1
Snake-i'c4s, 14
Snake-mackerels, 34
Snappers, 48
Snipe-eels, 14
snodgrassi, Sphyraaia, I'A)
Snyder, Prof, .lolin Otterlx'in, W.i
snydei'i, Leptosearus, 7")
Pi'istiapogon, 42
Tjrnioides, 310
Snyderidia canina, 84
solandri, Acanthocyhiuni, 34
?Solea anonvnia. 302
S()leida>, 301
Soles, 25
Sorcerers, 14
soi-didus, Al)udefduf, (i8
Bk'nnius, 82
Sjmrid^p, 51, 240
S]iarisomatida\ 74
s[)ai'na, Seriola, 37
S])arus latus, 240
macrocephalus, 240
Spear-fishes, 30
speciosus, (Jnathonodon, 41
speetabilis, Salvelinus, 140, 144, 338
Si)liagel)ranclius flavicavidus, 14
Spheroides florealis, 86
s]i]iex, Pterois, 56
Si)li(eroides alboplumlieus, 258
guttulatus, 258
olilongus, 258
ocellatus, 258
pai'dalis, 259
nil)ripes, 258
stictonotus, 258
vermicularis, 259
Sjiliyripna helleri, 29
japonica, 206
obtusata, 206
pinguis, 206
snodgrassi, 30
Spliyrsenidiip, 20(i
S])hvrna zygai-na, 4, 101
Sphyrnidff, 4, 29, 101
siiilistius, Pontinus, 55
sjiilonota, C'aproi\vgia, 89
spilonotoptei'us, Cypselurus, 20
si)ilosomus, Stepiiaiiolepis, 86
Spinax, 5
siickleyi, 103
sjiinifer, Holoeentrus, 27
si)inosus, DasyscojM'lus, 1 1
Niplion, 234
Wakiyus, 286, 287
Spirinchus lanceolatus, 149
splendcns, Bei'yx, 209
Exoccetus, 203
spongicejjs, A])i'isturiis, ,3
Si)ratelloides, 8
ja])onicus, 121
S(|ualid:u, 5, 103
S(|ualius cferulescens, 1()7
jajjonicus, 171
S(|ualus acanthias, 104
acutipinnis, 107
l)lainvillii, 107
brevirostris, 106
fernaiidezianus, 107
fernandinus, 107
granulosus, 108
japonicus, 105
niitsukurii, 5, 104, 105, 106
mustelus, 100
sucklevi, 103
sucklii, 103
wakiyse, 104
s(iuaniiceps, Chriont'nia, 79
Scjuamipennes, 58
S(iuirrel-fishes, 26
Sciuatina japonica, 108
Sciuatinidfe, 108
stamineus, C'honopliorus, 79
Stanford University, 96
starksi, Ebosia, 273
steenackeri, Ishikauia, 189
Stegosaurus, 408
steindachneri, Antigonia, 58
Argo, 225
Gymnothorax, 16
Hemitremia, 161
Moroco, 181, 182
Phoxinus, 177, 181
Pygostcus, 202
Sebastodes (Sebastosonuis), 267
Tai-actes, 225
stelgis, Cyttomimus, 23
stellata, Halieutsea, 330
INDEX.
445
stcllatus, Carnnx, 40
Alustehis, 100
Sternal plates of Cainar-asaiifus,
Stern()i)tyehi(la', !)
Stern()i)tix, !)
(laiphaiia, \)
Stetliojulis alhdvittntiis, 09
tefiiui, '2')()
Stctli()])nstes eos, 23
Stewart, Douglas, 34S
Stickicidtr, 320
stimpsoni, Sicydium, 7!)
stelleri, Mici-ostoinus, 300
stellif(>r, O.stracioii, 250
Triorus, 250
stellulatus, Dihranehus, !)1
Stenioiiidiuni liypoiiielas, 14
Stei)hanolei)is i)i'icei, SO
spilosoiiiiis. S()
Stiiii;-i-ays, 5
Stoasodon iiai'inari, 110
Stolepliorus, S
purinireus, iS
Stomatidte, 8
strauehi, Lepidotriola, 2S!)
striatulus, riyinenoeephahis, 21
striatus, C'tenoehfietiis, (jO
Ophicephalus, 92
strictus, Syiii])liurus, 25
sti-isatus, Micracantliiis, 01
sti'iji'osus, Aoanthurus, 00
Sti'oiiiateidir, 220
strophodes, L(>pida])li)is, OS
styi)urus, Alyrichthys, 15
suckleyi, Sjjiiiax, 103
Squalus, 103
sucklii, Aeanthias, 103
S(iualus, 103
Sufflarnen bursa, S5
eapistratus, 85
fuscolineatus, 85
niger, 254
nyoteris, 85
vidua, 85
sumbawensis, Pseudoscarus, 76
sui)i'emus, Camarasaurus, 352
Siu-geoii-fishes, 05
Surmullets, 51
suwa', Gnatlif)po(!;()n, 100
swiulioiiis, Pseud<)jli()nil)us, 297
■in
syiiiiiieti-icus, Myri])ristis, 20
Syiupliuius stiietus, 25
undatus, 25
91
191
Synipliysauodou, x\'i
Sympliysaiiodou ty]jus, 2;)0
Synagrojjs argyrea, 43
japouiea, 231
Syiiapli()})ranchida', 13,
Syuapliobranc'hus affini^
l)raehysoiiuis, 13
jenkinsi, 1!)1
tak(>ttp, 191
Syiieiit(),iz;natlii, IS
Syngiiathidie, 28, 1'.I9
Syngnatluis seldegeli, 19!)
Synodoiitidte, 9, 154
Syiiodus, l(j
fuseus, 154
liosliinonis, 154
japonicus, 154
kaianus, 10
macr()i)s, 154
vai'ius, 10
tal)ira, Acheilognatluis, 1(52
taezanowskii, Leueiscus, 179
S(>bastodes, 207
Tsenianotus citrinellus, 55
gai'retti, 55
Ta^nioides lacepedei, 310
suyderi, 310
Tteiiiopsetta ratlula, 24
tfeniui'a, Kuhlia, 42
taniioui-us, Novaeulichthys, 73
Taius tumifrons, 241
Takayasu, Air. S., !)5
taketa\ Sytui])li()l)raiK'lius, l'.)l
Tanaka, Prof. S., 94, 9(i
Tanaka, Baron Y., 99
tanaka>, Zesticlitlivs, 321, 340
Tariakius, 300
kitaharte, 300
tai)einocephalus, Pneumatoplioi'us, 210,
212
tapeinosoma, Auxis, 31, 220, 221
Taraetes steindaehneii, 225
Tarphops oligolejiis, 297
tattoo, Novaculielitliys, 73
Teeth of f'amai'asaurus, 305
?Tele.sco])ias gill)eiti, 231
446
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
Tclestos multiccllus, 177
tenimincki, I)itrrin;i, 24!)
Zacco, 1S(), 18S
T(m-])(niiKlei's, (i
tenuiculus, Rliiuo.scoiH'lus. 11
tenuis, Arnoglossus, 295
IlyiiKMinccplKilus, 92
tcnuisijinis, ILilichcrres, 250
tcrina, Htetliojulis, 250
tessellatus, Cantherincs, 254
Tetraodon hispidus, 87
lacrymatus, 87
lincatus, 87
Tetraodontidiie, 80, 257
Tetrapterus mitsukui'ii, 30, 222
Tetrosomus gil5l:)()sus, 256
Teuthidic, 253
Teuthis fusoescens, 253
suntlieri, 65
thalassina, Xetuma, 157
Thalassoma aneitens(\ 72
l)allioui, 72
cupido, 251
dupcrrey, 72
fuscum, 72
lunarc, 72
lutcseens, 72
m^anis, 72
purpureiinu 72
umbr()stij2;ma, 72
tlialassopterus, tiyinnothorax, 16
thazard, Auxis, 31, 220
Theragra chalcogramma, 326
Tlierajion oxyrhyneluis, 237
servus, 238
Theraponidff, 237
Thescelosaxirus, 388, 408
neglect us, 388
Tliespesius, 408
Thompson, William Franeis, 93
thompsoni, ( 'aranx, 40
Sebastodes, 265
Thoracic litis of Camarasaurus, 375
Thread-fishes, 30
Three New Hawaiian Fishes, 2
Thresher Sharks. 4
Thunnid^p, 215
Thunnus, 216
Thunnus mel)aclii, 218
orientaHs, 32, 33, 216
sibi. 218
thyniuis, 32, 33
thynnus, Thunnus, 32, 33
tiiyrsitoides, Clenipylus, 35
Tifia, coi'allicola, 60
Tigoma, 177
tigrina, Scuticaria, 17
tigrinus, Ciak'ocerdo, 4
tobfP, Raja, 113
tokionis, Seliastodes, 263
tol(X)parah, Scomberoides, 37
Top-minnows, 92
Torpedinidie, 109
tosse, Zak'scopus, 312, 344
Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Oriental Steamship
Company), 93
Trachidei'mus fasciatus, 277
Trachinocephalus, 9
limliatus, 9
my ops, 9, 155
Trachonurus sentipellis, 22
Trachurops, 38
crumenophthalma, 38
Trachurus, 38
Trachurus japonicus, 223
mauritiana, 223
trachurus, Gasterosteus, 200
tragula, Upeneoides, 245
Tiiacanthida?, 254
Triacanthodes anomalus, 253
Triacanthodidfe, 253
Triacanthus brevirostris, 254
Trii3enoi)ogon barbatus, 209
japonicus, 309
Triceratops, 408
TrichiuridtB, 222
Ti'ichivu'us japonicus, 222
Tiichodon, 311
Trichodontidse, 311
tricoloi', Gom])hosus, 71
Holacanthus, 61
tridens, Antennarius, 330
Ti'identiger bifasciatus, 309
obscurus, 309
trifasciatus, Chsetodon, 59
Trigger-fishes, 84
Triglidi^, 288
trilin(>atuin, Parapristijioma, 238
tiilobatus, Cheilinus. 73
trimaculatus, Dascyllus, 67
INDEX.
44/
Trionis stellifer, 250
triostegus, Acantluinis, G6
tripes, Nealotus, 221
tritor, Echidna, 17
tritropis, Lactophrys, 25G
trivittatus. Sebastodes (Pteropodus),
27U
troscheli, Pseudoscarus, 76
trossulus, Aspidontus, 318
Dasson, 318
Trumjiet-fishes, 27
tnmcata. Ranzania, 89
Trunk-fishes, 89
Trutta, 139
tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus. 124. 131
tsirimenara, Epinephelus. 230
Tsuchiga, Prof. Y., 95
tsuchigip. (Inathojiogon, 170
tsuruga?. Atlierina, 207
tsushimsp. Alinnia, 307
tumbil, Saui'ida, 155
tumifrons, Tains, 241
tutuihiN C'entropyge, G2. 03
tydemani, Ruvettus, 221
Tylosurus anastomella, 200
giganteus. 18
schismatorliynchus, 200
typus, Histiojiterus, 245
P.seudoperilampus, 101
Tyrannosaurus, 300
Uintasaurus douglassi, 384
Ulaula microdon, 49
sieboldi, 49. 237
umbra, Acanthiuiis. 05
Catakipha, 227
Scisena, 242
umbratihs, Jordanicus, 84
umbi'ihitus, Hemipteronotus, 74
umbrinus, Chaunax, 90
umbrostigma, Thalassoma, 72
uncii'ostris. Opsariiclithys, 188
undatus, Symphurus, 25
undovittatus, Othonias, 244
undulatus. Gymnothorax, 10
uniculur, Exoccctus, 19
Gymnosarda, 31
unicornis, Melamphaes, 20
Naso, 07, 253
unimaculatus, Chsetodon, 59
uuijjinna, Amphiprionichthys, 54
United States Fish ("omniission, 1
University of Michigan Museum, 90
Upeneoicles arge, 52
ben.sasi, 245
tragula, 245
vittatus, 245
Upeneus Infasciatus, 52
chryserydros, 52
chrysonemus, 52
crassilabris, 52
fratercuhis, 52
indicus, 247
ischyrus, 240
muhifasciatus, 52
pleui'ostigma, 52
l)leurot8enia, 240
porpliyreus, 52
vittatus, 52
Uranoscopida^, 312
Urano.scopus liicinctus, 315, 310
japonicus, 315, 310
oHgolepis, 313, 315, 310
Uraspis cheilio, 40
helvohis, 40
Uroconger, 192
Uroconger lepturus, 190
urolampus, Diaphus, 12
Urolophus fuscus, 115
Uropterygius, 17
leucurus, 17
marmoratus, 17
ushiei, Dasyatis, 114
vagans, Katsuwonus, 219
vaigensis, Lutianus, 237
valenciennei, ("allionymus, 317
valentini, Aulostomus, 28
vanicolensis, Liopempheris, 229
MuUoides, 52
variegatus, Sarcocheilichthys, 175
Veras])er, 297
variolosus, Rui^iscartes, 83
varius, Gomphosus, 71
Synodus, 10
veliferum, Zelii-asoma, 0()
VelUtor centrojiomus, 281
ventricosus, Sebastes, 203
venti'icosus, Seljastodes, 2(51, 2()3
venusta, Coris, 71
44S
MKMOlltS OF THE CAHXKCIE MrSKfM.
W'l'aspcr varicjiatus, 297
vcratcr, Chromis, G7
Iniistius, 74
\'('iiliiia\ 50
vcM'iiiifularis, Sijlunoidcs, 25!)
verrons, Veteiiiio, 1."^
\'(MT(H) oxycei)lialus, (il)
\'('iTic'ulus sanguineus, 69
\'('i'tcl)ral column of Caniaiasaurus, 367
vcrticalis, Aldrovandia, 9
\'('sposus egregiu.s, 24
\'('T('i-nio, 13
vciTons. 13
\i(lua, Sufflanien, 84
villosus, Etmoptoi'us, 5
Mncijiuerria, 9
ninil)ana. 9
vincta, Echidna, 17
vinolentus, (iymnotliorax, 15
violcscens, Pristiponioidc^s, 48
virescens, Api'ion, 49
Fundulichthvs, 177
Fundulus, 199
virgata, Albula, 6
virgatulus, ('tenol)ogius, 306
virgatum, Euthyopteroma, 240
Vitraria clarescens, 78
vitriolinus, Pscudoscarus, 76
vitta, Lutianus, 237
vittata, Inermia, 47
vittatus, Goniistius, 53
I'peneus, 52
Ui)eneoides, 245
volitans, Exoca'tus, 19. 203
vulgaris, Acanthias, 105
\'ulpecula marina. 102
vulpes, Aloi)ias, 4
Scbastodes, 270
vulpinus, Alo])ias, 101
waiahur, Gynniothorax, Ki
waikiki, Ai)ogonichthvs, 43
Wakiva, Dr.'Yojiro, 94, 95
wakiyir, Malakichthys. 233. 342
Squalus, 104
Wakiyus sjiinosus. 286, 287
Watasca sivicola. 325
woodi, XovaculicliTliys, 73
xanthorvthrus. Holocentrus. 27
Xanthichtliys lincopunclatus. 85
monto, 85
xanthoptcrus, Acantliurus, 65
xanthostomus, Gymnothorax, 17
xenandrus, Scseops, 25
Xenohciyces, 26
xenops, Pcloroi)sis, 55
Xesurus scali)rum, 253
Xiphias gladius, 30
XiphiidcTp, 30
Xiphypops fisheri, 64
Xyrichthys niveilatus, 74
Xystrias grigorjewi, 297
yaito, Euthynnus, 220
Yamamoto, Prof. S., 95, 183
yamamotis, Moroco, 182
yatalx'i. Blcnnius, 318
Veto. Yo.shio, 93
vokohamge, GoImus, 305
Limandclla, 299
Yoshizawa, Mr. S., 94
Zacco acanthogenys, 184
cvolans, 185
mitsukurii, 187
pachycephalus, 184, 187, 188
platypus, 184. 188
sieboldi, 186
temmincki, 184, 186, 188
Zalarges, 9
Zalescopus satsumtr, 313
tostp, 312, 344
Zanclus canescens, 64
cornutus, 64
ruthia\ 64
zanclus, Bcro, 280
Zanotocanthus, 199
zebra, Echidna. 17
Goniistius, 247
Heterodontus, 99
Salarias, 83
Zebrasoma flavescens, 66
I'hombeum, 66
veliferum. 66
Zebrias japonicus, 302
zebrinus, 302
zebrinus, Zebrias. 302
Zeidte, 23, 252
Zeuop.sis nebulosus, 252
INDEX.
Zroidca, 23
zesta. Botlirocam, 321
Lycogramma, 321
Zestichthys. tanaksp. 321. 34()
Zeus jai)()nicu.'^. 252
Zozera, 176
Z(»ar('i(lit>, 320
zonai'cha. Scaridea, 7.")
zonata. I'-cliidiia, 17
zonatus, (ioniistius, 247
zoiiift'i', iMilcpis, 270
zonurus, Chcilinus, 73
zophistius, Pis()(')d()n<i])liis, l'.)S
zuiiasi, Ilai'cn.tiula. 121
zj^gaMia, Sphynia. 4